{
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  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/crataegus-crus-galli/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "crataegus-crus-galli",
    "wfo": "wfo-0001015893",
    "inat_taxon_id": 54824
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Crataegus crus-galli",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Crataegus",
    "epithet": "crus-galli",
    "family": "Rosaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Sp. Pl. : 476 (1753)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:68112-2",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Cockspur Hawthorn",
      "english": [
        "Cockspur Hawthorn",
        "cockspur hawthorn",
        "Montgomery hawthorn"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Crataegus acutifolia var. insignis",
        "authorship": "(Sarg.) E.J.Palmer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus algens",
        "authorship": "Beadle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus alpestris",
        "authorship": "K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus angustifolia",
        "authorship": "(Ehrh.) Borkh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus arborea",
        "authorship": "Beadle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus arborea var. ohioensis",
        "authorship": "(Sarg.) Kruschke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus attenuata",
        "authorship": "Ashe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus barrettiana",
        "authorship": "Sarg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus bellica",
        "authorship": "Sarg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus bosciana",
        "authorship": "(Spach) M.Roem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus bushii",
        "authorship": "Sarg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus canbyi",
        "authorship": "Sarg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus cherokeensis",
        "authorship": "Sarg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus cocksii",
        "authorship": "Sarg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus coursetiana",
        "authorship": "M.Roem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus crus-galli f. crus-galli",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus crus-galli f. inermis",
        "authorship": "(Lange) Poletiko"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus crus-galli f. nana",
        "authorship": "Poletiko"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus crus-galli f. oblongata",
        "authorship": "(Sarg.) E.J.Palmer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus crus-galli f. rubens",
        "authorship": "(Sarg.) E.J.Palmer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus crus-galli f. spinulosa",
        "authorship": "Rickett"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus crus-galli f. staminea",
        "authorship": "Rickett"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus crus-galli f. truncata",
        "authorship": "(Sarg.) E.J.Palmer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus crus-galli f. vulgaris",
        "authorship": "Rickett"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus crus-galli unranked angustifolia",
        "authorship": "(Ehrh.) Sudw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus crus-galli unranked ovalifolia",
        "authorship": "Torr. & A.Gray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus crus-galli unranked prunellifolia",
        "authorship": "(Bosc ex Poir.) Sudw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus crus-galli var. attenuata",
        "authorship": "(Ashe) Farw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus crus-galli var. barrettiana",
        "authorship": "(Sarg.) E.J.Palmer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus crus-galli var. bellica",
        "authorship": "(Sarg.) E.J.Palmer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus crus-galli var. berberifolia",
        "authorship": "Sarg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus crus-galli var. capillata",
        "authorship": "Sarg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus crus-galli var. danielsii",
        "authorship": "(E.J.Palmer) Rickett"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus crus-galli var. exigua",
        "authorship": "(Sarg.) Eggl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus crus-galli var. inermis",
        "authorship": "Lange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus crus-galli var. leptophylla",
        "authorship": "(Sarg.) E.J.Palmer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus crus-galli var. linearis",
        "authorship": "(Desf.) DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus crus-galli var. macra",
        "authorship": "(Beadle) E.J.Palmer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus crus-galli var. nana",
        "authorship": "(Dum.Cours.) DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus crus-galli var. nana",
        "authorship": "G.Nicholson ex Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus crus-galli var. oblongata",
        "authorship": "Sarg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus crus-galli var. ovalifolia",
        "authorship": "(Hornem.) Lindl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus crus-galli var. pachyphylla",
        "authorship": "(Sarg.) E.J.Palmer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus crus-galli var. pyracanthifolia",
        "authorship": "Aiton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus crus-galli var. regalis",
        "authorship": "(Beadle) J.B.Phipps"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus crus-galli var. rubens",
        "authorship": "Sarg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus crus-galli var. salicifolia",
        "authorship": "(Medik.) Aiton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus crus-galli var. splendens",
        "authorship": "Aiton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus crus-galli var. splendens",
        "authorship": "W.T.Aiton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus cuneiformis",
        "authorship": "(Marshall) Eggl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus danielsii",
        "authorship": "E.J.Palmer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus danielsii f. glabra",
        "authorship": "E.J.Palmer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus denaria",
        "authorship": "Beadle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus exigua",
        "authorship": "Sarg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus hannibalensis",
        "authorship": "E.J.Palmer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus helvina",
        "authorship": "Ashe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus insignis",
        "authorship": "Sarg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus intermixta",
        "authorship": "Sarg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus laurifolia",
        "authorship": "Medik."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus leptophylla",
        "authorship": "Sarg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus limnophila",
        "authorship": "Sarg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus linearis",
        "authorship": "Pers."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus livoniana",
        "authorship": "Sarg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus lucida",
        "authorship": "Mill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus lucida var. macracantha",
        "authorship": "Lavallée"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus macra",
        "authorship": "Beadle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus ohioensis",
        "authorship": "Sarg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus operta",
        "authorship": "Ashe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus ovalifolia",
        "authorship": "(Hornem.) DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus pachyphylla",
        "authorship": "Sarg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus paradoxa",
        "authorship": "Sarg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus permixta",
        "authorship": "E.J.Palmer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus persistens",
        "authorship": "Sarg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus prunellifolia",
        "authorship": "Bosc ex DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus prunifolia var. ovalifolia",
        "authorship": "(Hornem.) Cinovskis"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus prunifolia var. splendens",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) Osborn"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus punctata var. tenax",
        "authorship": "(Ashe) Farw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus pyracanthoides",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) Beadle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus pyracanthoides var. arborea",
        "authorship": "(Beadle) E.J.Palmer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus pyracanthoides var. limnophila",
        "authorship": "(Sarg.) E.J.Palmer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus regalis",
