{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/christella-parasitica/",
  "last_modified": "2025-03-19",
  "id": {
    "slug": "christella-parasitica",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000151532",
    "inat_taxon_id": 369396
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Christella parasitica",
    "authorship": "(L.) H.Lév.",
    "genus": "Christella",
    "epithet": "parasitica",
    "family": "Thelypteridaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Fl. Kouy-Tcheou 473, 475 (1915)",
    "protologue_url": "https://pteridogroup.github.io/",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "parasitic maiden fern",
      "english": [
        "parasitic maiden fern"
      ],
      "source": "usda"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Aspidium adultum",
        "authorship": "Wikstr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspidium canescens",
        "authorship": "Wall."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspidium hirsutulum",
        "authorship": "Buch.-Ham."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspidium molle var. didymosorum",
        "authorship": "(Parish ex Bedd.) Benth."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspidium nymphale",
        "authorship": "Blume"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspidium parasiticum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Sw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspidium parasiticum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Christ"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspidium parasiticum var. didymosorum",
        "authorship": "(Parish ex Bedd.) Christ"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspidium patens",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspidium patens",
        "authorship": "(Sw.) Blume"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspidium procurrens",
        "authorship": "Mett."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspidium solutum",
        "authorship": "Wall."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspidium tectum",
        "authorship": "Wall."
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium gaudichaudii",
        "authorship": "Mett.; Kuhn"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyclosorus albociliatus",
        "authorship": "(Copel.) Ching"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyclosorus attenuatus",
        "authorship": "Ching"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyclosorus aureoglandulosus",
        "authorship": "Ching & K.H.Shing"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyclosorus benguetensis",
        "authorship": "Copel."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyclosorus brevipes",
        "authorship": "Ching"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyclosorus chengii",
        "authorship": "Ching ex K.H.Shing & J.F.Cheng"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyclosorus damingshanensis",
        "authorship": "Ching"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyclosorus didymosorus",
        "authorship": "(C.S.P.Parish ex Bedd.) B.K.Nayar & S.Kaur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyclosorus excelsior",
        "authorship": "Ching & K.H.Shing"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyclosorus griffithianus",
        "authorship": "(Fée) Panigrahi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyclosorus hainanensis",
        "authorship": "Ching"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyclosorus kweichowensis",
        "authorship": "Ching"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyclosorus laui",
        "authorship": "Ching"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyclosorus mollissimus",
        "authorship": "Ching"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyclosorus multisorus",
        "authorship": "Ching"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyclosorus orientalis",
        "authorship": "Ching"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyclosorus parasiticus",
        "authorship": "(L.) Farw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyclosorus parasiticus",
        "authorship": "(L.) Tardieu"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyclosorus parasiticus var. formosanus",
        "authorship": "Ching"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyclosorus parvifolius",
        "authorship": "Ching"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyclosorus pauciserratus",
        "authorship": "Ching & C.F.Zhang"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyclosorus procurrens",
        "authorship": "(Mett.) Copel."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyclosorus pygmaeus",
        "authorship": "Ching & C.F.Zhang"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyclosorus rupicola",
        "authorship": "Ching"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyclosorus xunwuensis",
        "authorship": "Ching ex K.H.Shing & J.F.Cheng"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyclosorus yandongensis",
        "authorship": "Ching & Shing"
      },
      {
        "name": "Diplazium gaudichaudii",
        "authorship": "(Mett.) C.Chr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dryopteris albociliata",
        "authorship": "Copel."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dryopteris didymosora",
        "authorship": "(C.S.P.Parish ex Bedd.) C.Chr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dryopteris eriochlamys",
        "authorship": "Christ"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dryopteris mollis var. subglabra",
        "authorship": "Hosok."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dryopteris parasitica",
        "authorship": "(L.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dryopteris parasitica var. aureoglandulosa",
        "authorship": "Bonap."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dryopteris parasitica var. didymosora",
        "authorship": "(Parish ex Bedd.) Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dryopteris parasitica var. mangarevensis",
        "authorship": "E.D.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dryopteris parasitica var. pitcairnensis",
        "authorship": "E.D.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dryopteris parasitica var. procurrens",
        "authorship": "(Mett.) Rosenst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dryopteris parasitica var. rapensis",
        "authorship": "E.D.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dryopteris parasitica var. rurutuensis",
        "authorship": "E.D.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dryopteris procurrens",
        "authorship": "(Mett.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Filix parasitica",
        "authorship": "Farw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lastrea pellita",
        "authorship": "C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrodium didymosorum",
        "authorship": "C.S.P.Parish ex Bedd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrodium griffithianum",
        "authorship": "Fée"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrodium molle var. didymosorum",
        "authorship": "(C.S.P.Parish ex Bedd.) Bedd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrodium parasiticum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrodium patens",
        "authorship": "(Sw.) J.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrodium pellitum",
        "authorship": "Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrodium procurrens",
        "authorship": "(Mett.) Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrodium tectum",
        "authorship": "Bedd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Polypodium diversifrons",
        "authorship": "Kl.; Kze."
