{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/dactylorhiza-maculata/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "dactylorhiza-maculata",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000936713",
    "inat_taxon_id": 57630
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Dactylorhiza maculata",
    "authorship": "(L.) Soó",
    "genus": "Dactylorhiza",
    "epithet": "maculata",
    "family": "Orchidaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Nom. Nov. Gen. Dactylorhiza : 7 (1962)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:626641-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Heath spotted orchid",
      "english": [
        "Heath spotted orchid",
        "heath spotted orchid"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Dactylanthera chevallieriana subsp. somersetensis",
        "authorship": "(A.Camus) J.M.H.Shaw"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylanthera somersetensis",
        "authorship": "(A.Camus) B.Bock"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorchis elodes",
        "authorship": "(Griseb.) Verm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorchis fuchsii",
        "authorship": "(Druce) Verm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorchis fuchsii subsp. sooana",
        "authorship": "Borsos"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorchis maculata",
        "authorship": "(L.) Verm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorchis maculata subsp. arduennensis",
        "authorship": "Zadoks"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorchis maculata subsp. elodes",
        "authorship": "(Griseb.) Verm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorchis maculata subsp. elodes",
        "authorship": "Verm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorchis maculata subsp. ericetorum",
        "authorship": "(E.F.Linton) Verm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorchis maculata subsp. islandica",
        "authorship": "Á.Löve & D.Löve"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorchis maculata subsp. montellii",
        "authorship": "Verm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorchis maculata subsp. rhoumensis",
        "authorship": "(Hesl.-Harr.f.) Hesl.-Harr.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorchis maculata var. angustiflora",
        "authorship": "Verm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorchis maculata var. candidissima",
        "authorship": "(Krock.) Verm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorchis maculata var. compacta",
        "authorship": "Verm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorchis maculata var. concolor",
        "authorship": "Verm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorchis maculata var. densiflora",
        "authorship": "Verm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorchis maculata var. ericetorum",
        "authorship": "(E.F.Linton) Verm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorchis maculata var. grandiflora",
        "authorship": "Verm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorchis maculata var. heuffelii",
        "authorship": "Borsos & Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorchis maculata var. hunyadensis",
        "authorship": "Borsos & Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorchis maculata var. ibericoides",
        "authorship": "Verm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorchis maculata var. immaculata",
        "authorship": "(Schur) Verm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorchis maculata var. laxiflora",
        "authorship": "Verm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorchis maculata var. lineata",
        "authorship": "Verm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorchis maculata var. ovalifolia",
        "authorship": "(Beck) Verm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorchis maculata var. spathulata",
        "authorship": "Verm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorchis maculata var. sudetica",
        "authorship": "(Poech ex Rchb.f.) Verm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorchis maculata var. terschellingensis",
        "authorship": "Verm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorchis maculata var. traunsteineriifolius",
        "authorship": "Verm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorchis maculata var. vespertilio",
        "authorship": "(Lindm.) Verm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorchis maculata var. vexillum",
        "authorship": "(Lindm.) Verm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorchis maculata var. vulgaris",
        "authorship": "Verm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorchis maurusia",
        "authorship": "(Emb. & Maire) Verm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorchis saccifera",
        "authorship": "(Brongn.) Verm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza andoeyana",
        "authorship": "Perko"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza battandieri",
        "authorship": "Raynaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza bithynica",
        "authorship": "H.Baumann"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza caramulensis",
        "authorship": "(Verm.) D.Tyteca"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza corylensis",
        "authorship": "(Hesl.-Harr.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza elodes",
        "authorship": "(Griseb.) Aver."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza elodes",
        "authorship": "(Griseb.) Englmaier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza ericetorum",
        "authorship": "(E.F.Linton) Aver."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza fuchsii",
        "authorship": "(Druce) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza fuchsii f. alpina",
        "authorship": "Landwehr"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza fuchsii f. andoeyana",
        "authorship": "(Perko) P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza fuchsii f. meyeri",
        "authorship": "(Rchb.f.) P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza fuchsii f. rhodochila",
        "authorship": "(Turner Ettl.) P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza fuchsii subsp. fuchsii",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza fuchsii subsp. hebridensis",
        "authorship": "(Wilmott) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza fuchsii subsp. okellyi",
        "authorship": "(Druce) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza fuchsii subsp. psychrophila",
        "authorship": "(Schltr.) Holub"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza fuchsii subsp. punicea",
