{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/commelina-diffusa/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "commelina-diffusa",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000358648",
    "inat_taxon_id": 160818
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Commelina diffusa",
    "authorship": "Burm.f.",
    "genus": "Commelina",
    "epithet": "diffusa",
    "family": "Commelinaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Fl. Indica : 18 (1768)",
    "protologue_url": null,
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Birdbill Dayflower",
      "english": [
        "Birdbill Dayflower",
        "Climbing Dayflower",
        "Creeping Day Flower",
        "Spreading Dayflower",
        "climbing dayflower"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Commelina agraria",
        "authorship": "Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Commelina agraria var. prostrata",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) Seub."
      },
      {
        "name": "Commelina agraria var. repens",
        "authorship": "Seub."
      },
      {
        "name": "Commelina bangii",
        "authorship": "Rusby"
      },
      {
        "name": "Commelina caespitosa",
        "authorship": "Roxb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Commelina cajennensis",
        "authorship": "Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Commelina canariensis",
        "authorship": "C.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Commelina cayennensis",
        "authorship": "Rich."
      },
      {
        "name": "Commelina communis",
        "authorship": "Engelm. ex Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Commelina communis",
        "authorship": "Walter"
      },
      {
        "name": "Commelina diffusa f. glabra",
        "authorship": "(G.Mey.) Rohweder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Commelina diffusa var. diffusa",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Commelina diffusa var. major",
        "authorship": "Kayama"
      },
      {
        "name": "Commelina formosa",
        "authorship": "Graham"
      },
      {
        "name": "Commelina glabra",
        "authorship": "G.Mey."
      },
      {
        "name": "Commelina gracilis",
        "authorship": "Ruiz & Pav."
      },
      {
        "name": "Commelina gracilis var. glabrata",
        "authorship": "C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Commelina guianensis",
        "authorship": "Klotzsch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Commelina guyanensis",
        "authorship": "Klotzsch ex Seub."
      },
      {
        "name": "Commelina nudiflora f. agraria",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) C.B.Clarke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Commelina nudiflora var. glabrata",
        "authorship": "(G.Mey.) C.B.Clarke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Commelina nudiflora var. sellowiana",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) Hicken"
      },
      {
        "name": "Commelina nudiflora var. werneana",
        "authorship": "(Hassk.) C.B.Clarke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Commelina obtusifolia",
        "authorship": "Vahl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Commelina ochreata",
        "authorship": "Schauer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Commelina pacifica",
        "authorship": "Vahl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Commelina pilosa",
        "authorship": "Pers."
      },
      {
        "name": "Commelina pilosula",
        "authorship": "Rich."
      },
      {
        "name": "Commelina prostrata",
        "authorship": "Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Commelina prostrata",
        "authorship": "Poepp. ex Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Commelina sabatieri",
        "authorship": "C.B.Clarke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Commelina sellowii",
        "authorship": "Schlecht."
      },
      {
        "name": "Commelina werneana",
        "authorship": "Hassk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephralles parviflora",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commelina_diffusa"
  },
  "photographs": {
    "shown": 8,
    "usable_found": 848,
    "licences": [
      "CC0",
      "CC-BY",
      "CC-BY-SA"
    ],
    "noncommercial_excluded": true,
    "items": [
      {
        "photo_id": 204536434,
        "license": "CC-BY-SA",
        "license_name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": true,
        "creator": "Steve Fitzgerald",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/junglenut",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/e7607b43-ec02-45c1-85b3-5a69c4257d68",
        "observed_on": "2022-06-09",
        "lat": -16.907,
        "lon": 145.746,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204536434/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204536434/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204536434/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204536434/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Steve Fitzgerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 202848726,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "雲一百香果",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/kenghung",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/4919c9d7-f11e-4147-8e72-d98ba441e262",
        "observed_on": "2022-06-03",
        "lat": 23.711,
        "lon": 120.41,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/202848726/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/202848726/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/202848726/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/202848726/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "雲一百香果, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 203987069,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Kevin Faccenda",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/kevinfaccenda",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/9d783273-478d-4b40-95b6-943f7788a8cb",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-30",
        "lat": 22.208,
        "lon": -159.484,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/203987069/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/203987069/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/203987069/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/203987069/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Kevin Faccenda, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 200357851,
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Dana Lee Ling",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/danaleeling",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/8c3651a4-3699-4a51-8f2b-2dd407592363",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-25",