        "authorship": "Beadle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus regalis var. paradoxa",
        "authorship": "(Sarg.) E.J.Palmer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus sabineana",
        "authorship": "Ashe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus salicifolia",
        "authorship": "Medik."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus salicifolia",
        "authorship": "J.Gordon, Dermer & R.Edmonds"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus signata",
        "authorship": "Beadle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus sublobulata",
        "authorship": "Sarg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus subpilosa",
        "authorship": "Sarg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus tantula",
        "authorship": "Sarg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus tenax",
        "authorship": "Ashe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus triumphalis",
        "authorship": "Sarg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus truncata",
        "authorship": "Sarg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus uniqua",
        "authorship": "Sarg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus vallicola",
        "authorship": "Sarg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus viridis",
        "authorship": "Medik."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus watsoniana",
        "authorship": "(Spach) Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus watsoniana var. inermis",
        "authorship": "G.Kirchn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Crataegus wilkinsonii",
        "authorship": "Ashe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mespilus badiata",
        "authorship": "Bosc"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mespilus bosciana",
        "authorship": "Spach"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mespilus crus-galli",
        "authorship": "(L.) Du Roi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mespilus crus-galli var. inermis",
        "authorship": "(G.Kirchn.) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mespilus crus-galli var. linearis",
        "authorship": "Wenz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mespilus crus-galli var. lucida",
        "authorship": "(Mill.) Castigl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mespilus crus-galli var. salicifolia",
        "authorship": "(Medik.) Wenz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mespilus cuneifolia",
        "authorship": "Moench"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mespilus cuneiformis",
        "authorship": "Marshall"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mespilus cunifolia",
        "authorship": "Moench"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mespilus linearis",
        "authorship": "Desf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mespilus lucida",
        "authorship": "Ehrh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mespilus lucida subsp. latifolia",
        "authorship": "Ehrh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mespilus lucida var. angustifolia",
        "authorship": "Ehrh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mespilus maxima",
        "authorship": "Dum.Cours."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mespilus nana",
        "authorship": "Dum.Cours."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mespilus ovalifolia",
        "authorship": "Hornem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mespilus poiretiana",
        "authorship": "Sweet"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mespilus prunellifolia",
        "authorship": "Bosc ex Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mespilus salicifolia",
        "authorship": "K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mespilus watsoniana",
        "authorship": "Spach"
      },
      {
        "name": "Oxyacantha crus-galli",
        "authorship": "(L.) Nieuwl."
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crataegus_crus-galli"
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            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/89674633/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Griffin Bray, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 90018193,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Annika Lindqvist",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/annikaml",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/ecc916fb-f5cf-4991-9dc9-fe782d193e2b",
        "observed_on": "2020-07-24",
        "lat": 32.47,
        "lon": -95.303,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/90018193/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/90018193/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/90018193/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/90018193/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Annika Lindqvist, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      }
    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "ALA",
      "ARK",
      "CNT",
      "DEL",
      "WDC",
      "FLA",
      "GEO",
      "ILL",
      "INI",
      "IOW",
      "KAN",
      "KTY",
      "LOU",
      "MRY",
      "MAS",
      "MXE",
      "MIC",
      "MIN",
      "MSI",
      "MSO",
      "NWJ",
      "NWY",
      "NCA",
      "OKL",
      "ONT",
      "PEN",
      "QUE",
      "RHO",
      "SCA",
      "TEN",
      "TEX",
      "VER",
      "VRG",
      "WVA",
      "WIS"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ALA",
        "name": "Alabama",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "ARK",
        "name": "Arkansas",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "CNT",
        "name": "Connecticut",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "DEL",
        "name": "Delaware",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WDC",
        "name": "District of Columbia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "FLA",
        "name": "Florida",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "GEO",
        "name": "Georgia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "ILL",
        "name": "Illinois",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "INI",
        "name": "Indiana",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "IOW",
        "name": "Iowa",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "KAN",
        "name": "Kansas",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "KTY",
        "name": "Kentucky",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "LOU",
        "name": "Louisiana",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MRY",
        "name": "Maryland",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MAS",
        "name": "Massachusetts",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MXE",
        "name": "Mexico Northeast",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MIC",
        "name": "Michigan",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MIN",
        "name": "Minnesota",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MSI",
        "name": "Mississippi",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MSO",
        "name": "Missouri",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NWJ",
        "name": "New Jersey",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NWY",
        "name": "New York",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NCA",
        "name": "North Carolina",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "OKL",
        "name": "Oklahoma",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "ONT",
        "name": "Ontario",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "PEN",
        "name": "Pennsylvania",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "QUE",
        "name": "Québec",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "RHO",
        "name": "Rhode I.",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "SCA",
        "name": "South Carolina",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "TEN",
        "name": "Tennessee",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "TEX",
        "name": "Texas",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "South-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "VER",
        "name": "Vermont",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "VRG",
        "name": "Virginia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WVA",
        "name": "West Virginia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WIS",
        "name": "Wisconsin",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": null,
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "tree",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": null,
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "climate_envelope",
      "status": "insufficient_evidence",
      "reason": "Fewer than 30 georeferenced research-grade observations of this taxon, which is too few to state a percentile range for the conditions it grows in. We would rather show nothing than a range computed from eight points in one county."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No dated flowering annotations found for this taxon."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/crataegus-crus-galli/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}