Cyclamen coum (Persian violet)

Plate 1 figs. a–h · 8 separate observations

Cyclamen coum, photographed by Jonathan — fig. a Jonathan, CC BY 4.0 / 2022-03-15 / obs. 183088391

Cyclamen coum, photographed by James Hardcastle — fig. b James Hardcastle, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 181805202

Cyclamen coum, photographed by Patrick Hacker — fig. c Patrick Hacker, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 181724957

Cyclamen coum, photographed by bogsuckers — fig. d bogsuckers, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 179169843

Cyclamen coum, photographed by gill_ryenats — fig. e gill_ryenats, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 179062262

Cyclamen coum, photographed by Phil James — fig. f Phil James, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 177952715

Cyclamen coum, photographed by Asrın Akıncıoğlu — fig. g Asrın Akıncıoğlu, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 117351254

Cyclamen coum, photographed by Пані Тимошенко — fig. h Пані Тимошенко, CC BY-SA 4.0 / obs. 114316928

Every figure is a research-grade observation under CC0, CC BY or CC BY-SA, rehosted with the photographer’s name, the licence and the observation it came from. Photographs under a NonCommercial licence are excluded from this site and are never stored, which costs us a great many pictures and is not negotiable.

Native range 9 botanical countries

Native distribution of Cyclamen coum, after Kew’s World Checklist of Vascular Plants. Introduced, extinct and doubtful records are excluded, so this is where the plant is from, not everywhere it now grows.

Region	TDWG code	Continent
Lebanon-Syria	LBS	ASIA-TEMPERATE
North Caucasus	NCS
Palestine	PAL
Transcaucasus	TCS
Türkiye	TUR
Bulgaria	BUL	EUROPE
Krym	KRY
South European Russia	RUS
Türkiye-in-Europe	TUE

Region boundaries approximated from Natural Earth (public domain) and mapped to TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (WGSRPD) level-3 botanical countries (Brummitt 2001). Indicative, not the official WGSRPD geometry.

Flowering 360 in flower of 429 examined

78%

98%

92%

89%

50%

23%

60%

Proportion of examined Cyclamen coum in flower, by month
Month	In flower	Examined	Share	95% interval
Jan	57	73	78%	67% to 86%
Feb	165	169	98%	94% to 99%
Mar	101	110	92%	85% to 96%
Apr	17	19	89%	69% to 97%
May	4	8	50%	22% to 78%
Jun	0	1	too few examined
Jul	0	0	too few examined
Aug	0	0	too few examined
Sep	1	1	too few examined
Oct	0	15	0%	0% to 20%
Nov	3	13	23%	8% to 50%
Dec	12	20	60%	39% to 78%

Peak flowering in Feb. Each bar is the share of Cyclamen coum observations in which someone actually recorded the reproductive state and found the plant in flower, not the raw number of flowering records. That distinction matters: people observe plants far more in spring than in winter, so a bare count of flowering records partly measures when people go outside. Dividing by the number examined removes that. 360 of 429 examined observations were in flower, every one of them research grade. The whisker on each bar is a 95% Wilson interval. 4 months have fewer than 5 examined observations, so no proportion is drawn for them. This is still a global aggregate and not a forecast for your garden: the same species flowers on different dates in different hemispheres. Where a species has fewer than 30 flowering records we do not draw this chart at all. Computed from 10.15468/dl.cgje2x.

Where it actually grows measured, from 823 observations

Condition	5th percentile	Median	95th percentile
Coldest month, mean daily low	-7.3 °C	1.0 °C	4.6 °C
Warmest month, mean daily high	18.8 °C	24.1 °C	31.7 °C
Annual rainfall	588 mm	864 mm	2,380 mm
Rainfall in the driest quarter	4 mm	148 mm	444 mm

It is found where winters bring hard frost. This is not care advice and it is not a forecast. It is a measurement: we sampled the climate at every one of the 823 research-grade observations of Cyclamen coum that carry a coordinate, and this is the range those places actually span. The 5th and 95th percentiles are used rather than the minimum and maximum, because a single cultivated specimen in a heated conservatory should not widen a tropical plant's range to the Arctic.

This is not a hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual extreme minimum temperature. The figure above is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and is typically far warmer. Reading one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a hardiness zone, because we do not have one. Climate from CHELSA V2.1 (Karger et al. 2017); occurrences from 10.15468/dl.cgje2x.

Also published as 36 synonyms

A synonym is not an error. It is a record of botanists disagreeing, in print, about where this plant belongs. Each of these was somebody’s considered answer.

Cyclamen abchasicum Kolak. ex Pobed.
Cyclamen adzharicum Pobed.
Cyclamen apiculatum Jord.
Cyclamen brevifrons Jord.
Cyclamen calcareum Kolak.
Cyclamen caucasicum Willd. ex Boiss.
Cyclamen caucasicum Willd. ex Stev.
Cyclamen circassicum Pobed.
Cyclamen coum f. albissimum R.H.Bailey
Cyclamen coum f. pallidum Grey-Wilson
Cyclamen coum subsp. hiemale O.Schwarz
Cyclamen coum var. abchasicum Medw.
Cyclamen coum var. caucasicum (K.Koch) Meikle
Cyclamen coum var. ibericum Boiss.
Cyclamen coum var. pulcherrimum Regel
Cyclamen durostoricum Pantu & Solacolu
Cyclamen europaeum subsp. orbiculatum (Mill.) O.Schwarz
Cyclamen europaeum var. caucasicum K.Koch
Cyclamen europaeum var. caucasicum C.Koch
Cyclamen hiemale Hildebr.
Cyclamen hiemale Hilebr.
Cyclamen hyemale Salisb.
Cyclamen hyemale Salib.
Cyclamen ibericum Goldie ex G.Don

and 12 more.

Sourcesevery claim on this page

World Flora Online Plant List. accepted name, authority, classification. CC0. Retrieved 2026-07-12.
iNaturalist. photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only. per photograph. Retrieved 2026-06-27.
Wikidata. common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715). CC0. Retrieved 2026-07-13.
Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16). native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form. CC BY 3.0. Retrieved 2026-06-04.

We publish what we can source and we say so when we cannot. This page has no care advice and no toxicity claim, because we do not yet have those from a source we can cite.