{ "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json", "schema_version": 1, "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/cenchrus-setosus/", "last_modified": "2024-06-04", "id": { "slug": "cenchrus-setosus", "wfo": "wfo-0000858713", "inat_taxon_id": 1373967 }, "name": { "scientific": "Cenchrus setosus", "authorship": "Sw.", "genus": "Cenchrus", "epithet": "setosus", "family": "Poaceae", "rank": "species", "taxonomic_status": "accepted", "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06", "is_homonym": false, "published_in": "Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. : 26 (1788)", "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:395321-1", "common": { "preferred": "Chinese fountaingrass", "english": [ "Chinese fountaingrass" ], "source": "usda" }, "synonyms": [ { "name": "Cenchrus polystachios subsp. setosus", "authorship": "(Sw.) P.M.Peterson & Y.Herrera" }, { "name": "Cenchrus retusus", "authorship": "Sw." }, { "name": "Cenchrus subangustus", "authorship": "(Schumach.) Morrone" }, { "name": "Cenchrus triticoides", "authorship": "(Poir.) Veldkamp" }, { "name": "Gymnotrix geniculata", "authorship": "Schult." }, { "name": "Panicum alopecuros", "authorship": "Lam." }, { "name": "Panicum barbatum", "authorship": "Roxb." }, { "name": "Panicum cauda-ratti", "authorship": "Schumach." }, { "name": "Panicum cenchroides", "authorship": "Rich." }, { "name": "Panicum densispica", "authorship": "Poir." }, { "name": "Panicum dentispica", "authorship": "Kunth" }, { "name": "Panicum erubescens", "authorship": "Willd." }, { "name": "Panicum holcoides", "authorship": "J.Jacq." }, { "name": "Panicum longisetum", "authorship": "Poir." }, { "name": "Panicum subangustum", "authorship": "Schumach." }, { "name": "Panicum triticoides", "authorship": "Poir." }, { "name": "Pennisetum alopecuroides", "authorship": "Ham." }, { "name": "Pennisetum amethystinum", "authorship": "P.Beauv." }, { "name": "Pennisetum barbatum", "authorship": "Schult." }, { "name": "Pennisetum borbonicum", "authorship": "Kunth" }, { "name": "Pennisetum breve", "authorship": "Nees" }, { "name": "Pennisetum cauda-ratti", "authorship": "(Schumach.) Franch." }, { "name": "Pennisetum ciliares", "authorship": "Hook.f." }, { "name": "Pennisetum ciliatum", "authorship": "Parl. ex Webb" }, { "name": "Pennisetum dasystachyum", "authorship": "Desv." }, { "name": "Pennisetum elegans", "authorship": "Nees ex Steud." }, { "name": "Pennisetum flavescens", "authorship": "J.Presl" }, { "name": "Pennisetum gabonense", "authorship": "Franch." }, { "name": "Pennisetum gracile", "authorship": "Benth." }, { "name": "Pennisetum hamiltonii", "authorship": "Steud." }, { "name": "Pennisetum hirsutum", "authorship": "Nees" }, { "name": "Pennisetum myurus", "authorship": "Parl." }, { "name": "Pennisetum pallidum", "authorship": "Nees" }, { "name": "Pennisetum parviflorum var. majus", "authorship": "A.Chev." }, { "name": "Pennisetum polystachion f. viviparum", "authorship": "Fosberg & Sachet" }, { "name": "Pennisetum polystachion subsp. setosum", "authorship": "(Sw.) Brunken" }, { "name": "Pennisetum polystachyum", "authorship": "Schult." }, { "name": "Pennisetum purpurascens", "authorship": "Kunth" }, { "name": "Pennisetum ramosum", "authorship": "C.Sm." }, { "name": "Pennisetum richardii", "authorship": "Kunth" }, { "name": "Pennisetum setosum", "authorship": "(Sw.) Rich." }, { "name": "Pennisetum setosum var. breve", "authorship": "(Nees) Döll" }, { "name": "Pennisetum sieberi", "authorship": "Kunth" }, { "name": "Pennisetum stenostachyum", "authorship": "Peter" }, { "name": "Pennisetum subangustum", "authorship": "(Schumach.) Stapf & C.E.Hubb." }, { "name": "Pennisetum tenuispiculatum", "authorship": "Steud." }, { "name": "Pennisetum triticoides", "authorship": "(Poir.) Roem. & Schult." }, { "name": "Pennisetum uniflorum", "authorship": "Kunth" }, { "name": "Setaria cenchroides", "authorship": "(Rich.) Roem. & Schult." }, { "name": "Setaria erubescens", "authorship": "(Willd.) P.Beauv." }, { "name": "Setaria geniculata", "authorship": "Sieber ex Kunth" } ], "wikipedia": null }, "photographs": { "shown": 8, "usable_found": 67, "licences": [ "CC0", "CC-BY", "CC-BY-SA" ], "noncommercial_excluded": true, "items": [ { "photo_id": 176573307, "license": "CC-BY", "license_name": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "derivatives_restricted": false, "creator": "Jacy Chen", "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/chenjacy", "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/ee18d2d8-ab01-4377-a676-705045c0fa80", "observed_on": "2022-01-14", "lat": 23.782, "lon": 120.62, "original": { "width": 1024, "height": 769 }, "widths": [ 400, 800 ], "urls": { "avif": { "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/176573307/r1/400.avif", "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/176573307/r1/800.avif" }, "jpeg": { "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/176573307/r1/400.jpg", "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/176573307/r1/800.jpg" } }, "attribution": 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"introduced", "extinct", "location_doubtful" ], "codes": [ "ALD", "ANG", "BEN", "BKN", "BUR", "CAB", "CMN", "CVI", "CAF", "CHA", "COM", "CON", "ZAI", "ETH", "GAB", "GAM", "GHA", "GUI", "GNB", "GGI", "IVO", "KEN", "LBR", "MDG", "MLW", "MLI", "MOZ", "NGR", "NGA", "RWA", "REU", "SEN", "SEY", "SIE", "SUD", "TAN", "TOG", "UGA", "ZAM", "ZIM", "SAU", "AND", "BAN", "IND", "LAO", "MYA", "NEP", "THA", "VIE" ], "regions": [ { "code": "ALD", "name": "Aldabra", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "Western Indian Ocean" }, { "code": "ANG", "name": "Angola", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "South Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "BEN", "name": "Benin", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "BKN", "name": "Burkina", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "BUR", "name": "Burundi", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "CAB", "name": "Cabinda", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "CMN", "name": "Cameroon", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "CVI", "name": "Cape Verde", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "Macaronesia" }, { "code": "CAF", "name": "Central African Republic", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "CHA", "name": "Chad", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "COM", "name": "Comoros", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "Western Indian Ocean" }, { "code": "CON", "name": "Congo", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "ZAI", "name": "DR