{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/comanthera-centauroides/",
  "last_modified": "2024-06-04",
  "id": {
    "slug": "comanthera-centauroides",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000916996",
    "inat_taxon_id": 842870
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Comanthera centauroides",
    "authorship": "(Bong.) L.R.Parra & Giul.",
    "genus": "Comanthera",
    "epithet": "centauroides",
    "family": "Eriocaulaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Taxon  59: 1143 (2010)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77106870-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": null,
      "english": [],
      "source": null
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Comanthera chrysolepis",
        "authorship": "(Silveira) L.R.Parra & Giul."
      },
      {
        "name": "Comanthera ciliata",
        "authorship": "(Silveira) L.R.Parra & Giul."
      },
      {
        "name": "Comanthera flexuosa",
        "authorship": "(Silveira) L.R.Parra & Giul."
      },
      {
        "name": "Comanthera glabra",
        "authorship": "(Silveira) L.R.Parra & Giul."
      },
      {
        "name": "Comanthera squarrosa",
        "authorship": "(Ruhland) L.R.Parra & Giul."
      },
      {
        "name": "Comanthera squarrosa var. elatior",
        "authorship": "(Silveira) L.R.Parra & Giul."
      },
      {
        "name": "Comanthera squarrosa var. squarrosa",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Comanthera vernonioides",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) L.R.Parra & Giul."
      },
      {
        "name": "Comanthera vernonioides var. confusa",
        "authorship": "(Körn.) L.R.Parra & Giul."
      },
      {
        "name": "Comanthera vernonioides var. melanolepis",
        "authorship": "(Silveira) L.R.Parra & Giul."
      },
      {
        "name": "Comanthera vernonioides var. minor",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) L.R.Parra & Giul."
      },
      {
        "name": "Comanthera vernonioides var. vernonioides",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Comanthera xantholepis",
        "authorship": "(Silveira) L.R.Parra & Giul."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dupatya centauroides",
        "authorship": "(Bong.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dupatya confusa",
        "authorship": "(Körn.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dupatya vernonioides",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Eriocaulon centauroides",
        "authorship": "Bong."
      },
      {
        "name": "Eriocaulon vernonioides",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Paepalanthus centauroides",
        "authorship": "(Bong.) Körn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Paepalanthus confusus",
        "authorship": "Körn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Paepalanthus vernonioides",
        "authorship": "Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paepalanthus vernonioides var. minor",
        "authorship": "Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Syngonanthus caracensis",
        "authorship": "Silveira"
      },
      {
        "name": "Syngonanthus caracensis var. glabrescens",
        "authorship": "Silveira"
      },
      {
        "name": "Syngonanthus centauroides",
        "authorship": "(Bong.) Ruhland"
      },
      {
        "name": "Syngonanthus centauroides var. subappressa",
        "authorship": "Ruhland"
      },
      {
        "name": "Syngonanthus centauroides var. teretipes",
        "authorship": "Silveira"
      },
      {
        "name": "Syngonanthus chrysolepis",
        "authorship": "Silveira"
      },
      {
        "name": "Syngonanthus ciliatus",
        "authorship": "Silveira"
      },
      {
        "name": "Syngonanthus flexuosus",
        "authorship": "Silveira"
      },
      {
        "name": "Syngonanthus glaber",
        "authorship": "Silveira"
      },
      {
        "name": "Syngonanthus squarrosus",
        "authorship": "Ruhland"
      },
      {
        "name": "Syngonanthus squarrosus var. elatior",
        "authorship": "Silveira"
      },
      {
        "name": "Syngonanthus vernonioides",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) Ruhland"
      },
      {
        "name": "Syngonanthus vernonioides var. confusa",
        "authorship": "(Körn.) Ruhland"
      },
      {
        "name": "Syngonanthus vernonioides var. melanolepis",
        "authorship": "Silveira"
      },
      {
        "name": "Syngonanthus xantholepis",
        "authorship": "Silveira"
      },
      {
        "name": "Syngonanthus xeranthemoides var. confusus",
        "authorship": "(Körn.) Moldenke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Syngonanthus xeranthemoides var. hirsutus",
        "authorship": "Moldenke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Syngonanthus xeranthemoides var. melanolepis",
        "authorship": "(Silveira) Moldenke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Syngonanthus xeranthemoides var. minor",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) Moldenke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Syngonanthus xeranthemoides var. vernonioides",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) Moldenke"
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": null
  },
  "photographs": {
    "shown": 3,
    "usable_found": 3,
    "licences": [
      "CC-BY"
    ],
    "noncommercial_excluded": true,
    "items": [
      {
        "photo_id": 49256881,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Márcia Martins",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/marcia_martins",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/39cb87d3-08f2-4908-906e-0acf0a935d2c",
        "observed_on": "2019-08-22",
        "lat": -20.294,
        "lon": -46.589,
        "original": {
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            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/49256881/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Márcia Martins, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 49256943,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Márcia Martins",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/marcia_martins",
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        "observed_on": "2019-08-22",
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        "original": {
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          "jpeg": {
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            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/49256943/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Márcia Martins, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 49257001,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Márcia Martins",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/marcia_martins",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/39cb87d3-08f2-4908-906e-0acf0a935d2c",
        "observed_on": "2019-08-22",
        "lat": -20.294,
        "lon": -46.589,
        "original": {
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        },
        "widths": [
          400,
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        ],
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          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/49257001/r1/400.jpg",
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          }
        },
        "attribution": "Márcia Martins, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
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    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "BZE",
      "BZL"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "BZE",
        "name": "Brazil Northeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZL",
        "name": "Brazil Southeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": null,
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "perennial",
    "climate": "seasonally dry tropical"
  },
  "climate_envelope": null,
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "common_name",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name."
    },
    {
      "field": "climate_envelope",
      "status": "insufficient_evidence",
      "reason": "Fewer than 30 georeferenced research-grade observations of this taxon, which is too few to state a percentile range for the conditions it grows in. We would rather show nothing than a range computed from eight points in one county."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No dated flowering annotations found for this taxon."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/comanthera-centauroides/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}