        "authorship": "J.Essink, L.Essink & Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza fuchsii subsp. rhoumensis",
        "authorship": "(Hesl.-Harr.f.) A.R.Clapham, Tutin & E.F.Warb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza fuchsii subsp. sooana",
        "authorship": "(Borsos) Borsos"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza fuchsii subsp. sudetica",
        "authorship": "(Poch) Verm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza fuchsii subsp. sudetica",
        "authorship": "(Poech ex Rchb.f.) Verm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza fuchsii subsp. transsilvanica",
        "authorship": "Frohner"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza fuchsii var. alpina",
        "authorship": "(Landwehr) R.M.Bateman & Denholm"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza fuchsii var. brachystachys",
        "authorship": "(E.G.Camus) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza fuchsii var. cornubiensis",
        "authorship": "(Pugsley) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza fuchsii var. hebridensis",
        "authorship": "(Wilmott) R.M.Bateman & Denholm"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza fuchsii var. longibracteata",
        "authorship": "Vöth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza fuchsii var. magnocalcarata",
        "authorship": "Landwehr"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza fuchsii var. meyeri",
        "authorship": "(Rchb.f.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza fuchsii var. nesogenes",
        "authorship": "(Briq.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza fuchsii var. okellyi",
        "authorship": "(Druce) R.M.Bateman & Denholm"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza fuchsii var. psychrophila",
        "authorship": "(Schltr.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza fuchsii var. psychrophila",
        "authorship": "(Schltr.) B.Bock"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza fuchsii var. rhodochila",
        "authorship": "Turner Ettl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza fuchsii var. sacciferoides",
        "authorship": "(Klinge) Landwehr"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza fuchsii var. sacciferoides",
        "authorship": "(Klinge) Landwehr"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza fuchsii var. sooana",
        "authorship": "(Borsos) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza fuchsii var. sudetica",
        "authorship": "(Poech ex Rchb.f.) H.Baumann, Künkele & R.Lorenz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza fuchsii var. tatrensis",
        "authorship": "Borsos ex Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza fuchsii var. trilobata",
        "authorship": "(Bréb.) P.D.Sell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza hebridensis",
        "authorship": "(Wilmott) Aver."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza islandica",
        "authorship": "(Á.Löve & D.Löve) Aver."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza kolaensis",
        "authorship": "(Montell) Aver."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza komiensis",
        "authorship": "Aver."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza longebracteata",
        "authorship": "(F.W.Schmidt) Holub"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza longebracteata subsp. sudetica",
        "authorship": "(Poech ex Rchb.f.) Holub"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata f. angustiflora",
        "authorship": "(Verm.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata f. arduennensis",
        "authorship": "(Zadoks) P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata f. brevicalcarata",
        "authorship": "(Rohlena) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. arduennensis",
        "authorship": "Zadoks"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. arduennensis",
        "authorship": "(Zadoks) Tournay"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. austriaca",
        "authorship": "Vöth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. averyanovii",
        "authorship": "Jagiello"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. battandieri",
        "authorship": "(Raynaud) H.Baumann & Künkele"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. caramulensis",
        "authorship": "Verm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. deflexa",
        "authorship": "Landwehr"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. elodes",
        "authorship": "(Griseb.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. ericetorum",
        "authorship": "(E.F.Linton) P.F.Hunt & Summerh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. hebridensis",
        "authorship": "(Wilmott) H.Baumann & Künkele"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. islandica",
        "authorship": "(Á.Löve & D.Löve) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. kolaensis",
        "authorship": "(Montell) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. meyeri",
        "authorship": "(Rchb.f.) Tournay"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. okellyi",
        "authorship": "(Druce) H.Baumann & Künkele"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. podesta",
        "authorship": "(Landwehr) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. pyrenaica",
        "authorship": "Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. rhoumensis",
        "authorship": "(Hesl.-Harr.f.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. savogiensis",
        "authorship": "(D.Tyteca & Gathoye) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. sudetica",
        "authorship": "(Poech ex Rchb.f.) Vöth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. transsilvanica",
        "authorship": "(Schur) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata var. albicans",
        "authorship": "(Thielens) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata var. arduennensis",
        "authorship": "(Zadoks) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata var. averyanovii",
        "authorship": "Jagiello"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata var. carnea",
        "authorship": "(Thielens) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata var. dalarnensis",
        "authorship": "Landwehr"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata var. elodes",
        "authorship": "(Griseb.) Aver."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata var. ericetorum",
        "authorship": "(E.F.Linton) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata var. hunyadensis",
        "authorship": "(Borsos & Soó) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata var. islandica",