        "lat": 5.301,
        "lon": 163.03,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 461
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/200357851/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/200357851/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/200357851/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/200357851/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Dana Lee Ling, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 199339444,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "雲一百香果",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/kenghung",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/33b331f2-4e2a-4b5a-9467-5e269a780e0d",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-21",
        "lat": 23.755,
        "lon": 120.633,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/199339444/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/199339444/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/199339444/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/199339444/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "雲一百香果, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 199448197,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Dave Richardson",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/daverichardson",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/d8b2b7ea-81c7-4314-9b29-d543eb3b7ba9",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-21",
        "lat": -33.943,
        "lon": 18.855,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/199448197/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/199448197/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/199448197/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/199448197/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Dave Richardson, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 199071358,
        "license": "CC-BY-SA",
        "license_name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": true,
        "creator": "Greg Tasney",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/gregtasney",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/9aeddeb4-3ead-4788-b355-68e64f3c9985",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-20",
        "lat": -27.532,
        "lon": 153.039,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/199071358/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/199071358/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/199071358/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/199071358/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Greg Tasney, CC BY-SA 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 198414221,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "chiuluan",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/chiuluan",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/62d914c9-bb0b-4798-92b5-a76425034460",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-16",
        "lat": 23.897,
        "lon": 121.546,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/198414221/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/198414221/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/198414221/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/198414221/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "chiuluan, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      }
    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "ANG",
      "BEN",
      "BOT",
      "BKN",
      "BUR",
      "CMN",
      "CPP",
      "CVI",
      "CAF",
      "CHA",
      "COM",
      "CON",
      "ZAI",
      "EQG",
      "SWZ",
      "ETH",
      "GAB",
      "GAM",
      "GHA",
      "GUI",
      "GNB",
      "GGI",
      "IVO",
      "KEN",
      "NAT",
      "LBR",
      "MDG",
      "MLW",
      "MLI",
      "MAU",
      "MOZ",
      "NAM",
      "NGR",
      "NGA",
      "TVL",
      "RWA",
      "SEN",
      "SEY",
      "SUD",
      "TAN",
      "TOG",
      "UGA",
      "ZAM",
      "ZIM",
      "CHC",
      "CHS",
      "CHH",
      "JAP",
      "KOR",
      "NNS",
      "TAI",
      "CHT",
      "YEM",
      "AND",
      "ASS",
      "BAN",
      "BIS",
      "CBD",
      "EHM",
      "IND",
      "JAW",
      "LAO",
      "MLY",
      "MYA",
      "NEP",
      "NWG",
      "NCB",
      "PHI",
      "SCS",
      "SRL",
      "THA",
      "VIE",
      "WHM",
      "FIJ",
      "MRQ",
      "NUE",
      "PIT",
      "TON",
      "TUA",
      "TUB",
      "VAN",
      "WAL"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ANG",
        "name": "Angola",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BEN",
        "name": "Benin",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOT",
        "name": "Botswana",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BKN",
        "name": "Burkina",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUR",
        "name": "Burundi",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CMN",
        "name": "Cameroon",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CPP",
        "name": "Cape Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CVI",
        "name": "Cape Verde",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CAF",
        "name": "Central African Republic",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHA",
        "name": "Chad",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "COM",
        "name": "Comoros",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "CON",
        "name": "Congo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAI",
        "name": "DR Congo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "EQG",
        "name": "Equatorial Guinea",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWZ",
        "name": "Eswatini",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ETH",
        "name": "Ethiopia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GAB",
        "name": "Gabon",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GAM",
        "name": "Gambia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GHA",
        "name": "Ghana",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUI",
        "name": "Guinea",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GNB",
        "name": "Guinea-Bissau",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GGI",
        "name": "Gulf of Guinea Is.",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "IVO",
        "name": "Ivory Coast",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "KEN",
        "name": "Kenya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NAT",
        "name": "KwaZulu-Natal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBR",
        "name": "Liberia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MDG",
        "name": "Madagascar",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLW",
        "name": "Malawi",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLI",
