{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/citrus-aurantium/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "citrus-aurantium",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000607909",
    "inat_taxon_id": 765426
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Citrus × aurantium",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Citrus",
    "epithet": "aurantium",
    "family": "Rutaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Sp. Pl. : 783 (1753)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:59600-2",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Bitter orange",
      "english": [
        "Bitter orange",
        "sour orange",
        "tangor"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Aurantium acre",
        "authorship": "Mill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aurantium bigarella",
        "authorship": "Poit. & Turpin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aurantium corniculatum",
        "authorship": "Poit. & Turpin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aurantium corniculatum",
        "authorship": "Mill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aurantium coronatum",
        "authorship": "Poit. & Turpin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aurantium distortum",
        "authorship": "Mill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aurantium humile",
        "authorship": "Mill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aurantium myrtifolium",
        "authorship": "Descourt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aurantium orientale",
        "authorship": "Mill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aurantium silvestre",
        "authorship": "Pritz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aurantium sinense",
        "authorship": "Mill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aurantium variegatum",
        "authorship": "hort. ex Barb.Rodr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aurantium vulgaris",
        "authorship": "M.Gómez"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus amara",
        "authorship": "Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus ampullacea",
        "authorship": "Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus anonyma",
        "authorship": "Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus asahikan",
        "authorship": "Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium f. intermedia",
        "authorship": "(hort. ex Tanaka) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium f. natsudaidai",
        "authorship": "(Tanaka) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium subf. ampullacea",
        "authorship": "(Yu.Tanaka) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium subf. anonyma",
        "authorship": "(hort. ex Yu.Tanaka) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium subf. asahikan",
        "authorship": "(Yu.Tanaka) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium subf. banyu",
        "authorship": "(Hayata) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium subf. benikawa",
        "authorship": "(Yu.Tanaka) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium subf. canaliculata",
        "authorship": "(hort. ex Yu.Tanaka) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium subf. cyathifera",
        "authorship": "(Risso & Poit.) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium subf. dulcis",
        "authorship": "(Yu.Tanaka) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium subf. glaberrima",
        "authorship": "(hort. ex Tanaka) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium subf. hakunikuyu",
        "authorship": "(Hayata) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium subf. iyo",
        "authorship": "(Yu.Tanaka) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium subf. jiyu",
        "authorship": "(Hayata) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium subf. medioglobosa",
        "authorship": "(hort. ex Tanaka) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium subf. mitsuyu",
        "authorship": "(Hayata) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium subf. omikanto",
        "authorship": "(hort. ex Yu.Tanaka) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium subf. pseudogulgul",
        "authorship": "(hort. ex Shirai) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium subf. sekitoyu",
        "authorship": "(Hayata) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium subf. sinensis",
        "authorship": "(L.) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium subf. sinograndis",
        "authorship": "(hort. ex Tanaka) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium subf. soyu",
        "authorship": "(Hayata) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium subf. sulcata",
        "authorship": "(Ik.Takah.) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium subf. tengu",
        "authorship": "(Yu.Tanaka) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium subf. tosa-asahi",
        "authorship": "(hort. ex Yu.Tanaka) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium subf. truncata",
        "authorship": "(hort. ex Tanaka) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium subf. yuge-hyokan",
        "authorship": "(hort. ex Yu.Tanaka) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium subsp. amara",
        "authorship": "(Link) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium subsp. natsudaidai",
        "authorship": "(Yu.Tanaka) Makino & Nemoto"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium subsp. nobilis",
        "authorship": "(Lour.) Makino"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium subsp. sinensis",
        "authorship": "(L.) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium subsp. suntra",
        "authorship": "Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium var. amara",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium var. bigaradia",
        "authorship": "Hook.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium var. bigaradia",
        "authorship": "(Loisel.) Brandis"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium var. crassa",
        "authorship": "Risso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium var. dulcis",
        "authorship": "Hayne"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium var. fetifera",
        "authorship": "Risso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium var. limetta",
        "authorship": "Guillaumin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium var. myrtifolia",
        "authorship": "Ker Gawl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium var. natsudaidai",
        "authorship": "Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium var. sanguinea",
        "authorship": "Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium var. sinensis",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus aurantium var. voangkely",
        "authorship": "H.Perrier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus benikoji",
        "authorship": "Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus bigaradia",
        "authorship": "Loisel."