      },
      {
        "name": "Polypodium hirtum",
        "authorship": "Vell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Polypodium nemorale",
        "authorship": "Wall."
      },
      {
        "name": "Polypodium parasiticum",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thelypteris albociliata",
        "authorship": "(Copel.) C.F.Reed"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thelypteris aureoglandulosa",
        "authorship": "(Ching & Shing) Christenh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thelypteris benguetensis",
        "authorship": "(Copel.) C.F.Reed"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thelypteris brevipes",
        "authorship": "(Ching) Christenh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thelypteris didymosora",
        "authorship": "(C.S.P.Parish ex Bedd.) C.F.Reed"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thelypteris fadenii",
        "authorship": "Fosberg & Sachet"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thelypteris griffithiana",
        "authorship": "(Fée) Panigrahi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thelypteris hattivattiorum",
        "authorship": "Christenh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thelypteris moriana",
        "authorship": "Christenh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thelypteris orientalis",
        "authorship": "(Ching) Christenh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thelypteris parasitica",
        "authorship": "(L.) Tardieu"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thelypteris parasitica",
        "authorship": "(L.) K.Iwats."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thelypteris parasitica",
        "authorship": "(L.) Fosberg"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thelypteris parasitica var. formosana",
        "authorship": "(Ching) C.F.Reed"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thelypteris parvifolia",
        "authorship": "(Ching) Christenh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thelypteris pauciserrata",
        "authorship": "(Ching & C.F.Zhang) Christenh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thelypteris procurrens",
        "authorship": "(Mett.) C.F.Reed"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thelypteris pygmaea",
        "authorship": "(Ching & C.F.Zhang) Christenh."
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": null
  },
  "photographs": {
    "shown": 8,
    "usable_found": 160,
    "licences": [
      "CC0",
      "CC-BY"
    ],
    "noncommercial_excluded": true,
    "items": [
      {
        "photo_id": 186021608,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "chiuluan",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/chiuluan",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/33764936-f3b8-4758-b4b8-872fbbec5bb8",
        "observed_on": "2022-04-03",
        "lat": 23.967,
        "lon": 121.582,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/186021608/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/186021608/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/186021608/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/186021608/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "chiuluan, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 168935613,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Kevin Faccenda",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/kevinfaccenda",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/947a99ef-73bf-4f01-bdfb-5d6ab6bee780",
        "observed_on": "2021-11-13",
        "lat": 21.427,
        "lon": -157.925,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/168935613/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/168935613/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/168935613/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/168935613/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Kevin Faccenda, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 167887382,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "五色鳥",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/ssnp129",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/3183df28-a6c4-434b-8c3f-75ac6edaa4a5",
        "observed_on": "2021-11-08",
        "lat": 22.655,
        "lon": 120.26,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/167887382/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/167887382/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/167887382/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/167887382/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "五色鳥, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 166748710,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Brodie Cass Talbott",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/brodiecasstalbott",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/3ee0096b-dafd-4f33-b648-dabbcc147ca9",
        "observed_on": "2021-10-31",
        "lat": 20.88,
        "lon": -156.546,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 576
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/166748710/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/166748710/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/166748710/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/166748710/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Brodie Cass Talbott, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 150562071,
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Nonbinary-Naturalist",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/nonbinary-naturalist",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/f622f5b2-6743-4cf5-82df-2cf7156a878f",
        "observed_on": "2021-07-14",
        "lat": 31.977,
        "lon": -81.222,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/150562071/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/150562071/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/150562071/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/150562071/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Nonbinary-Naturalist, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 138500645,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "TonyT",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/tongks22",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/2a86a3e7-73b1-4578-9f83-0df6cdd7e27b",
        "observed_on": "2021-06-23",
        "lat": 23.114,
        "lon": 113.309,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/138500645/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/138500645/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/138500645/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/138500645/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "TonyT, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 138378346,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "chiuluan",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/chiuluan",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/cb893693-53fb-4fb8-a304-a6459b4312af",
        "observed_on": "2021-06-21",
        "lat": 23.7,
