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  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/cyperus-odoratus/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "cyperus-odoratus",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000378607",
    "inat_taxon_id": 63329
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Cyperus odoratus",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Cyperus",
    "epithet": "odoratus",
    "family": "Cyperaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Sp. Pl. : 46 (1753)",
    "protologue_url": "https://www.cyperaceae.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1491853",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "fragrant flatsedge",
      "english": [
        "fragrant flatsedge"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Cyperus auriculatus",
        "authorship": "Nees & Meyen ex Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus bracteolatus",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus californicus",
        "authorship": "S.Watson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus carruthii",
        "authorship": "Alph.Wood"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus consocius",
        "authorship": "Steud. ex Jard."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus cubanus",
        "authorship": "Liebm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus densiflorus",
        "authorship": "G.Mey."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus distans",
        "authorship": "G.Mey."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus eggersii",
        "authorship": "Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus eggersii var. laticeps",
        "authorship": "Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus engelmannii",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus erythrorhizus",
        "authorship": "Torr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus familiaris",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus ferax f. parvus",
        "authorship": "(Boeckeler) Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus ferax subsp. engelmannii",
        "authorship": "(Steud.) Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus ferax subsp. speciosus",
        "authorship": "(Vahl) Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus ferax subsp. transcaucasicus",
        "authorship": "Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus ferax var. auriculatus",
        "authorship": "(Nees & Meyen ex Kunth) Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus ferax var. bulbiferus",
        "authorship": "Barros"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus ferax var. densiflorus",
        "authorship": "(G.Mey.) Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus ferax var. engelmannii",
        "authorship": "(Steud.) Kük. ex Osten"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus ferax var. maximiliani",
        "authorship": "(Schrad. ex Nees) Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus ferax var. novae-hannoverae",
        "authorship": "(Boeckeler) Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus ferax var. squarrosus",
        "authorship": "(Britton) Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus ferox",
        "authorship": "Vahl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus ferruginescens",
        "authorship": "Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus flavicomus",
        "authorship": "Pursh"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus flexuosus",
        "authorship": "Griseb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus fossarum",
        "authorship": "Liebm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus fossarum",
        "authorship": "Schltdl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus fragilis",
        "authorship": "Liebm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus granadinus",
        "authorship": "Liebm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus haenkei",
        "authorship": "J.Presl & C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus hamiltonii",
        "authorship": "Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus horizontalis",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus huarmensis",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) M.C.Johnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus jubaeiflorus",
        "authorship": "Rudge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus laetus var. obtusiflora",
        "authorship": "Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus lenticularis",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus lomentaceus",
        "authorship": "Nees & Meyen ex Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus lomentaceus",
        "authorship": "Nees & Meyen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus longispicatus",
        "authorship": "Norton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus lucidus",
        "authorship": "Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus macrocephalus var. eggersii",
        "authorship": "(Boeckeler) S.D.Jones, Wipff & R.Carter"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus maximiliani",
        "authorship": "(Schrad. ex Nees) Griseb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus michauxianus",
        "authorship": "Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus multibracteatus",
        "authorship": "Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus multiceps",
        "authorship": "Hook. & Arn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus nitidulus",
        "authorship": "Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus nortonii",
        "authorship": "A.Heller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus novae-hannoverae",
        "authorship": "Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus odoratus var. attenuatus",
        "authorship": "Fosberg & Sachet"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus odoratus var. curtispiculus",
        "authorship": "Fosberg & Sachet"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus odoratus var. engelmannii",
        "authorship": "(Steud.) R.Carter, S.D.Jones & Wipff"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus odoratus var. novae-hannoverae",
        "authorship": "(Boeckeler) Fosberg & Sachet"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus odoratus var. squarrosus",
        "authorship": "(Britton) S.D.Jones, Wipff & R.Carter"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus oerstedii",
        "authorship": "Liebm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus parvispiculatus",
        "authorship": "Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus parvus",
        "authorship": "Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus pennatus",
        "authorship": "Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus phleoides",
        "authorship": "Seem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus poeoides",
        "authorship": "Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus pohlianus",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus prescottianus",
        "authorship": "Hook. & Arn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus pseudostrigosus",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus raiateensis",
        "authorship": "J.W.Moore"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus raphiostachys",
        "authorship": "Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus reineckei",
        "authorship": "Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus rufinus",
        "authorship": "Liebm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus sanctae-crucis",
        "authorship": "Liebm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus speciosus",
        "authorship": "Vahl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus speciosus",
        "authorship": "Torr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus speciosus var. ferruginescens",
        "authorship": "(Boeckeler) Britton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus speciosus var. parvus",
        "authorship": "Britton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus speciosus var. squarrosus",
        "authorship": "Britton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus squarrosus var. parvus",
        "authorship": "Britton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus stellatus",
        "authorship": "Rudge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus tenuior",
        "authorship": "Engelm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus vahlii",
        "authorship": "Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus virginicus",
        "authorship": "Jacq. ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Diclidium auriculatum",
        "authorship": "Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Diclidium conglobatum",
        "authorship": "Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Diclidium lenticulare",
        "authorship": "Schrad. ex Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Diclidium lomentaceum",
        "authorship": "Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Diclidium maximiliani",
        "authorship": "Schrad. ex Nees"
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      {
        "name": "Diclidium odoratum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Schrad. ex Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Diclidium reinwardtii",
        "authorship": "Schrad. ex Nees"
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      {
        "name": "Diclidium uliginosum",
        "authorship": "Schrad. ex Nees"
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      {
        "name": "Mariscus familiaris",
        "authorship": "(Steud.) T.Koyama"
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      {
        "name": "Mariscus huarmensis",
        "authorship": "Kunth"
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      {
        "name": "Mariscus pohlianus",
        "authorship": "Nees"
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      {
        "name": "Mariscus rhaphiostachys",
        "authorship": "Liebm."
