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  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/cyperus-rotundus/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "cyperus-rotundus",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000381487",
    "inat_taxon_id": 76593
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Cyperus rotundus",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Cyperus",
    "epithet": "rotundus",
    "family": "Cyperaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Sp. Pl. : 45 (1753)",
    "protologue_url": "https://www.cyperaceae.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1491857",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Nut-grass",
      "english": [
        "Nut-grass",
        "nutgrass"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Chlorocyperus rotundus",
        "authorship": "(L.) Palla"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus agrestis",
        "authorship": "Willd. ex Spreng. & Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus badius var. inconspicuus",
        "authorship": "(Nyman) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus bicolor",
        "authorship": "Vahl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus bulbosostoloniferus",
        "authorship": "Miq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus comosus",
        "authorship": "Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus elongatus",
        "authorship": "Sieber ex Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus herbicavus",
        "authorship": "Melliss"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus hexastachyos",
        "authorship": "Rottb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus hildra",
        "authorship": "Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus hydra",
        "authorship": "Michx."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus inconspicuus",
        "authorship": "Gennari"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus laevissimus",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus leptostachyus",
        "authorship": "Griff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus longus",
        "authorship": "Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus merkeri",
        "authorship": "C.B.Clarke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus micreilema",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus nubicus",
        "authorship": "C.B.Clarke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus ochreoides",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus officinalis",
        "authorship": "Nees ex Godr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus oliganthus",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus olivaris",
        "authorship": "O.Targ.Tozz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus olivaris var. brevibracteatus",
        "authorship": "Le Grand"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus pallescens",
        "authorship": "Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus pallescens",
        "authorship": "Boiss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus patulus",
        "authorship": "M.Bieb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus platystachys",
        "authorship": "Cherm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus procerulus",
        "authorship": "Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus proteinolepis",
        "authorship": "Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus pseudovariegatus",
        "authorship": "Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus purpureovariegatus",
        "authorship": "Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus radicosus",
        "authorship": "Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rotundus f. comosus",
        "authorship": "(Sm.) Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rotundus f. contractus",
        "authorship": "Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rotundus f. depallescens",
        "authorship": "Ekman & Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rotundus f. inconspicuus",
        "authorship": "(Nyman) Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rotundus f. latifolius",
        "authorship": "Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rotundus f. latimarginatus",
        "authorship": "Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rotundus subsp. brevibracteatus",
        "authorship": "(Le Grand) M.Laínz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rotundus subsp. comosus",
        "authorship": "(Sm.) K.Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rotundus subsp. divaricatus",
        "authorship": "Lye"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rotundus subsp. inconspicuus",
        "authorship": "(Nyman) K.Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rotundus subsp. merkeri",
        "authorship": "(C.B.Clarke) Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rotundus subsp. rotundus",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rotundus var. acutus",
        "authorship": "Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rotundus var. amaliae",
        "authorship": "C.B.Clarke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rotundus var. brevibracteatus",
        "authorship": "(Le Grand) Husn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rotundus var. carinalis",
        "authorship": "Benth."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rotundus var. carinatus",
        "authorship": "F.M.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rotundus var. centiflora",
        "authorship": "C.B.Clarke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rotundus var. comosus",
        "authorship": "(Sm.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rotundus var. comosus",
        "authorship": "K.Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rotundus var. elongatus",
        "authorship": "Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rotundus var. hydra",
        "authorship": "(Michx.) A.Gray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rotundus var. inconspicuus",
        "authorship": "Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rotundus var. macrostachyus",
        "authorship": "Boiss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rotundus var. major",
        "authorship": "Parl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rotundus var. nubicus",
        "authorship": "(C.B.Clarke) Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rotundus var. platystachys",
        "authorship": "Bojer ex C.B.Clarke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rotundus var. procerula",
        "authorship": "C.B.Clarke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rotundus var. pseudesculentus",
        "authorship": "Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rotundus var. quimoyensis",
        "authorship": "L.K.Dai"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rotundus var. rotundus",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rotundus var. salsola",
        "authorship": "C.B.Clarke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rotundus var. spadiceus",
        "authorship": "Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rotundus var. taylorii",
        "authorship": "(C.B.Clarke) Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rotundus var. tetrastachyos",
        "authorship": "(Desf.) Trab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rubicundus",
        "authorship": "Willd. ex Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rudioi var. minor",
        "authorship": "Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus stoloniferus var. pallidus",
        "authorship": "Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus taylorii",
        "authorship": "C.B.Clarke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus tenuifolius",
        "authorship": "Walp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus tetrastachyos",
        "authorship": "Desf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus viridis",
        "authorship": "Roxb. ex C.B.Clarke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus yoshinagae",
        "authorship": "Ohwi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pycreus rotundus",
        "authorship": "(L.) Hayek"
      },
      {
        "name": "Schoenus tuberosus",
        "authorship": "Burm.f."