Congo", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "ETH", "name": "Ethiopia", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "GAB", "name": "Gabon", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "GAM", "name": "Gambia", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West Tropical 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"MOZ", "name": "Mozambique", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "South Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "NGR", "name": "Niger", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "NGA", "name": "Nigeria", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "RWA", "name": "Rwanda", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "REU", "name": "Réunion", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "Western Indian Ocean" }, { "code": "SEN", "name": "Senegal", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "SEY", "name": "Seychelles", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "Western Indian Ocean" }, { "code": "SIE", "name": "Sierra Leone", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "SUD", "name": "Sudan-South Sudan", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "TAN", "name": "Tanzania", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "East Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "TOG", "name": "Togo", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "UGA", "name": "Uganda", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "East Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "ZAM", "name": "Zambia", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "South Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "ZIM", "name": "Zimbabwe", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "South Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "SAU", "name": "Saudi Arabia", "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE", "region": "Arabian Peninsula" }, { "code": "AND", "name": "Andaman Is.", "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL", "region": "Indo-China" }, { "code": "BAN", "name": "Bangladesh", "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL", "region": "Indian Subcontinent" }, { "code": "IND", "name": "India", "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL", "region": "Indian Subcontinent" }, { "code": "LAO", "name": "Laos", "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL", "region": "Indo-China" }, { "code": "MYA", "name": "Myanmar", "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL", "region": "Indo-China" }, { "code": "NEP", "name": "Nepal", "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL", "region": "Indian Subcontinent" }, { "code": "THA", "name": "Thailand", "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL", "region": "Indo-China" }, { "code": "VIE", "name": "Vietnam", "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL", "region": "Indo-China" } ] }, "phenology": { "n": 37, "n_annotated": 50, "sufficient": true, "by_month": [ 4, 1, 5, 2, 2, 1, 0, 1, 0, 6, 10, 5 ], "annotated_by_month": [ 12, 1, 6, 2, 3, 1, 0, 1, 0, 8, 10, 6 ], "share": [ 0.3333, null, 0.8333, null, null, null, null, null, null, 0.75, 1, 0.8333 ], "ci": [ [ 0.1381, 0.6094 ], null, [ 0.4365, 0.9699 ], null, null, null, null, null, null, [ 0.4093, 0.9285 ], [ 0.7225, 1 ], [ 0.4365, 0.9699 ] ], "peak_month": 11, "peak_basis": "share", "min_month_n": 5, "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x", "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations", "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)", "fields": { "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)", "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".", "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.", "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.", "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count." } }, "traits": { "lifeform": "annual or perennial", "climate": "seasonally dry tropical" }, "climate_envelope": { "mean_annual_temp_c": { "p5": 19.2, "median": 24.1, "p95": 27.5 }, "temp_seasonality": { "p5": 40, "median": 201.8, "p95": 451.2 }, "max_temp_warmest_month_c": { "p5": 25.3, "median": 29.9, "p95": 35.9 }, "min_temp_coldest_month_c": { "p5": 10.4, "median": 16.5, "p95": 24.2 }, "annual_precip_mm": { "p5": 963, "median": 2190.5, "p95": 3814.4 }, "precip_seasonality": { "p5": 25.3, "median": 78.9, "p95": 113.8 }, "precip_driest_quarter_mm": { "p5": 7.1, "median": 98.5, "p95": 521.3 }, "n": 491, "units": { "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius", "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)", "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)", "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year", "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter" }, "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec", "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.", "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations", "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x", "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 491 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.", "is_hardiness_zone": false, "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other." }, "identification": { "on_device_model": { "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)", "identifies_this_species": false }, "in_accuracy_benchmark": false, "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/", "confused_with": [] }, "sources": [ { "name": "World Flora Online Plant List", "note": "accepted name, authority, classification", "license": "CC0", "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/", "retrieved": "2026-07-12" }, { "name": "iNaturalist", "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only", "license": "per photograph", "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/", "retrieved": "2026-06-27" }, { "name": "USDA PLANTS Database", "note": "common name, checklist symbol PEAL", "license": "public domain", "url": "https://plants.usda.gov/", "retrieved": "2026-07-13" }, { "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)", "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr", "retrieved": "2026-06-04" } ], "gaps": [ { "field": "care", "status": "not_published", "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted." }, { "field": "toxicity", "status": "not_published", "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready." }, { "field": "botanical_review", "status": "not_sourced", "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page." }, { "field": "hardiness_zone", "status": "not_published", "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all." } ], "license": { "data": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/cenchrus-setosus/", "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)." } }