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus bigaradia var. cyathifera",
        "authorship": "Risso & Poit."
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus calot",
        "authorship": "Lag."
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus canaliculata",
        "authorship": "Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus changshan-huyou",
        "authorship": "Y.B.Chang"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus chrysocarpa",
        "authorship": "Lush."
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus communis",
        "authorship": "Poit. & Turpin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus crenatifolia",
        "authorship": "Lush."
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus crenatifolia var. lycopersiciformis",
        "authorship": "Lush."
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus daidai",
        "authorship": "Siebold & Hayata"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus decumana var. panuban",
        "authorship": "Wester"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus decumana var. paradisi",
        "authorship": "(Macfad.) H.H.A.Nicholls"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus decumana var. racemosa",
        "authorship": "M.Roem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus deliciosa",
        "authorship": "Ten."
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus dulcimedulla",
        "authorship": "Pritz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus dulcis",
        "authorship": "Pers."
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus erythrosa",
        "authorship": "hort. ex Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus florida",
        "authorship": "Salisb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus funadoko",
        "authorship": "Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus fusca",
        "authorship": "Lour."
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus glaberrima",
        "authorship": "Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus grandis f. benikawa",
        "authorship": "Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus grandis var. brunneorugosa",
        "authorship": "Karaya"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus grandis var. dulcis",
        "authorship": "Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus grandis var. glaberrima",
        "authorship": "(hort. ex Tanaka) Karaya"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus grandis var. kotokan",
        "authorship": "(Hayata) Karaya"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus grandis var. natsudaidai",
        "authorship": "(Tanaka) Karaya"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus grandis var. racemosa",
        "authorship": "(Roem.) B.C.Stone"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus grandis var. sulcata",
        "authorship": "(Ik.Takah.) Karaya"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus grandis var. tengu",
        "authorship": "(Yu.Tanaka) Karaya"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus humilis",
        "authorship": "Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus humilis",
        "authorship": "(Mill.) Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus intermedia",
        "authorship": "Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus iwaikan",
        "authorship": "Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus iyo",
        "authorship": "Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus karna",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus keraji",
        "authorship": "Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus keraji",
        "authorship": "hort. ex Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus kinokuni",
        "authorship": "hort. ex Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus koozi",
        "authorship": "(Sieb. ex Yu.Tanaka) Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus kotokan",
        "authorship": "Hayata"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus leiocarpa",
        "authorship": "hort. ex Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus leiocarpa var. tumida",
        "authorship": "Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus lycopersiciformis",
        "authorship": "hort. ex Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus maderaspatana",
        "authorship": "hort. ex Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus madurensis var. deliciosa",
        "authorship": "(Ten.) Sagot"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus maxima var. uvacarpa",
        "authorship": "Merr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus medioglobosa",
        "authorship": "Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus mitsuharu",
        "authorship": "Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus myrtifolia",
        "authorship": "(Ker Gawl.) Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus natsudaidai",
        "authorship": "(Yu.Tanaka) Hayata"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis",
        "authorship": "Lour."