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      {
        "name": "Papyrus odorata",
        "authorship": "(L.) Kunth"
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      {
        "name": "Papyrus odorata",
        "authorship": "(L.) Willd."
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      {
        "name": "Torulinium caucasicum",
        "authorship": "Palla"
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      {
        "name": "Torulinium confertum",
        "authorship": "Desv."
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      {
        "name": "Torulinium eggersii",
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      {
        "name": "Torulinium ferax subsp. caucasicum",
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        "name": "Torulinium macrocephalum var. davidsei",
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        "name": "Torulinium macrocephalum var. eggersii",
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        "name": "Torulinium michauxianum",
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        "name": "Torulinium odoratum",
        "authorship": "(L.) S.S.Hooper"
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      {
        "name": "Torulinium odoratum subsp. auriculatum",
        "authorship": "(Nees & Meyen ex Kunth) T.Koyama"
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      "MOL",
      "MYA",
      "NWG",
      "NCB",
      "PHI",
      "SUL",
      "SUM",
      "THA",
      "VIE",
      "NSW",
      "QLD",
      "ALA",
      "ARI",
      "ARK",
      "CAL",
      "CNT",
      "DEL",
      "WDC",
      "FLA",
      "GEO",
      "ILL",
      "INI",
      "IOW",
      "KAN",
      "KTY",
      "LOU",
      "MAI",
      "MRY",
      "MAS",
      "MXC",
      "MXG",
      "MXE",
      "MXN",
      "MXT",
      "MXS",
      "MIC",
      "MIN",
      "MSI",
      "MSO",
      "NEB",
      "NWJ",
      "NWM",
      "NWY",
      "NCA",
      "NDA",
      "OHI",
      "OKL",
      "ONT",
      "ORE",
      "PEN",
      "QUE",
      "RHO",
      "SCA",
      "SDA",
      "TEN",
      "TEX",
      "VER",
      "VRG",
      "WAS",
      "WVA",
      "WIS",
      "WYO",
      "CRL",
      "COO",
      "FIJ",
      "GIL",
      "HAW",
      "MRN",
      "MRQ",
      "MRS",
      "SAM",
      "TOK",
      "TUA",
      "TUB",
      "VAN",
      "WAL",
      "AGE",
      "AGW",
      "ARU",
      "BAH",
      "BLZ",
      "BER",
      "BOL",
      "BZN",
      "BZE",
      "BZS",
      "BZL",
      "BZC",
      "CAY",
      "CPI",
      "CLC",
      "CLM",
      "COS",
      "CUB",
      "DOM",
      "ECU",
      "ELS",
      "FRG",
      "GAL",
      "GUA",
      "GUY",
      "HAI",
      "HON",
      "JAM",
      "LEE",
      "NLA",
      "NIC",
      "PAN",
      "PAR",
      "PER",
      "PUE",
      "SUR",
      "TRT",
      "URU",
      "VEN",
      "VNA",
      "WIN"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ANG",
        "name": "Angola",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BEN",
        "name": "Benin",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CON",
        "name": "Congo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAI",
        "name": "DR Congo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "EQG",
        "name": "Equatorial Guinea",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GAB",
        "name": "Gabon",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GHA",
        "name": "Ghana",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUI",
        "name": "Guinea",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GGI",
        "name": "Gulf of Guinea Is.",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "IVO",
        "name": "Ivory Coast",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MDG",
        "name": "Madagascar",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "MTN",
        "name": "Mauritania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NGA",
        "name": "Nigeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SEN",
        "name": "Senegal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHS",
        "name": "China Southeast",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAP",
        "name": "Japan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KZN",
        "name": "Kazan-retto",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KOR",
        "name": "Korea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NNS",
        "name": "Nansei-shoto",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "OGA",
        "name": "Ogasawara-shoto",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAI",
        "name": "Taiwan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "AND",
        "name": "Andaman Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAN",
        "name": "Bangladesh",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOR",
        "name": "Borneo",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "XMS",
        "name": "Christmas I.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CKI",
        "name": "Cocos (Keeling) Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IND",
        "name": "India",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAW",
        "name": "Jawa",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LSI",
        "name": "Lesser Sunda Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLY",
        "name": "Malaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOL",
        "name": "Maluku",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MYA",
        "name": "Myanmar",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "NWG",
        "name": "New Guinea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Papuasia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCB",
        "name": "Nicobar Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "PHI",
        "name": "Philippines",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUL",
        "name": "Sulawesi",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUM",
        "name": "Sumatera",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "THA",
        "name": "Thailand",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "VIE",
        "name": "Vietnam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "NSW",
        "name": "New South Wales",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "QLD",
