{
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  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/cyperus-cyperoides/",
  "last_modified": "2025-06-12",
  "id": {
    "slug": "cyperus-cyperoides",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000370984",
    "inat_taxon_id": 370159
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Cyperus cyperoides",
    "authorship": "(L.) Kuntze",
    "genus": "Cyperus",
    "epithet": "cyperoides",
    "family": "Cyperaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(3): 333 (1898)",
    "protologue_url": "https://www.cyperaceae.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1680708",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Pacific island flatsedge",
      "english": [
        "Pacific island flatsedge"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Cyperus biglumis",
        "authorship": "C.B.Clarke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus corynephorus",
        "authorship": "Lock"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus cylindrostachys var. subcompositus",
        "authorship": "(C.B.Clarke) Skottsb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus cylindrostachyus var. subcompositus",
        "authorship": "(C.B.Clarke) Skottsb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus cyperoides",
        "authorship": "Britton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus cyperoides subsp. cyperoides",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus cyperoides subsp. flavus",
        "authorship": "Lye"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus cyperoides var. aureus",
        "authorship": "Peter ex Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus cyperoides var. brevispicatus",
        "authorship": "Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus cyperoides var. clarkei",
        "authorship": "(Turrill ex Craib) Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus cyperoides var. evolutior",
        "authorship": "(C.B.Clarke) Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus cyperoides var. khasianus",
        "authorship": "(C.B.Clarke) Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus cyperoides var. microstachys",
        "authorship": "Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus cyperoides var. nossibeensis",
        "authorship": "(Steud.) Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus cyperoides var. ovalis",
        "authorship": "Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus cyperoides var. polyphyllus",
        "authorship": "Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus cyperoides var. repens",
        "authorship": "Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus cyperoides var. subcompositus",
        "authorship": "(C.B.Clarke) Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus flexifolius",
        "authorship": "Boeckeler ex Reinecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus konkanensis",
        "authorship": "T.Cooke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus linctus",
        "authorship": "G.Forst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus macrocarpus var. humbertii",
        "authorship": "(Cherm.) Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus macrocarpus var. submacrocarpus",
        "authorship": "Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus manilensis",
        "authorship": "Boeckeler ex Warb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus nossibeensis",
        "authorship": "K.Schum."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus sieberianus",
        "authorship": "(Nees ex Steud.) K.Schum."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus steudelianus",
        "authorship": "Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus subumbellatus",
        "authorship": "Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus subumbellatus var. sessilispicatus",
        "authorship": "Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus subumbellatus var. subglobosus",
        "authorship": "Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus subumbellatus var. thomensis",
        "authorship": "(C.B.Clarke) Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus thomensis",
        "authorship": "(C.B.Clarke) Marais"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus umbellatus",
        "authorship": "Benth."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus umbellatus",
        "authorship": "Roxb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus umbellatus var. laxiflora",
        "authorship": "Benth."
      },
      {
        "name": "Kyllinga biglumis",
        "authorship": "(Gaertn.) Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Kyllinga sumatrensis",
        "authorship": "Retz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Kyllinga umbellata",
        "authorship": "Rottb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Kyllinga umbellata var. sumatrensis",
        "authorship": "(Retz.) Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lipocarpha mangarevica",
        "authorship": "H.St.John"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus alternifolius",
        "authorship": "Vahl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus biglumis",
        "authorship": "Gaertn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus clarkei",
        "authorship": "Turrill ex Craib"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus concinnus",
        "authorship": "Schrad. ex Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus concinnus var. evolutior",
        "authorship": "(C.B.Clarke) Panigrahi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus concinnus var. khasianus",
        "authorship": "(C.B.Clarke) Panigrahi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus concinnus var. subcompositus",
        "authorship": "(C.B.Clarke) Panigrahi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus corymbosus",
        "authorship": "Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus cylindrystachyus",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus cyperoides",
        "authorship": "(L.) Urb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus cyperoides var. capitatus",
        "authorship": "Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus humbertii",
        "authorship": "Cherm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus linctus",
        "authorship": "M.R.Almeida"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus linctus var. subcompositus",
        "authorship": "(C.B.Clarke) M.R.Almeida"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus nossibeensis",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus pachystachyus",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus philippensis",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus polyphyllus",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus quarrei",
        "authorship": "Cherm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus sieberianus",
        "authorship": "Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus sieberianus",
        "authorship": "Nees ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus sieberianus var. evolutior",
        "authorship": "C.B.Clarke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus sieberianus var. khasianus",
        "authorship": "C.B.Clarke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus sieberianus var. nossibeensis",
        "authorship": "(Steud.) Cherm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus sieberianus var. subcompositus",
        "authorship": "C.B.Clarke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus steudelianus",
        "authorship": "(Boeckeler) Cufod."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus sumatrensis",
        "authorship": "(Retz.) J.Raynal"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus sumatrensis var. evolutior",
        "authorship": "(C.B.Clarke) Karthik."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus sumatrensis var. khasianus",
        "authorship": "(C.B.Clarke) Karthik."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus sumatrensis var. microstachys",
        "authorship": "(Kük.) L.K.Dai"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus sumatrensis var. subcompositus",
        "authorship": "(C.B.Clarke) Karthik."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus thomensis",
        "authorship": "C.B.Clarke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus umbellatus",
        "authorship": "Vahl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus umbellatus",
        "authorship": "J.Presl & C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus umbellatus var. evolutior",
        "authorship": "(C.B.Clarke) E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus umbellatus var. microstachys",
        "authorship": "(Kük.) Tang & F.T.Wang"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus umbellatus var. sieberianus",
        "authorship": "E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mariscus umbellatus var. subcompositus",
        "authorship": "(C.B.Clarke) Tang & F.T.Wang"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus cyperoides",
        "authorship": "L."