        "authorship": "(Á.Löve & D.Löve) Hyl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata var. kolaensis",
        "authorship": "(Montell) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata var. nummularia",
        "authorship": "Pikner"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata var. olgae",
        "authorship": "Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata var. orophila",
        "authorship": "(Briq.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata var. podesta",
        "authorship": "Landwehr"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata var. praecox",
        "authorship": "(Webster) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata var. pseudoelata",
        "authorship": "Balayer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata var. psychrophila",
        "authorship": "(Schltr.) Vöth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata var. rhoumenis",
        "authorship": "(Hesl.-Harr.f.) P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata var. sacciferoides",
        "authorship": "(Klinge ex Schulze) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata var. submacrostachys",
        "authorship": "Borsos ex Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata var. sudetica",
        "authorship": "(Poech ex Rchb.f.) H.Baumann, Künkele & R.Lorenz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata var. transsilvanica",
        "authorship": "(Schur) P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata var. traunsteineriifolius",
        "authorship": "(Harz) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maculata var. wettsteinii",
        "authorship": "(H.Fleischm.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maurusia",
        "authorship": "(Emb. & Maire) Holub"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maurusia",
        "authorship": "(J.Emb. & Maire) Raynaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza maurusia",
        "authorship": "(J.Emb. & Maire) Aver."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza meyeri",
        "authorship": "(Rchb.f.) Aver."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza montellii",
        "authorship": "(Verm.) P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza okellyi",
        "authorship": "(Druce) Aver."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza psychrophila",
        "authorship": "(Schltr.) Aver."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza saccifera",
        "authorship": "(Brongn.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza saccifera subsp. bithynica",
        "authorship": "(H.Baumann) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza saccifera subsp. macrostachys",
        "authorship": "(Tineo) Niketic & Djordjevic"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza saccifera var. heuffelii",
        "authorship": "(Borsos & Soó) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza saccifera var. lanceolata",
        "authorship": "Landwehr"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza savogiensis",
        "authorship": "D.Tyteca & Gathoye"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza savogiensis f. pyrenaica",
        "authorship": "(Kreutz) P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza sudetica",
        "authorship": "(Poech ex Rchb.f.) Aver."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza transiens",
        "authorship": "(Druce) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza transiens subsp. corylensis",
        "authorship": "(Hesl.-Harr.) P.D.Sell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza transsilvanica",
        "authorship": "(Schur) Aver."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza urvilleana subsp. bithynica",
        "authorship": "(H.Baumann) H.Baumann & R.Lorenz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchiplatanthera somersetiensis",
        "authorship": "A.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis angustifolia var. schurii",
        "authorship": "Klinge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis basilica",
        "authorship": "L. ex Klinge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis basilica subsp. maculata",
        "authorship": "(L.) Klinge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis basilica subsp. saccifera",
        "authorship": "(Brongn.) Klinge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis biermanni",
        "authorship": "Ortmann"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis bonanniana",
        "authorship": "Tod."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis calvellii",
        "authorship": "A.Terracc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis candidissima",
        "authorship": "Krock."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis comosa",
        "authorship": "F.W.Schmidt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis corylensis",
        "authorship": "Hesl.-Harr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis danguyana",
        "authorship": "P.Fourn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis elodes",
        "authorship": "Griseb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis ericetorum",
        "authorship": "(E.F.Linton) A.Benn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis ericetorum",
        "authorship": "(E.F.Linton) E.S.Marshall"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis fuchsii",
        "authorship": "Druce"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis fuchsii f. lancefolia",
        "authorship": "Snarskis"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis fuchsii f. maxima",
        "authorship": "Snarskis"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis fuchsii subsp. rhoumensis",
        "authorship": "Hesl.-Harr.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis fuchsii subsp. rhoumensis",
        "authorship": "Hesl.-Harr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis hebridensis",
        "authorship": "Wilmott"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis incarnata var. xauensis",
        "authorship": "Pau & Font Quer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis latifolia subsp. maurusia",
        "authorship": "(Emb. & Maire) Maire"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis longibracteata",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis longibracteata",
        "authorship": "F.W.Schmidt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis macedonica",
        "authorship": "Griseb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis macrostachys",
        "authorship": "Tineo"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata f. bracteosa",
        "authorship": "Harz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata f. brevicalcarata",
        "authorship": "Rohlena"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata f. carpatica",