        "name": "Queensland",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALA",
        "name": "Alabama",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "ARI",
        "name": "Arizona",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "ARK",
        "name": "Arkansas",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "CAL",
        "name": "California",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "CNT",
        "name": "Connecticut",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "DEL",
        "name": "Delaware",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WDC",
        "name": "District of Columbia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "FLA",
        "name": "Florida",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "GEO",
        "name": "Georgia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "ILL",
        "name": "Illinois",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "INI",
        "name": "Indiana",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "IOW",
        "name": "Iowa",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "KAN",
        "name": "Kansas",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "KTY",
        "name": "Kentucky",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "LOU",
        "name": "Louisiana",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MAI",
        "name": "Maine",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MRY",
        "name": "Maryland",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MAS",
        "name": "Massachusetts",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MXC",
        "name": "Mexico Central",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXG",
        "name": "Mexico Gulf",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXE",
        "name": "Mexico Northeast",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXN",
        "name": "Mexico Northwest",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXT",
        "name": "Mexico Southeast",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXS",
        "name": "Mexico Southwest",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MIC",
        "name": "Michigan",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MIN",
        "name": "Minnesota",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MSI",
        "name": "Mississippi",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MSO",
        "name": "Missouri",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NEB",
        "name": "Nebraska",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NWJ",
        "name": "New Jersey",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NWM",
        "name": "New Mexico",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "South-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NWY",
        "name": "New York",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NCA",
        "name": "North Carolina",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NDA",
        "name": "North Dakota",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "OHI",
        "name": "Ohio",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "OKL",
        "name": "Oklahoma",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "ONT",
        "name": "Ontario",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "ORE",
        "name": "Oregon",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "PEN",
        "name": "Pennsylvania",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "QUE",
        "name": "Québec",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "RHO",
        "name": "Rhode I.",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "SCA",
        "name": "South Carolina",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "SDA",
        "name": "South Dakota",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "TEN",
        "name": "Tennessee",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "TEX",
        "name": "Texas",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "South-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "VER",
        "name": "Vermont",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "VRG",
        "name": "Virginia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WAS",
        "name": "Washington",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WVA",
        "name": "West Virginia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WIS",
        "name": "Wisconsin",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WYO",
        "name": "Wyoming",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "CRL",
        "name": "Caroline Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Northwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "COO",
        "name": "Cook Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "FIJ",
        "name": "Fiji",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "GIL",
        "name": "Gilbert Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "HAW",
        "name": "Hawaii",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "North-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "MRN",
        "name": "Marianas",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Northwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "MRQ",
        "name": "Marquesas",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "MRS",
        "name": "Marshall Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Northwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAM",
        "name": "Samoa",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "TOK",
        "name": "Tokelau-Manihiki",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUA",
        "name": "Tuamotu",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUB",
        "name": "Tubuai Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "VAN",
        "name": "Vanuatu",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "WAL",
        "name": "Wallis-Futuna Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "AGE",
        "name": "Argentina Northeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "AGW",
        "name": "Argentina Northwest",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "ARU",
        "name": "Aruba",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAH",
        "name": "Bahamas",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLZ",
