Plate 1 figs. a–h · 7 observations
This species has been photographed under an open licence only 7 times, so some figures below are different views of the same plant, taken on the same day, rather than different individuals. They are usually different parts of it: the leaf, the flower, the bark.
Every figure is a research-grade observation under CC0, CC BY or CC BY-SA, rehosted with the photographer’s name, the licence and the observation it came from. Photographs under a NonCommercial licence are excluded from this site and are never stored, which costs us a great many pictures and is not negotiable.
Where it actually grows measured, from 225 observations
| Condition | 5th percentile | Median | 95th percentile |
|---|---|---|---|
| Coldest month, mean daily low | 4.5 °C | 11.2 °C | 19.3 °C |
| Warmest month, mean daily high | 23.4 °C | 30.8 °C | 32.8 °C |
| Annual rainfall | 635 mm | 1,355 mm | 2,249 mm |
| Rainfall in the driest quarter | 22 mm | 181 mm | 336 mm |
It is barely found anywhere that freezes. This is not care advice and it is not a forecast. It is a measurement: we sampled the climate at every one of the 225 research-grade observations of Citrus × aurantium that carry a coordinate, and this is the range those places actually span. The 5th and 95th percentiles are used rather than the minimum and maximum, because a single cultivated specimen in a heated conservatory should not widen a tropical plant's range to the Arctic.
This is not a hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual extreme minimum temperature. The figure above is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and is typically far warmer. Reading one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a hardiness zone, because we do not have one.
Also published as 217 synonyms
A synonym is not an error. It is a record of botanists disagreeing, in print, about where this plant belongs. Each of these was somebody’s considered answer.
- Aurantium acre Mill.
- Aurantium bigarella Poit. & Turpin
- Aurantium corniculatum Poit. & Turpin
- Aurantium corniculatum Mill.
- Aurantium coronatum Poit. & Turpin
- Aurantium distortum Mill.
- Aurantium humile Mill.
- Aurantium myrtifolium Descourt.
- Aurantium orientale Mill.
- Aurantium silvestre Pritz.
- Aurantium sinense Mill.
- Aurantium variegatum hort. ex Barb.Rodr.
- Aurantium vulgaris M.Gómez
- Citrus amara Link
- Citrus ampullacea Yu.Tanaka
- Citrus anonyma Yu.Tanaka
- Citrus asahikan Yu.Tanaka
- Citrus aurantium f. intermedia (hort. ex Tanaka) M.Hiroe
- Citrus aurantium f. natsudaidai (Tanaka) M.Hiroe
- Citrus aurantium subf. ampullacea (Yu.Tanaka) M.Hiroe
- Citrus aurantium subf. anonyma (hort. ex Yu.Tanaka) M.Hiroe
- Citrus aurantium subf. asahikan (Yu.Tanaka) M.Hiroe
- Citrus aurantium subf. banyu (Hayata) M.Hiroe
- Citrus aurantium subf. benikawa (Yu.Tanaka) M.Hiroe
and 193 more.
Sourcesevery claim on this page
- World Flora Online Plant List. accepted name, authority, classification. CC0. Retrieved 2026-07-12.
- iNaturalist. photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only. per photograph. Retrieved 2026-06-27.
- Wikidata. common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715). CC0. Retrieved 2026-07-13.
We publish what we can source and we say so when we cannot. This page has no care advice and no toxicity claim, because we do not yet have those from a source we can cite. It has no native range either: Kew's checklist does not cover this taxon.