        "name": "Mali",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MAU",
        "name": "Mauritius",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOZ",
        "name": "Mozambique",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NAM",
        "name": "Namibia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NGR",
        "name": "Niger",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NGA",
        "name": "Nigeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TVL",
        "name": "Northern Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "RWA",
        "name": "Rwanda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SEN",
        "name": "Senegal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SEY",
        "name": "Seychelles",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUD",
        "name": "Sudan-South Sudan",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAN",
        "name": "Tanzania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TOG",
        "name": "Togo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "UGA",
        "name": "Uganda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAM",
        "name": "Zambia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZIM",
        "name": "Zimbabwe",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHC",
        "name": "China South-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHS",
        "name": "China Southeast",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHH",
        "name": "Hainan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAP",
        "name": "Japan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KOR",
        "name": "Korea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NNS",
        "name": "Nansei-shoto",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAI",
        "name": "Taiwan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHT",
        "name": "Tibet",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "YEM",
        "name": "Yemen",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "AND",
        "name": "Andaman Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "ASS",
        "name": "Assam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAN",
        "name": "Bangladesh",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "BIS",
        "name": "Bismarck Archipelago",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Papuasia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CBD",
        "name": "Cambodia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "EHM",
        "name": "East Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "IND",
        "name": "India",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAW",
        "name": "Jawa",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LAO",
        "name": "Laos",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLY",
        "name": "Malaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MYA",
        "name": "Myanmar",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "NEP",
        "name": "Nepal",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "NWG",
        "name": "New Guinea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Papuasia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCB",
        "name": "Nicobar Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "PHI",
        "name": "Philippines",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SCS",
        "name": "South China Sea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "SRL",
        "name": "Sri Lanka",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "THA",
        "name": "Thailand",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "VIE",
        "name": "Vietnam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "WHM",
        "name": "West Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "FIJ",
        "name": "Fiji",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "MRQ",
        "name": "Marquesas",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "NUE",
        "name": "Niue",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "PIT",
        "name": "Pitcairn Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "TON",
        "name": "Tonga",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUA",
        "name": "Tuamotu",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUB",
        "name": "Tubuai Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "VAN",
        "name": "Vanuatu",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "WAL",
        "name": "Wallis-Futuna Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 1249,
    "n_annotated": 1320,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      97,
      123,
      118,
      166,
      105,
      75,
      48,
      79,
      98,
      127,
      112,
      101
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      103,
      127,
      120,
      178,
      118,
      79,
      54,
      85,
      104,
      130,
      117,
      105
    ],
    "share": [
      0.9417,
      0.9685,
      0.9833,
      0.9326,
      0.8898,
      0.9494,
      0.8889,
      0.9294,
      0.9423,
      0.9769,
      0.9573,
      0.9619
    ],
    "ci": [
      [
        0.8787,
        0.973
      ],
      [
        0.9218,
        0.9877
      ],
      [
        0.9413,
        0.9954
      ],
      [
        0.8859,
        0.961
      ],
      [
        0.8206,
        0.9345
      ],
      [
        0.8769,
        0.9801
      ],
      [
        0.7781,
        0.9481
      ],
      [
        0.8544,
        0.9672
      ],
      [
        0.8798,
        0.9733
      ],
      [
        0.9343,
        0.9921
      ],
      [
        0.9038,
        0.9816
      ],
      [
        0.9061,
        0.9851
      ]
    ],
    "peak_month": 3,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "annual or subshrub",
    "climate": "seasonally dry tropical"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 15.4,
      "median": 22.2,
      "p95": 26
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 54.2,
      "median": 322.1,
      "p95": 728
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 23.4,
      "median": 30,
      "p95": 33.8
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": 3.7,
      "median": 13.2,
      "p95": 21.6
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 733.6,
      "median": 1484.4,
      "p95": 3918.9
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 17.4,
      "median": 49.3,
      "p95": 99
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 22.4,
      "median": 184.2,
      "p95": 644.9
    },
    "n": 2067,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2067 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": true
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/commelina-diffusa/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}