        "authorship": "Zapał."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata f. depressa",
        "authorship": "Engenst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata f. ericetorum",
        "authorship": "(E.F.Linton) Hagerup"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata f. falcata",
        "authorship": "A.Fuchs"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata f. lancifolia",
        "authorship": "Harz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata f. leucantha",
        "authorship": "Druce"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata f. macroglossa",
        "authorship": "Druce"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata f. media",
        "authorship": "E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata f. minor",
        "authorship": "Zapał."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata f. oblongifolia",
        "authorship": "Harz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata f. obscura",
        "authorship": "Neuman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata f. obtusifolia",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata f. ovalifolia",
        "authorship": "Beck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata f. paluster",
        "authorship": "E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata f. recurvifolia",
        "authorship": "Brenner"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata f. sacciferoides",
        "authorship": "(Klinge ex Schulze) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata f. subintegriflora",
        "authorship": "Druce"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata f. traunsteineriifolius",
        "authorship": "Harz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata f. trilobata",
        "authorship": "(Bréb.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata f. wettsteinii",
        "authorship": "(H.Fleischm.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata lus. calvellii",
        "authorship": "(A.Terracc.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata prol. elodes",
        "authorship": "(Griseb.) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata prol. macrostachys",
        "authorship": "(Tineo) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata prol. nesogenes",
        "authorship": "(Briq.) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata subsp. baborica",
        "authorship": "Maire & Weiller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata subsp. elodes",
        "authorship": "(Griseb.) O.Bolòs & Vigo"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata subsp. elodes",
        "authorship": "(Griseb.) K.Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata subsp. ericetorum",
        "authorship": "E.F.Linton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata subsp. macrostachys",
        "authorship": "(Tineo) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata subsp. maurusia",
        "authorship": "(Emb. & Maire) Maire & Weiller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata subsp. meyeri",
        "authorship": "(Rchb.f.) K.Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata subsp. rhoumensis",
        "authorship": "Hesl.-Harr.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata subsp. saccifera",
        "authorship": "(Brongn.) K.Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata subsp. sudetica",
        "authorship": "(Poech ex Rchb.f.) K.Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata subsp. transsilvanica",
        "authorship": "(Schur) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata subsp. transsilvanica",
        "authorship": "Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata unranked immaculata",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. albicans",
        "authorship": "Marchand ex Tinant"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. alpina",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. angustata",
        "authorship": "Harz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. angustifolia",
        "authorship": "Tinant"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. angustifolia",
        "authorship": "Hartm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. biermannii",
        "authorship": "(Ortm.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. bonanniana",
        "authorship": "(Tod.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. brachystachys",
        "authorship": "E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. candidissima",
        "authorship": "(Krock.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. carnea",
        "authorship": "Tinant"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. cartalinoides",
        "authorship": "Klinge ex H.Fleischm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. comosa",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. concolor",
        "authorship": "Lange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. cornubiensis",
        "authorship": "Pugsley"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. curvifolia",
        "authorship": "E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. elabiata",
        "authorship": "R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. elodes",
        "authorship": "(Griseb.) Rchb.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. elongata",
        "authorship": "Gadeceau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. foliis-immaculatis",
        "authorship": "Tinant"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. gruenii",
        "authorship": "Van Heurck & Wesm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. heuffelii",
        "authorship": "(Borsos & Soó) Pauca"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. hunyadensis",
        "authorship": "(Borsos & Soó) Pauca"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. kolaensis",
        "authorship": "Montell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. kortiathica",
        "authorship": "Formánek"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. latifolia",
        "authorship": "Hartm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. longibracteata",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. lusitanica",
        "authorship": "J.A.Guim."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. macrobracteata",
        "authorship": "Borbás"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. meyeri",
        "authorship": "Rchb.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. minor",
        "authorship": "Bréb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. montana",
        "authorship": "Marchand ex Tinant"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. nesogenes",
        "authorship": "Briq."