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyperus_cyperoides"
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        "name": "Burundi",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CMN",
        "name": "Cameroon",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CVI",
        "name": "Cape Verde",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CAF",
        "name": "Central African Republic",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHA",
        "name": "Chad",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "COM",
        "name": "Comoros",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "CON",
        "name": "Congo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAI",
        "name": "DR Congo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "EQG",
        "name": "Equatorial Guinea",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ERI",
        "name": "Eritrea",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWZ",
        "name": "Eswatini",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ETH",
        "name": "Ethiopia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GAB",
        "name": "Gabon",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GAM",
        "name": "Gambia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GHA",
        "name": "Ghana",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUI",
        "name": "Guinea",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GNB",
        "name": "Guinea-Bissau",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GGI",
        "name": "Gulf of Guinea Is.",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "IVO",
        "name": "Ivory Coast",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "KEN",
        "name": "Kenya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NAT",
        "name": "KwaZulu-Natal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBR",
        "name": "Liberia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MDG",
        "name": "Madagascar",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLW",
        "name": "Malawi",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLI",
        "name": "Mali",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MAU",
        "name": "Mauritius",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOZ",
        "name": "Mozambique",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NAM",
        "name": "Namibia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NGA",
        "name": "Nigeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TVL",
        "name": "Northern Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROD",
        "name": "Rodrigues",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "RWA",
        "name": "Rwanda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SEN",
        "name": "Senegal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIE",
        "name": "Sierra Leone",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOC",
        "name": "Socotra",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "STH",
        "name": "St.Helena",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Middle Atlantic Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUD",
        "name": "Sudan-South Sudan",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAN",
        "name": "Tanzania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TOG",
        "name": "Togo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "UGA",
        "name": "Uganda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAM",
        "name": "Zambia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZIM",
        "name": "Zimbabwe",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHN",
        "name": "China North-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHC",
        "name": "China South-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHS",
        "name": "China Southeast",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHH",
        "name": "Hainan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAP",
        "name": "Japan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KZN",
        "name": "Kazan-retto",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KOR",
        "name": "Korea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NNS",
        "name": "Nansei-shoto",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "OGA",
        "name": "Ogasawara-shoto",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAI",
        "name": "Taiwan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHT",
        "name": "Tibet",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "ASS",
        "name": "Assam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAN",
        "name": "Bangladesh",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "BIS",
        "name": "Bismarck Archipelago",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Papuasia"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOR",
        "name": "Borneo",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CBD",
        "name": "Cambodia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "EHM",
        "name": "East Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "IND",
        "name": "India",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAW",
        "name": "Jawa",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LAO",
        "name": "Laos",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "LSI",
        "name": "Lesser Sunda Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLY",
        "name": "Malaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOL",
        "name": "Maluku",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MYA",
        "name": "Myanmar",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "NEP",
        "name": "Nepal",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "NWG",
        "name": "New Guinea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Papuasia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCB",
        "name": "Nicobar Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAK",
        "name": "Pakistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "PHI",
        "name": "Philippines",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOL",
        "name": "Solomon Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Papuasia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SCS",
        "name": "South China Sea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "SRL",
        "name": "Sri Lanka",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUL",
        "name": "Sulawesi",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUM",
        "name": "Sumatera",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "THA",
        "name": "Thailand",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "VIE",
        "name": "Vietnam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "WHM",
        "name": "West Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "NSW",
        "name": "New South Wales",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "QLD",
        "name": "Queensland",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "COO",
        "name": "Cook Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "EAS",
        "name": "Easter Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "MRN",
        "name": "Marianas",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Northwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "NUE",
        "name": "Niue",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAM",
        "name": "Samoa",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "SCI",
        "name": "Society Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUA",
        "name": "Tuamotu",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUB",
        "name": "Tubuai Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "VAN",
        "name": "Vanuatu",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "WAL",
        "name": "Wallis-Futuna Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 61,
    "n_annotated": 96,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      3,
      0,
      3,
      11,
      12,
      6,
      3,
      6,
      4,
      6,
      5,
      2
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      7,
      1,
      7,
      14,
      19,
      8,
      7,
      9,
      4,
      7,
      9,
      4
    ],
    "share": [
      0.4286,
      null,
      0.4286,
      0.7857,
      0.6316,
      0.75,
      0.4286,
      0.6667,
      null,
      0.8571,
      0.5556,
      null
    ],
    "ci": [
      [
        0.1582,
        0.7495
      ],
      null,
      [
        0.1582,
        0.7495
      ],
      [
        0.5241,
        0.9243
      ],
      [
        0.4104,
        0.8085
      ],
      [
        0.4093,
        0.9285
      ],
      [
        0.1582,
        0.7495
      ],
      [
        0.3542,
        0.8794
      ],
      null,
      [
        0.4869,
        0.9743
      ],
      [
        0.2666,
        0.8112
      ],
      null
    ],
    "peak_month": 10,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "perennial or rhizomatous geophyte",
    "climate": "wet tropical"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 15.5,
      "median": 20.9,
      "p95": 25.1
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 117.3,
      "median": 362.4,
      "p95": 479.6
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 23.3,
      "median": 28.1,
      "p95": 31.3
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": 4.1,
      "median": 11.2,
      "p95": 19.4
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 860,
      "median": 2826.4,
      "p95": 4509.7
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 32.3,
      "median": 64.8,
      "p95": 92.8
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 35.1,
      "median": 154.2,
      "p95": 734.7
    },
    "n": 1178,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1178 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/cyperus-cyperoides/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}