{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/catabrosa-aquatica/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "catabrosa-aquatica",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000858385",
    "inat_taxon_id": 61425
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Catabrosa aquatica",
    "authorship": "(L.) P.Beauv.",
    "genus": "Catabrosa",
    "epithet": "aquatica",
    "family": "Poaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Ess. Agrostogr. : 97 (1812)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:395086-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Whorl-grass",
      "english": [
        "Whorl-grass",
        "water whorl-grass",
        "water whorlgrass"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Agrostis tillierii",
        "authorship": "Willd. ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira aquatica",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira aquatica var. duplicata",
        "authorship": "Chaub."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira aquatica var. multiplicata",
        "authorship": "Chaub."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira aquatica var. ochroleuca",
        "authorship": "(Dumort.) Lej."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira scabra",
        "authorship": "Zuccagni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira viridula",
        "authorship": "Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Catabrosa airoides",
        "authorship": "Chevall."
      },
      {
        "name": "Catabrosa angusta",
        "authorship": "(Stapf) L.Liu"
      },
      {
        "name": "Catabrosa aquatica f. latifolia",
        "authorship": "(Heuff.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Catabrosa aquatica f. schurii",
        "authorship": "Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Catabrosa aquatica f. uniflora",
        "authorship": "(Gray) Holmb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Catabrosa aquatica f. zapalowiczii",
        "authorship": "Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Catabrosa aquatica subsp. aquatica",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Catabrosa aquatica subsp. capusii",
        "authorship": "(Franch.) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Catabrosa aquatica subsp. ochroleuca",
        "authorship": "(Dumort.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Catabrosa aquatica subsp. pseudairoides",
        "authorship": "(J.Herrm.) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Catabrosa aquatica var. angusta",
        "authorship": "Stapf"
      },
      {
        "name": "Catabrosa aquatica var. aquatica",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Catabrosa aquatica var. atrata",
        "authorship": "Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Catabrosa aquatica var. chionophila",
        "authorship": "Post"
      },
      {
        "name": "Catabrosa aquatica var. laurentiana",
        "authorship": "Fernald"
      },
      {
        "name": "Catabrosa aquatica var. littoralis",
        "authorship": "Parn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Catabrosa aquatica var. major",
        "authorship": "Peterm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Catabrosa aquatica var. minor",
        "authorship": "Bab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Catabrosa aquatica var. pamirensis",
        "authorship": "Maslenn. & Ovcz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Catabrosa aquatica var. subtilis",
        "authorship": "Andersson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Catabrosa aquatica var. terrestris",
        "authorship": "Meinsh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Catabrosa aquatica var. uniflora",
        "authorship": "Gray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Catabrosa atrata",
        "authorship": "(Tzvelev) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Catabrosa capusii",
        "authorship": "Franch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Catabrosa elbursensis",
        "authorship": "Bornm. & Gauba"
      },
      {
        "name": "Catabrosa kneuckeri",
        "authorship": "Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Catabrosa minor",
        "authorship": "(Bab.) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Catabrosa ochroleuca",
        "authorship": "Dumort."
      },
      {
        "name": "Catabrosa pseudairoides",
        "authorship": "(J.Herrm.) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Catabrosa scabra",
        "authorship": "(Zuccagni) Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Catabrosa sikkimensis",
        "authorship": "Stapf"
      },
      {
        "name": "Catabrosa viridula",
        "authorship": "(Poir.) Roem. & Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Catapodium aquaticum",
        "authorship": "Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Colpodium aquaticum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Trin."
      },
      {
        "name": "Colpodium elbursense",
        "authorship": "(Bornm. & Gauba) Parsa"
      },
      {
        "name": "Diarrhena aquatica",
        "authorship": "(L.) Raspail"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca airoides",
        "authorship": "(Koeler) Mutel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Glyceria airoides",
        "authorship": "(Hartm.) Rchb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Glyceria aquatica",
        "authorship": "(L.) J.Presl & C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Glyceria aquatica var. acutiflora",
        "authorship": "Maxim."
      },
      {
        "name": "Glyceria aquatica var. americana",
        "authorship": "Vasey ex Gatt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Glyceria aquatica var. latifolia",
        "authorship": "Heuff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Glyceria catabrosa",
        "authorship": "Klatt & Rchb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Glyceria dulcis",
        "authorship": "(Salisb.) Holmb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Glyceria ochroleuca",
        "authorship": "(Dumort.) Guss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Glyceria viridula",
        "authorship": "(Poir.) Heynh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrochloa airoides",
        "authorship": "Hartm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Melica altissima",
        "authorship": "Sobol."