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis f. tumida",
        "authorship": "(Yu.Tanaka) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis subf. benikoji",
        "authorship": "(hort. ex Tanaka) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis subf. deliciosa",
        "authorship": "(Swingle) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis subf. erythrosa",
        "authorship": "(hort. ex Tanaka) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis subf. funadoko",
        "authorship": "(hort. ex Yu.Tanaka) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis subf. genshokan",
        "authorship": "(Hayata) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis subf. haili",
        "authorship": "(Hayata) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis subf. hayashi-unshu",
        "authorship": "M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis subf. ishikawa-unshu",
        "authorship": "M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis subf. iwaikan",
        "authorship": "(hort. ex Yu.Tanaka) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis subf. jyuma-unshu",
        "authorship": "M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis subf. keraji",
        "authorship": "(hort. ex Tanaka) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis subf. kinokuni",
        "authorship": "(hort. ex Tanaka) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis subf. koshotankan",
        "authorship": "(Hayata) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis subf. kotokan",
        "authorship": "(Hayata) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis subf. mitsuharu",
        "authorship": "(hort. ex Yu.Tanaka) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis subf. miyagawa-wase",
        "authorship": "M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis subf. pseudograndis",
        "authorship": "(hort. ex Shirai) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis subf. rokugatsu",
        "authorship": "(hort. ex Yu.Tanaka) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis subf. rubrifrons",
        "authorship": "(Tanaka ex Yu.Tanaka) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis subf. succosa",
        "authorship": "(hort. ex Tanaka) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis subf. sugiyama-unshu",
        "authorship": "M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis subf. tachimawase",
        "authorship": "M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis subf. tankan",
        "authorship": "(Hayata) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis subf. unshiu",
        "authorship": "(Swingle) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis subf. yatsushiro",
        "authorship": "(hort. ex Tanaka) M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis subf. yonezawa-unshu",
        "authorship": "M.Hiroe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis var. chrysocarpa",
        "authorship": "Hassk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis var. deliciosa",
        "authorship": "(Ten.) Swingle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis var. genshokan",
        "authorship": "Hayata"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis var. kikaijimense",
        "authorship": "Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis var. koozi",
        "authorship": "Sieb. ex Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis var. melanocarpa",
        "authorship": "Hassk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis var. papillaris",
        "authorship": "(Blanco) Wester"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis var. poonensis",
        "authorship": "Hayata"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis var. rubrifrons",
        "authorship": "Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis var. subcompressa",
        "authorship": "Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus nobilis var. unshiu",
        "authorship": "Swingle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus omikanto",
        "authorship": "Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus omikanto",
        "authorship": "hort. ex Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus oto",
        "authorship": "hort. ex Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus panuban",
        "authorship": "(Wester) Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus papillaris",
        "authorship": "Blanco"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus papillaris var. chrysocarpa",
        "authorship": "(Lush.) Alston"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus paradisi",
        "authorship": "Macfad."
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus pomelana",
        "authorship": "Van Deman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus pompelmos var. racemosa",
        "authorship": "Risso & Poit."
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus poonensis",
        "authorship": "hort. ex Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus pseudogulgul",
        "authorship": "Shirai"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus pseudoparadisi",
        "authorship": "hort. ex Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus racemosa",
        "authorship": "Marcow. ex Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus reshni",
        "authorship": "hort. ex Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus reshni",
        "authorship": "(Engl.) Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus reticulata subsp. deliciosa",
        "authorship": "(Ten.) D.Rivera, Obón, S.Ríos, Selma, F.Méndez, Verde & F.Cano"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus reticulata subsp. deliciosa",
        "authorship": "(Ten.) Rivera, et al."
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus reticulata subsp. tachibana",
        "authorship": "(Tanaka) D.Rivera & al."
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus reticulata subsp. tachibana",
        "authorship": "(Tanaka) D.Rivera, Obón, S.Ríos, Selma, F.Méndez, Verde & F.Cano"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus reticulata subsp. unshiu",
        "authorship": "(Marcow.) D.Rivera & al."
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus reticulata subsp. unshiu",
        "authorship": "(Marcov.) Rivera, et al."
