{
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  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/conophytum-bilobum/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "conophytum-bilobum",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000618629",
    "inat_taxon_id": 582656
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Conophytum bilobum",
    "authorship": "(Marloth) N.E.Br.",
    "genus": "Conophytum",
    "epithet": "bilobum",
    "family": "Aizoaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "in Gard. Chron., ser. 3, 72: 83. 1922.",
    "protologue_url": "https://caryophyllales.org/?q=cdm_dataportal/name/288b9772-dfb4-4f07-887e-1747d5ed9bec",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "cone plant",
      "english": [
        "cone plant"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Conophytum absimile",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum absimile f. majus",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum absimile f. umbrosum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum aequale",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum albescens",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum altum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum ampliatum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum amplum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum andausanum",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum andausanum var. immaculatum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum angustum",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum angustum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum anomalum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum apertum",
        "authorship": "Tischer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum apiatum",
        "authorship": "(N.E.Br.) N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum apiculatum",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum approximatum",
        "authorship": "Lavis"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum asperulum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum asperulum var. brevistylum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum auctum",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum auctum f. approximatum",
        "authorship": "(Lavis) Rawé"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum auctum f. auctum",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum australe",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum barkerae",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum beekenkampianum",
        "authorship": "Tischer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum brevisectum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum cauliferum",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum cauliferum var. lekkersingense",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum christiansenianum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum cinereum",
        "authorship": "Lavis"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum citrinum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum compressum",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum connatum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum conradii",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum convexum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum cordatum",
        "authorship": "Schick & Tischer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum cordatum var. macrostigma",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum coriaceum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum corniferum",
        "authorship": "Schick & Tischer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum crassum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum curtum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum dennisii",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum difforme",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum dilatatum",
        "authorship": "Tisch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum dissimile",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum distans",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum divaricatum",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum diversum",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum dolomiticum",
        "authorship": "Tisch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum durnale",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum ecarinatum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum ecarinatum var. angustum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum ecarinatum var. ecarinatum",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum ecarinatum var. mutabile",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum elishae",
        "authorship": "(N.E.Br.) N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum excisum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum exsertum",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum furcatum",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum geminum",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum glaucum",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum gonapense",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum gonapense var. numeesicum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum gracile",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum gracile var. majusculum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum graciliramosum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum gracilistylum",
        "authorship": "(L.Bolus) N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum grandiflorum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum gregale",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum inclusum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum incurvum",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum incurvum var. leucanthum",
        "authorship": "(Lavis) Tischer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum indefinitum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum insigne",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum klipbokbergense",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum kubusbergense",
        "authorship": "Tischer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum lacteum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum largum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum latum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum lavisianum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum laxipetalum",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum lekkersingense",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum leucanthum",
        "authorship": "Lavis"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum leucanthum var. multipetalum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum linearilucidum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum luiseae",
        "authorship": "Schwantes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum luiseae var. papillatum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum macrostigma",
        "authorship": "(L.Bolus) Schwantes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum markoetterae",
        "authorship": "Schwantes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum meyerae",
        "authorship": "Schwantes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum meyerae f. alatum",
        "authorship": "Tischer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum meyerae f. apiculatum",
        "authorship": "(N.E.Br.) Tischer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum meyerae f. asperulum",
        "authorship": "H.Jacobsen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum meyerae f. pole-evansii",
        "authorship": "(N.E.Br.) Tischer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum muscosipapillatum",
        "authorship": "Lavis"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum nelianum",
        "authorship": "Schwantes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum noisabiense",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum noisabisense",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum nutaboiense",
        "authorship": "Tischer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum obtusum",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum obtusum var. amplum",
        "authorship": "(L.Bolus) Rawe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum ovatum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum parvulum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum philipii",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum piriforme",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum plenum",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum pluriforme",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum pole-evansii",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum proximum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum recisum",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum simile",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum simplum",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum sitzlerianum",
        "authorship": "Schwantes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum smithersii",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum sororium",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum springbokense",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum strictum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum strictum var. inaequale",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum stylosum",
        "authorship": "(N.E.Br.) Tischer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum subacutum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum subcylindricum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum subtenue",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum supremum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum tectum",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum tumidum",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum tumidum var. asperulum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum umdausense",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum variabile",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Conophytum vlakmynense",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Derenbergia apiata",
        "authorship": "(N.E.Br.) Schwantes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Derenbergia biloba",
        "authorship": "(Marloth) Schwantes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Derenbergia caulifera",
        "authorship": "(N.E.Br.) Schwantes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Derenbergia elishae",
        "authorship": "(N.E.Br.) Schwantes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Derenbergia gracilistyla",
        "authorship": "(L.Bolus) Schwantes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mesembryanthemum albescens",
        "authorship": "(N.E.Br.) N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mesembryanthemum apiatum",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mesembryanthemum bilobum",
        "authorship": "Marloth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mesembryanthemum cauliferum",
        "authorship": "(N.E.Br.) N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mesembryanthemum elishae",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mesembryanthemum gracilistylum",
        "authorship": "L.Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mesembryanthemum stylosum",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conophytum_bilobum"
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        "derivatives_restricted": true,
        "creator": "Andrew Hankey",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/andrew_hankey",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/93998097-8b9b-4391-8dcc-948b6c2df157",
        "observed_on": "2015-11-28",
        "lat": -28.774,
        "lon": 17.136,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/15882252/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/15882252/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/15882252/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/15882252/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Andrew Hankey, CC BY-SA 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 15578807,
        "license": "CC-BY-SA",
        "license_name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": true,
        "creator": "Andrew Hankey",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/andrew_hankey",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/d91d7aca-821c-4aea-b087-2e57cebf8be4",
        "observed_on": "2015-07-17",
        "lat": -29.329,
        "lon": 17.169,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
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        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/15578807/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/15578807/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/15578807/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/15578807/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Andrew Hankey, CC BY-SA 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 15579628,
        "license": "CC-BY-SA",
        "license_name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": true,
        "creator": "Andrew Hankey",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/andrew_hankey",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/7028fada-85e6-4754-815d-8e3959abb495",
        "observed_on": "2015-07-17",
        "lat": -29.269,
        "lon": 17.178,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 691
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/15579628/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/15579628/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/15579628/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/15579628/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Andrew Hankey, CC BY-SA 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      }
    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "CPP"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "CPP",
        "name": "Cape Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 6,
    "n_annotated": 17,
    "sufficient": false,
    "doi": null,
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "succulent subshrub",
    "climate": "desert or dry shrubland"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 16.5,
      "median": 17.5,
      "p95": 19.2
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 224.4,
      "median": 346.4,
      "p95": 431.9
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 25.7,
      "median": 30.2,
      "p95": 32.9
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": 5.2,
      "median": 7.2,
      "p95": 9.4
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 55,
      "median": 154.7,
      "p95": 249.5
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 36,
      "median": 53.2,
      "p95": 67.3
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 7.9,
      "median": 13.1,
      "p95": 20
    },
    "n": 122,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": null,
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 122 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "insufficient_evidence",
      "reason": "Only 6 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/conophytum-bilobum/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}