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      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. ochrantha",
        "authorship": "Pancic"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. okellyi",
        "authorship": "Druce"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. olgae",
        "authorship": "(Soó) Pauca"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. orophila",
        "authorship": "Briq."
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      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. paludosa",
        "authorship": "Marchand ex Tinant"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. palustris",
        "authorship": "E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. praecox",
        "authorship": "Webster"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. psychrophila",
        "authorship": "Schltr."
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      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. pumila",
        "authorship": "Neuman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. pyramidata",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. saccifera",
        "authorship": "(Brongn.) Rchb.f."
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      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. sacciferoides",
        "authorship": "Klinge ex Schulze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. sandomiriensis",
        "authorship": "Zapal."
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      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. slandzinskii",
        "authorship": "Zapal."
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      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. submontana",
        "authorship": "Zapal."
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      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. sudetica",
        "authorship": "Poech ex Rchb.f."
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      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. sudetica",
        "authorship": "Rchb.f."
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      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. transsilvanica",
        "authorship": "(Schur) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. triloba",
        "authorship": "E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. trilobata",
        "authorship": "Bréb."
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      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. turfosa",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. vespertilio",
        "authorship": "Lindm."
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      {
        "name": "Orchis maculata var. vexillum",
        "authorship": "Lindm."
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      {
        "name": "Orchis mascula var. triloba",
        "authorship": "Bréb."
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      {
        "name": "Orchis maurusia",
        "authorship": "Emb. & Maire"
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      {
        "name": "Orchis nemorosa",
        "authorship": "Friche-Joset & Montandon"
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      {
        "name": "Orchis nemorosa",
        "authorship": "Montandon"
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      {
        "name": "Orchis nesogenes",
        "authorship": "(Briq.) Rouy"
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      {
        "name": "Orchis obtusifolia",
        "authorship": "Schur"
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      {
        "name": "Orchis ochrantha",
        "authorship": "(Pančić) H.Fleischm."
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      {
        "name": "Orchis ochrantha var. wettsteinii",
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      {
        "name": "Orchis okellyi",
        "authorship": "(Druce) Druce"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis saccifera",
        "authorship": "Brongn."
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      {
        "name": "Orchis solida",
        "authorship": "Moench"
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      {
        "name": "Orchis tetragona",
        "authorship": "Heuff."