        "name": "Belize",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BER",
        "name": "Bermuda",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOL",
        "name": "Bolivia",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZN",
        "name": "Brazil North",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZE",
        "name": "Brazil Northeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZS",
        "name": "Brazil South",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZL",
        "name": "Brazil Southeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZC",
        "name": "Brazil West-Central",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "CAY",
        "name": "Cayman Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "CPI",
        "name": "Central American Pacific Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CLC",
        "name": "Chile Central",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CLM",
        "name": "Colombia",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "COS",
        "name": "Costa Rica",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CUB",
        "name": "Cuba",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "DOM",
        "name": "Dominican Republic",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "ECU",
        "name": "Ecuador",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "ELS",
        "name": "El Salvador",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRG",
        "name": "French Guiana",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "GAL",
        "name": "Galápagos",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUA",
        "name": "Guatemala",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUY",
        "name": "Guyana",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "HAI",
        "name": "Haiti",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "HON",
        "name": "Honduras",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAM",
        "name": "Jamaica",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "LEE",
        "name": "Leeward Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "NLA",
        "name": "Netherlands Antilles",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "NIC",
        "name": "Nicaragua",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAN",
        "name": "Panamá",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAR",
        "name": "Paraguay",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PER",
        "name": "Peru",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PUE",
        "name": "Puerto Rico",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUR",
        "name": "Suriname",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "TRT",
        "name": "Trinidad-Tobago",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "URU",
        "name": "Uruguay",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "VEN",
        "name": "Venezuela",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "VNA",
        "name": "Venezuelan Antilles",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "WIN",
        "name": "Windward Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 101,
    "n_annotated": 169,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      3,
      3,
      7,
      15,
      4,
      5,
      12,
      18,
      10,
      5,
      13,
      6
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      3,
      5,
      9,
      16,
      6,
      11,
      15,
      26,
      30,
      19,
      20,
      9
    ],
    "share": [
      null,
      0.6,
      0.7778,
      0.9375,
      0.6667,
      0.4545,
      0.8,
      0.6923,
      0.3333,
      0.2632,
      0.65,
      0.6667
    ],
    "ci": [
      null,
      [
        0.2307,
        0.8824
      ],
      [
        0.4526,
        0.9368
      ],
      [
        0.7167,
        0.9889
      ],
      [
        0.3,
        0.9032
      ],
      [
        0.2127,
        0.7199
      ],
      [
        0.5481,
        0.9295
      ],
      [
        0.5001,
        0.835
      ],
      [
        0.1923,
        0.5122
      ],
      [
        0.1181,
        0.4879
      ],
      [
        0.4329,
        0.8188
      ],
      [
        0.3542,
        0.8794
      ]
    ],
    "peak_month": 4,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 80,
      "by_month": [
        0,
        3,
        1,
        4,
        1,
        8,
        4,
        10,
        22,
        13,
        11,
        3
      ],
      "share": [
        null,
        0.6,
        0.1111,
        0.25,
        0.1667,
        0.7273,
        0.2667,
        0.3846,
        0.7333,
        0.6842,
        0.55,
        0.3333
      ],
      "ci": [
        null,
        [
          0.2307,
          0.8824
        ],
        [
          0.0199,
          0.435
        ],
        [
          0.1018,
          0.495
        ],
        [
          0.0301,
          0.5635
        ],
        [
          0.4343,
          0.9025
        ],
        [
          0.109,
          0.5195
        ],
        [
          0.2243,
          0.5747
        ],
        [
          0.5555,
          0.8582
        ],
        [
          0.4601,
          0.8464
        ],
        [
          0.3421,
          0.7418
        ],
        [
          0.1206,
          0.6458
        ]
      ],
      "peak_month": 9
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "annual or perennial",
    "climate": "wet tropical"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 9.4,
      "median": 22.9,
      "p95": 25.8
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 74.4,
      "median": 434.5,
      "p95": 959
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 26,
      "median": 30.2,
      "p95": 34.9
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -7.2,
      "median": 13.3,
      "p95": 21.6
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 551.8,
      "median": 1567.8,
      "p95": 3846.3
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 12.5,
      "median": 44.2,
      "p95": 98.4
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 14.9,
      "median": 185.1,
      "p95": 628.2
    },
    "n": 2007,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2007 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/cyperus-odoratus/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}