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyperus_rotundus"
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        "name": "Algeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ANG",
        "name": "Angola",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "AZO",
        "name": "Azores",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "BEN",
        "name": "Benin",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOT",
        "name": "Botswana",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BKN",
        "name": "Burkina",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUR",
        "name": "Burundi",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CMN",
        "name": "Cameroon",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CNY",
        "name": "Canary Is.",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CPP",
        "name": "Cape Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CVI",
        "name": "Cape Verde",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CPV",
        "name": "Caprivi Strip",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CAF",
        "name": "Central African Republic",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHA",
        "name": "Chad",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CGS",
        "name": "Chagos Archipelago",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "COM",
        "name": "Comoros",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "CON",
        "name": "Congo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAI",
        "name": "DR Congo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "DJI",
        "name": "Djibouti",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "EGY",
        "name": "Egypt",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "EQG",
        "name": "Equatorial Guinea",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ERI",
        "name": "Eritrea",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWZ",
        "name": "Eswatini",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ETH",
        "name": "Ethiopia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "OFS",
        "name": "Free State",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GAB",
        "name": "Gabon",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GAM",
        "name": "Gambia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GHA",
        "name": "Ghana",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUI",
        "name": "Guinea",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GGI",
        "name": "Gulf of Guinea Is.",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "IVO",
        "name": "Ivory Coast",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "KEN",
        "name": "Kenya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NAT",
        "name": "KwaZulu-Natal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "LES",
        "name": "Lesotho",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBY",
        "name": "Libya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MDG",
        "name": "Madagascar",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "MDR",
        "name": "Madeira",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLW",
        "name": "Malawi",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLI",
        "name": "Mali",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MTN",
        "name": "Mauritania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MAU",
        "name": "Mauritius",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOR",
        "name": "Morocco",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOZ",
        "name": "Mozambique",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MCI",
        "name": "Mozambique Channel Is.",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "NAM",
        "name": "Namibia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NGR",
        "name": "Niger",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NGA",
        "name": "Nigeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TVL",
        "name": "Northern Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROD",
        "name": "Rodrigues",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "RWA",
        "name": "Rwanda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "REU",
        "name": "Réunion",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "SEL",
        "name": "Selvagens",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SEN",
        "name": "Senegal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SEY",
        "name": "Seychelles",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIE",
        "name": "Sierra Leone",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOC",
        "name": "Socotra",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOM",
        "name": "Somalia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "STH",
        "name": "St.Helena",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Middle Atlantic Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUD",
        "name": "Sudan-South Sudan",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAN",
        "name": "Tanzania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TOG",
        "name": "Togo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUN",
        "name": "Tunisia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "UGA",
        "name": "Uganda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "WSA",
        "name": "Western Sahara",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAM",
        "name": "Zambia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZIM",
        "name": "Zimbabwe",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "AFG",
        "name": "Afghanistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHN",
        "name": "China North-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHC",
        "name": "China South-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHS",
        "name": "China Southeast",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CYP",
        "name": "Cyprus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "EAI",
        "name": "East Aegean Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "GST",
        "name": "Gulf States",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHH",
        "name": "Hainan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRN",
        "name": "Iran",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRQ",
        "name": "Iraq",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAP",
        "name": "Japan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KAZ",
        "name": "Kazakhstan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KZN",
        "name": "Kazan-retto",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KGZ",
        "name": "Kirgizstan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KOR",
        "name": "Korea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBS",
        "name": "Lebanon-Syria",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHM",
        "name": "Manchuria",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "NNS",
        "name": "Nansei-shoto",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCS",
        "name": "North Caucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "OGA",
        "name": "Ogasawara-shoto",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "OMA",
        "name": "Oman",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAL",
        "name": "Palestine",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAU",
        "name": "Saudi Arabia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIN",
        "name": "Sinai",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TZK",
        "name": "Tadzhikistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAI",
        "name": "Taiwan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHT",
        "name": "Tibet",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "TCS",