        "lon": 121.423,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/138378346/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/138378346/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/138378346/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/138378346/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "chiuluan, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 131670548,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "高山田鼠",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/vole",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/82dc6cc4-68b2-434c-9014-1277afbe3332",
        "observed_on": "2021-05-16",
        "lat": 25.088,
        "lon": 121.449,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/131670548/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/131670548/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/131670548/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/131670548/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "高山田鼠, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      }
    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "ZAI",
      "STH",
      "UGA",
      "CHC",
      "CHS",
      "CHH",
      "JAP",
      "KZN",
      "KOR",
      "NNS",
      "OGA",
      "TAI",
      "ASS",
      "BAN",
      "BIS",
      "BOR",
      "CBD",
      "IND",
      "JAW",
      "LAO",
      "LSI",
      "MLY",
      "MOL",
      "MYA",
      "NWG",
      "PHI",
      "SOL",
      "SRL",
      "SUL",
      "SUM",
      "THA",
      "VIE",
      "NSW",
      "NFK",
      "QLD",
      "CRL",
      "FIJ",
      "MRN",
      "MRQ",
      "NWC",
      "PIT",
      "SAM",
      "TON",
      "TUA",
      "TUB",
      "VAN"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ZAI",
        "name": "DR Congo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "STH",
        "name": "St.Helena",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Middle Atlantic Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "UGA",
        "name": "Uganda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHC",
        "name": "China South-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHS",
        "name": "China Southeast",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHH",
        "name": "Hainan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAP",
        "name": "Japan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KZN",
        "name": "Kazan-retto",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KOR",
        "name": "Korea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NNS",
        "name": "Nansei-shoto",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "OGA",
        "name": "Ogasawara-shoto",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAI",
        "name": "Taiwan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "ASS",
        "name": "Assam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAN",
        "name": "Bangladesh",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "BIS",
        "name": "Bismarck Archipelago",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Papuasia"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOR",
        "name": "Borneo",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CBD",
        "name": "Cambodia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "IND",
        "name": "India",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAW",
        "name": "Jawa",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LAO",
        "name": "Laos",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "LSI",
        "name": "Lesser Sunda Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLY",
        "name": "Malaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOL",
        "name": "Maluku",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MYA",
        "name": "Myanmar",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "NWG",
        "name": "New Guinea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Papuasia"
      },
      {
        "code": "PHI",
        "name": "Philippines",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOL",
        "name": "Solomon Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Papuasia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SRL",
        "name": "Sri Lanka",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUL",
        "name": "Sulawesi",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUM",
        "name": "Sumatera",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "THA",
        "name": "Thailand",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "VIE",
        "name": "Vietnam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "NSW",
        "name": "New South Wales",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NFK",
        "name": "Norfolk Is.",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "QLD",
        "name": "Queensland",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CRL",
        "name": "Caroline Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Northwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "FIJ",
        "name": "Fiji",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "MRN",
        "name": "Marianas",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Northwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "MRQ",
        "name": "Marquesas",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "NWC",
        "name": "New Caledonia",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "PIT",
        "name": "Pitcairn Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAM",
        "name": "Samoa",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "TON",
        "name": "Tonga",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUA",
        "name": "Tuamotu",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUB",
        "name": "Tubuai Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "VAN",
        "name": "Vanuatu",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": null,
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "epiphytic rhizomatous subshrub",
    "climate": "subtropical"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 18.6,
      "median": 22.5,
      "p95": 23.8
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 114.6,
      "median": 404.4,
      "p95": 483.1
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 24.3,
      "median": 29.4,
      "p95": 31.2
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": 9.5,
      "median": 12.5,
      "p95": 20
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 1057.9,
      "median": 2856.8,
      "p95": 4358.7
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 21.9,
      "median": 48.5,
      "p95": 90.5
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 82.8,
      "median": 184.8,
      "p95": 775.3
    },
    "n": 2021,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": null,
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2021 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "USDA PLANTS Database",
      "note": "common name, checklist symbol THPA4",
      "license": "public domain",
      "url": "https://plants.usda.gov/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No dated flowering annotations found for this taxon."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/christella-parasitica/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}