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus reticulata var. chrysocarpa",
        "authorship": "(Lush.) Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus rokugatsu",
        "authorship": "Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus rumphii",
        "authorship": "Risso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus sabon f. banyu",
        "authorship": "Hayata"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus sabon f. hakunikuyu",
        "authorship": "Hayata"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus sabon f. jiyu",
        "authorship": "Hayata"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus sabon f. mitsuyu",
        "authorship": "Hayata"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus sabon f. sekitoyu",
        "authorship": "Hayata"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus sabon f. soyu",
        "authorship": "Hayata"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus sinensis",
        "authorship": "(L.) Osbeck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus sinensis f. sekkan",
        "authorship": "Hayata"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus sinensis subsp. crassa",
        "authorship": "(Risso) D.Rivera, Obón, S.Ríos, Selma, F.Méndez, Verde & F.Cano"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus sinensis subsp. fetifera",
        "authorship": "(Risso) D.Rivera, Obón, S.Ríos, Selma, F.Méndez, Verde & F.Cano"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus sinensis subsp. hierochuntica",
        "authorship": "(Risso) D.Rivera, Obón, S.Ríos, Selma, F.Méndez, Verde & F.Cano"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus sinensis subsp. lusitanica",
        "authorship": "(Risso) D.Rivera, Obón, S.Ríos, Selma, F.Méndez, Verde & F.Cano"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus sinograndis",
        "authorship": "Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus subcompressa",
        "authorship": "(Tanaka) Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus succosa",
        "authorship": "hort. ex Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus succosa",
        "authorship": "Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus suhuiensis",
        "authorship": "Hayata"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus sulcata",
        "authorship": "Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus taiwanica",
        "authorship": "Tanaka & Shimada"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus tangelo",
        "authorship": "J.W.Ingram & H.E.Moore"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus tangerina",
        "authorship": "Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus tangerina",
        "authorship": "Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus tankan",
        "authorship": "Hayata"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus tankan f. haili",
        "authorship": "Hayata"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus tankan f. koshotankan",
        "authorship": "Hayata"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus tardiferax",
        "authorship": "hort. ex Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus tardiva",
        "authorship": "hort. ex Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus tarogayo",
        "authorship": "hort. ex Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus temple",
        "authorship": "hort. ex Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus tengu",
        "authorship": "Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus toomikan",
        "authorship": "Siebold"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus tosa-asahi",
        "authorship": "hort. ex Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus tosa-asahi",
        "authorship": "Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus truncata",
        "authorship": "Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus truncata",
        "authorship": "hort. ex Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus ujukitsu",
        "authorship": "hort. ex Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus unshiu",
        "authorship": "(Swingle) Marcow."
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus vangasy",
        "authorship": "Bojer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus yanbaruensis",
        "authorship": "Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus yatsushiro",
        "authorship": "Yu.Tanaka"
      },
      {
        "name": "Citrus yuge-hyokan",
        "authorship": "Yu.Tanaka"
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter_orange"
  },
  "photographs": {
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    "usable_found": 21,
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      "CC-BY",
      "CC-BY-SA"
    ],
    "noncommercial_excluded": true,
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        },
        "attribution": "Brandon Corder, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
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        },
        "attribution": "Kevin Faccenda, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
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      {
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        "creator": "Alison Northup",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/alisonnorthup",
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        "observed_on": "2018-12-24",
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        "attribution": "Alison Northup, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
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        "creator": "Pieter Pelser",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/pelser",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/80b822bf-c722-495f-957b-f4995aae6224",
        "observed_on": "2018-09-08",
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        "attribution": "Pieter Pelser, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
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        "observed_on": "2018-03-02",
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        },
        "attribution": "葉子, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
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  },
  "native_range": null,
  "phenology": null,
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": null,
    "climate": null
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 15.2,
      "median": 21.7,
      "p95": 24.2
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 52.4,
      "median": 405.2,
      "p95": 642
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 23.4,
      "median": 30.8,
      "p95": 32.8
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": 4.5,
      "median": 11.2,
      "p95": 19.3
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 634.9,
      "median": 1354.8,
      "p95": 2249.3
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 24.2,
      "median": 50.4,
      "p95": 103.6
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 21.6,
      "median": 180.6,
      "p95": 335.6
    },
    "n": 225,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": null,
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 225 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "native_range",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "Kew's World Checklist of Vascular Plants does not cover this taxon."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No dated flowering annotations found for this taxon."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/citrus-aurantium/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}