        "name": "Transcaucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TKM",
        "name": "Turkmenistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUR",
        "name": "Türkiye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "UZB",
        "name": "Uzbekistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "YEM",
        "name": "Yemen",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "AND",
        "name": "Andaman Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "ASS",
        "name": "Assam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAN",
        "name": "Bangladesh",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOR",
        "name": "Borneo",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CBD",
        "name": "Cambodia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "EHM",
        "name": "East Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "IND",
        "name": "India",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAW",
        "name": "Jawa",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LSI",
        "name": "Lesser Sunda Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLY",
        "name": "Malaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOL",
        "name": "Maluku",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MYA",
        "name": "Myanmar",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "NEP",
        "name": "Nepal",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCB",
        "name": "Nicobar Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAK",
        "name": "Pakistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "PHI",
        "name": "Philippines",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SCS",
        "name": "South China Sea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "SRL",
        "name": "Sri Lanka",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUL",
        "name": "Sulawesi",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUM",
        "name": "Sumatera",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "THA",
        "name": "Thailand",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "VIE",
        "name": "Vietnam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "WHM",
        "name": "West Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "NSW",
        "name": "New South Wales",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NTA",
        "name": "Northern Territory",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "QLD",
        "name": "Queensland",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOA",
        "name": "South Australia",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "WAU",
        "name": "Western Australia",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALB",
        "name": "Albania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "AUT",
        "name": "Austria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAL",
        "name": "Baleares",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUL",
        "name": "Bulgaria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "COR",
        "name": "Corse",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRC",
        "name": "Greece",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRI",
        "name": "Kriti",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POR",
        "name": "Portugal",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROM",
        "name": "Romania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAR",
        "name": "Sardegna",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIC",
        "name": "Sicilia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWI",
        "name": "Switzerland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUE",
        "name": "Türkiye-in-Europe",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "CRL",
        "name": "Caroline Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Northwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "HAW",
        "name": "Hawaii",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "North-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "MRN",
        "name": "Marianas",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Northwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "MRS",
        "name": "Marshall Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Northwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "VAN",
        "name": "Vanuatu",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "WAK",
        "name": "Wake I.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Northwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "TCI",
        "name": "Turks-Caicos Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 206,
    "n_annotated": 253,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      4,
      6,
      12,
      23,
      20,
      18,
      14,
      25,
      35,
      27,
      14,
      8
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      8,
      8,
      15,
      28,
      21,
      23,
      19,
      31,
      45,
      31,
      16,
      8
    ],
    "share": [
      0.5,
      0.75,
      0.8,
      0.8214,
      0.9524,
      0.7826,
      0.7368,
      0.8065,
      0.7778,
      0.871,
      0.875,
      1
    ],
    "ci": [
      [
        0.2152,
        0.7848
      ],
      [
        0.4093,
        0.9285
      ],
      [
        0.5481,
        0.9295
      ],
      [
        0.6441,
        0.9212
      ],
      [
        0.7733,
        0.9915
      ],
      [
        0.581,
        0.9034
      ],
      [
        0.5121,
        0.8819
      ],
      [
        0.6372,
        0.9081
      ],
      [
        0.6373,
        0.8746
      ],
      [
        0.7115,
        0.9487
      ],
      [
        0.6398,
        0.965
      ],
      [
        0.6756,
        1
      ]
    ],
    "peak_month": 12,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 38,
      "by_month": [
        4,
        1,
        2,
        4,
        1,
        2,
        1,
        6,
        7,
        4,
        4,
        2
      ],
      "share": [
        0.5,
        0.125,
        0.1333,
        0.1429,
        0.0476,
        0.087,
        0.0526,
        0.1935,
        0.1556,
        0.129,
        0.25,
        0.25
      ],
      "ci": [
        [
          0.2152,
          0.7848
        ],
        [
          0.0224,
          0.4709
        ],
        [
          0.0374,
          0.3788
        ],
        [
          0.057,
          0.3149
        ],
        [
          0.0085,
          0.2267
        ],
        [
          0.0242,
          0.268
        ],
        [
          0.0094,
          0.2464
        ],
        [
          0.0919,
          0.3628
        ],
        [
          0.0775,
          0.2878
        ],
        [
          0.0513,
          0.2885
        ],
        [
          0.1018,
          0.495
        ],
        [
          0.0715,
          0.5907
        ]
      ],
      "peak_month": 1
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "tuberous geophyte",
    "climate": "subtropical"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 16.4,
      "median": 23.1,
      "p95": 26.2
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 115.6,
      "median": 407.2,
      "p95": 767.7
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 26.1,
      "median": 30.4,
      "p95": 34.9
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": 3.3,
      "median": 12.9,
      "p95": 21.6
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 549.6,
      "median": 1637,
      "p95": 3223.4
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 21,
      "median": 64.5,
      "p95": 100.4
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 10.1,
      "median": 106.8,
      "p95": 509.1
    },
    "n": 1991,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1991 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/cyperus-rotundus/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}