      },
      {
        "name": "Molinia aquatica",
        "authorship": "(L.) Wibel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Poa airoides",
        "authorship": "J.Herrm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Poa airoides",
        "authorship": "Koeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Poa airoides var. purpurascens",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Poa airoides var. uniflora",
        "authorship": "Gaudin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Poa dulcis",
        "authorship": "Salisb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Poa grandiflora",
        "authorship": "Clairv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Poa pseudairoides",
        "authorship": "J.Herrm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Poa rivularis",
        "authorship": "Bernh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Poa sabauda",
        "authorship": "All."
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catabrosa_aquatica"
  },
  "photographs": {
    "shown": 8,
    "usable_found": 58,
    "licences": [
      "CC0",
      "CC-BY"
    ],
    "noncommercial_excluded": true,
    "items": [
      {
        "photo_id": 204048235,
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Liubov Ilminska",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/liubov_ilminska",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/d80beb08-5698-4423-8190-6a6224d72116",
        "observed_on": "2022-06-06",
        "lat": 48.979,
        "lon": 30.245,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204048235/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204048235/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204048235/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204048235/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Liubov Ilminska, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 138724596,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Skjold Søndergaard",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/skjoldalsted",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/a08abc06-c4d0-41ff-b670-e07662492a2d",
        "observed_on": "2021-06-25",
        "lat": 56.88,
        "lon": 9.615,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/138724596/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/138724596/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/138724596/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/138724596/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Skjold Søndergaard, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 134893503,
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "pratvmvmbrosvm",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/pratvmvmbrosvm",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/0f719378-7aaa-4310-b736-41da217bf6b7",
        "observed_on": "2021-06-08",
        "lat": 55.807,
        "lon": 37.733,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 576
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/134893503/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/134893503/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/134893503/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/134893503/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "pratvmvmbrosvm, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 113285488,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Patrick Hacker",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/pastabaum",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/712ee305-fb8f-4439-bf31-8e5278041cee",
        "observed_on": "2020-08-06",
        "lat": 48.032,
        "lon": 16.033,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/113285488/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/113285488/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/113285488/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/113285488/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Patrick Hacker, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 77376104,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Natalya Ivanova",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/dryomys",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/fd2c047b-3f0f-41ea-a102-eb60194befef",
        "observed_on": "2020-06-06",
        "lat": 54.43,
        "lon": 38.511,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/77376104/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/77376104/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/77376104/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/77376104/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Natalya Ivanova, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 43847704,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Dmitriy Bochkov",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/convallaria1128",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/5b541282-9e65-44d6-9f18-4f8c07316d51",
        "observed_on": "2019-07-01",
        "lat": 55.587,
        "lon": 37.146,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/43847704/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/43847704/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/43847704/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/43847704/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Dmitriy Bochkov, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 154532931,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Matt Lavin",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/mattlavin",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/507d50e5-ffa8-4384-8344-8d07bc67390d",
        "observed_on": "2011-07-21",
        "lat": 44.676,
        "lon": -112.83,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/154532931/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/154532931/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/154532931/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/154532931/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Matt Lavin, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 155137486,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Michael D. Pirie",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/mikepirie",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/7308aba7-6c40-43ec-a4c9-4002866fe7fa",
        "observed_on": "2021-09-04",
        "lat": 61.868,
        "lon": 9.041,
        "original": {
          "width": 768,
          "height": 1024
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          768
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/155137486/r1/400.avif",
            "768": "https://img.botanai.app/p/155137486/r1/768.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/155137486/r1/400.jpg",
            "768": "https://img.botanai.app/p/155137486/r1/768.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Michael D. Pirie, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      }
    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "ALG",
      "LBY",
      "MOR",
      "AFG",
      "ALT",
      "BRY",
      "CHN",
      "CHC",
      "CTA",
      "CHI",
      "IRN",
      "IRQ",
      "KAZ",
      "KGZ",
      "KRA",
      "LBS",
      "MON",
      "NCS",
      "PAL",
      "CHQ",
      "TZK",
      "CHT",
      "TCS",
      "TKM",
      "TVA",
      "TUR",
      "UZB",
      "WSB",
      "CHX",
      "EHM",
      "NEP",
      "PAK",
      "WHM",
      "ALB",
      "AUT",
      "BLT",
      "BLR",
      "BGM",
      "BUL",
      "RUC",
      "COR",
      "CZE",
      "DEN",
      "RUE",
      "FIN",
      "FRA",
      "FOR",
      "GER",
      "GRB",
      "GRC",
      "HUN",
      "ICE",
      "IRE",
      "ITA",
      "KRY",
      "YUG",
      "NET",
      "RUN",
      "RUW",
      "NOR",
      "POL",
      "ROM",
      "SAR",
      "SIC",
      "RUS",
      "SPA",
      "SWE",
      "SWI",
      "TUE",
      "UKR",
      "ABT",
      "ARI",
      "ARK",
      "BRC",
      "COL",
      "GNL",
      "IDA",
      "IOW",
      "LAB",
      "MAN",
      "MNT",
      "NEB",
      "NEV",
      "NBR",
      "NWM",
      "NFL",
      "NDA",
      "ONT",
      "ORE",
      "PEI",
      "QUE",
      "SAS",
      "SDA",
      "UTA",
      "WAS",
      "WIS",
      "WYO",
      "AGS",
      "CLS"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ALG",
        "name": "Algeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBY",
        "name": "Libya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOR",
        "name": "Morocco",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "AFG",
        "name": "Afghanistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALT",
        "name": "Altay",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "BRY",
        "name": "Buryatiya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHN",
        "name": "China North-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHC",