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      {
        "name": "Orchis transiens",
        "authorship": "Druce"
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      {
        "name": "Orchis transsilvanica",
        "authorship": "Schur"
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      {
        "name": "Rhizanthera somersetensis",
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        "attribution": "lukeromaine, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      }
    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "ALG",
      "MOR",
      "ALT",
      "BRY",
      "CTA",
      "IRK",
      "KRA",
      "MON",
      "TVA",
      "TUR",
      "WSB",
      "CHX",
      "YAK",
      "ALB",
      "AUT",
      "BLT",
      "BLR",
      "BGM",
      "BUL",
      "RUC",
      "COR",
      "CZE",
      "DEN",
      "RUE",
      "FIN",
      "FRA",
      "FOR",
      "GER",
      "GRB",
      "GRC",
      "HUN",
      "ICE",
      "IRE",
      "ITA",
      "YUG",
      "NET",
      "RUN",
      "RUW",
      "NOR",
      "POL",
      "POR",
      "ROM",
      "SIC",
      "RUS",
      "SPA",
      "SWE",
      "SWI",
      "UKR"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ALG",
        "name": "Algeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOR",
        "name": "Morocco",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALT",
        "name": "Altay",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "BRY",
        "name": "Buryatiya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CTA",
        "name": "Chita",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRK",
        "name": "Irkutsk",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRA",
        "name": "Krasnoyarsk",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MON",
        "name": "Mongolia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Mongolia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TVA",
        "name": "Tuva",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUR",
        "name": "Türkiye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "WSB",
        "name": "West Siberia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHX",
        "name": "Xinjiang",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "YAK",
        "name": "Yakutiya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALB",
        "name": "Albania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "AUT",
        "name": "Austria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLT",
        "name": "Baltic States",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLR",
        "name": "Belarus",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BGM",
        "name": "Belgium",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUL",
        "name": "Bulgaria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUC",
        "name": "Central European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "COR",
        "name": "Corse",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "CZE",
        "name": "Czechia-Slovakia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "DEN",
        "name": "Denmark",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUE",
        "name": "East European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FIN",
        "name": "Finland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FOR",
        "name": "Føroyar",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GER",
        "name": "Germany",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRB",
        "name": "Great Britain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRC",
        "name": "Greece",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "HUN",
        "name": "Hungary",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ICE",
        "name": "Iceland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRE",
        "name": "Ireland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NET",
        "name": "Netherlands",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUN",
        "name": "North European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUW",
        "name": "Northwest European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NOR",
        "name": "Norway",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POL",
        "name": "Poland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POR",
        "name": "Portugal",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROM",
        "name": "Romania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIC",
        "name": "Sicilia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUS",
        "name": "South European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWE",
        "name": "Sweden",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWI",
        "name": "Switzerland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "UKR",
        "name": "Ukraine",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 3704,
    "n_annotated": 3845,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      0,
      1,
      1,
      5,
      277,
      2004,
      1313,
      101,
      2,
      0,
      0,
      0
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      0,
      1,
      1,
      20,
      329,
      2038,
      1332,
      116,
      8,
      0,
      0,
      0
    ],
    "share": [
      null,
      null,
      null,
      0.25,
      0.8419,
      0.9833,
      0.9857,
      0.8707,
      0.25,
      null,
      null,
      null
    ],
    "ci": [
      null,
      null,
      null,
      [
        0.1119,
        0.4687
      ],
      [
        0.7986,
        0.8774
      ],
      [
        0.9768,
        0.988
      ],
      [
        0.9778,
        0.9908
      ],
      [
        0.7976,
        0.92
      ],
      [
        0.0715,
        0.5907
      ],
      null,
      null,
      null
    ],
    "peak_month": 7,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 77,
      "by_month": [
        0,
        0,
        0,
        0,
        0,
        2,
        47,
        22,
        6,
        0,
        0,
        0
      ],
      "share": [
        null,
        null,
        null,
        0,
        0,
        0.001,
        0.0353,
        0.1897,
        0.75,
        null,
        null,
        null
      ],
      "ci": [
        null,
        null,
        null,
        [
          0,
          0.1611
        ],
        [
          0,
          0.0115
        ],
        [
          0.0003,
          0.0036
        ],
        [
          0.0266,
          0.0466
        ],
        [
          0.1287,
          0.2705
        ],
        [
          0.4093,
          0.9285
        ],
        null,
        null,
        null
      ],
      "peak_month": 9
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "tuberous geophyte",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 1.7,
      "median": 7.8,
      "p95": 11.7
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 269.8,
      "median": 514.9,
      "p95": 944.8
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 13.1,
      "median": 18.6,
      "p95": 23.6
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -12.3,
      "median": -1.8,
      "p95": 5
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 661.9,
      "median": 1269.1,
      "p95": 2547.7
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 13.1,
      "median": 28,
      "p95": 42
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 102.5,
      "median": 206.3,
      "p95": 399.6
    },
    "n": 1941,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1941 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": true
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/dactylorhiza-maculata/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}