        "name": "China South-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CTA",
        "name": "Chita",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHI",
        "name": "Inner Mongolia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRN",
        "name": "Iran",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRQ",
        "name": "Iraq",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KAZ",
        "name": "Kazakhstan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KGZ",
        "name": "Kirgizstan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRA",
        "name": "Krasnoyarsk",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBS",
        "name": "Lebanon-Syria",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MON",
        "name": "Mongolia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Mongolia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCS",
        "name": "North Caucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAL",
        "name": "Palestine",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHQ",
        "name": "Qinghai",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "TZK",
        "name": "Tadzhikistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHT",
        "name": "Tibet",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "TCS",
        "name": "Transcaucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TKM",
        "name": "Turkmenistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TVA",
        "name": "Tuva",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUR",
        "name": "Türkiye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "UZB",
        "name": "Uzbekistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "WSB",
        "name": "West Siberia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHX",
        "name": "Xinjiang",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "EHM",
        "name": "East Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "NEP",
        "name": "Nepal",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAK",
        "name": "Pakistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "WHM",
        "name": "West Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALB",
        "name": "Albania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "AUT",
        "name": "Austria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLT",
        "name": "Baltic States",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLR",
        "name": "Belarus",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BGM",
        "name": "Belgium",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUL",
        "name": "Bulgaria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUC",
        "name": "Central European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "COR",
        "name": "Corse",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "CZE",
        "name": "Czechia-Slovakia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "DEN",
        "name": "Denmark",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUE",
        "name": "East European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FIN",
        "name": "Finland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FOR",
        "name": "Føroyar",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GER",
        "name": "Germany",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRB",
        "name": "Great Britain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRC",
        "name": "Greece",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "HUN",
        "name": "Hungary",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ICE",
        "name": "Iceland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRE",
        "name": "Ireland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRY",
        "name": "Krym",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NET",
        "name": "Netherlands",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUN",
        "name": "North European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUW",
        "name": "Northwest European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NOR",
        "name": "Norway",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POL",
        "name": "Poland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROM",
        "name": "Romania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAR",
        "name": "Sardegna",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIC",
        "name": "Sicilia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUS",
        "name": "South European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWE",
        "name": "Sweden",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWI",
        "name": "Switzerland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUE",
        "name": "Türkiye-in-Europe",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "UKR",
        "name": "Ukraine",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ABT",
        "name": "Alberta",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "ARI",
        "name": "Arizona",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "ARK",
        "name": "Arkansas",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "BRC",
        "name": "British Columbia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "COL",
        "name": "Colorado",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "GNL",
        "name": "Greenland",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Subarctic America"
      },
      {
        "code": "IDA",
        "name": "Idaho",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "IOW",
        "name": "Iowa",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "LAB",
        "name": "Labrador",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "MAN",
        "name": "Manitoba",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "MNT",
        "name": "Montana",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NEB",
        "name": "Nebraska",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NEV",
        "name": "Nevada",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NBR",
        "name": "New Brunswick",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "NWM",
        "name": "New Mexico",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "South-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NFL",
        "name": "Newfoundland",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "NDA",
        "name": "North Dakota",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "ONT",
        "name": "Ontario",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "ORE",
        "name": "Oregon",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "PEI",
        "name": "Prince Edward I.",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "QUE",
        "name": "Québec",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAS",
        "name": "Saskatchewan",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "SDA",
        "name": "South Dakota",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "UTA",
        "name": "Utah",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WAS",
        "name": "Washington",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WIS",
        "name": "Wisconsin",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WYO",
        "name": "Wyoming",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "AGS",
        "name": "Argentina South",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CLS",
        "name": "Chile South",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 12,
    "n_annotated": 15,
    "sufficient": false,
    "doi": null,
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "perennial or helophyte",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 2.2,
      "median": 6.6,
      "p95": 11.1
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 427.7,
      "median": 925.2,
      "p95": 1081.2
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 17.4,
      "median": 23.4,
      "p95": 28
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -14,
      "median": -9.3,
      "p95": 2.7
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 482.7,
      "median": 637.9,
      "p95": 1354.6
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 14.8,
      "median": 28.2,
      "p95": 59.8
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 32.9,
      "median": 108,
      "p95": 229.3
    },
    "n": 272,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": null,
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 272 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "insufficient_evidence",
      "reason": "Only 12 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/catabrosa-aquatica/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}