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  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/carissa-spinarum/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "carissa-spinarum",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000803913",
    "inat_taxon_id": 334776
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Carissa spinarum",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Carissa",
    "epithet": "spinarum",
    "family": "Apocynaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Mant. Pl. 2: 559 (1771)",
    "protologue_url": null,
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Egyptian carissa",
      "english": [
        "Egyptian carissa"
      ],
      "source": "usda"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Antura edules",
        "authorship": "Forssk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antura hadiensis",
        "authorship": "J.F.Gmel."
      },
      {
        "name": "Arduina brownii",
        "authorship": "K.Schum."
      },
      {
        "name": "Arduina campenonii",
        "authorship": "Drake"
      },
      {
        "name": "Arduina edulis",
        "authorship": "Spreng."
      },
      {
        "name": "Arduina inermis",
        "authorship": "(Vahl) K.Schum."
      },
      {
        "name": "Arduina laxiflora",
        "authorship": "K.Schum."
      },
      {
        "name": "Arduina xylopicron",
        "authorship": "(Thouars) Baill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Azima pubescens",
        "authorship": "Suess."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cabucala brachyantha",
        "authorship": "Pichon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carandas edulis",
        "authorship": "Hiern"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa abyssinica",
        "authorship": "R.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa axillaris",
        "authorship": "Roxb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa brownii",
        "authorship": "F.Muell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa brownii var. angustifolia",
        "authorship": "Kempe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa brownii var. ovata",
        "authorship": "(R.Br.) Maiden & Betche"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa campenonii",
        "authorship": "(Drake) Palacky"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa candolleana",
        "authorship": "Jaub. & Spach"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa carandas var. congesta",
        "authorship": "(Wight) Bedd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa carandas var. paucinervia",
        "authorship": "(A.DC.) Bedd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa cochinchinensis",
        "authorship": "Pierre ex Pit."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa comorensis",
        "authorship": "(Pichon) Markgr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa congesta",
        "authorship": "Wight"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa coriacea",
        "authorship": "Wall."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa coriacea",
        "authorship": "Wall. ex G.Don"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa cornifolia",
        "authorship": "Jaub. & Spach"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa dalzellii",
        "authorship": "Bedd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa densiflora",
        "authorship": "Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa densiflora var. microphylla",
        "authorship": "Danguy ex Lecomte"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa diffusa",
        "authorship": "Roxb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa dulcis",
        "authorship": "Schumach. & Thonn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa edulis",
        "authorship": "Vahl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa edulis f. nummularis",
        "authorship": "(Pichon) Markgr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa edulis f. pubescens",
        "authorship": "(A.DC.) Pichon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa edulis subsp. continentalis",
        "authorship": "Pichon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa edulis subsp. madagascariensis",
        "authorship": "(Thouars) Pichon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa edulis var. ambungana",
        "authorship": "Pichon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa edulis var. comorensis",
        "authorship": "Pichon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa edulis var. densiflora",
        "authorship": "(Baker) Pichon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa edulis var. edulis",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa edulis var. horrida",
        "authorship": "(Pichon) Markgr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa edulis var. lucubea",
        "authorship": "Pichon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa edulis var. major",
        "authorship": "Stapf"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa edulis var. microphylla",
        "authorship": "(Danguy ex Lecomte) Pichon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa edulis var. nummularis",
        "authorship": "Pichon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa edulis var. revoluta",
        "authorship": "(Scott-Elliot) Markgr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa edulis var. sechellensis",
        "authorship": "(Baker) Pichon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa edulis var. septentrionalis",
        "authorship": "Pichon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa edulis var. subtrinervia",
        "authorship": "Pichon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa gangetica",
        "authorship": "Stapf ex Gamble"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa hirsuta",
        "authorship": "Roth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa horrida",
        "authorship": "Pichon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa inermis",
        "authorship": "Vahl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa lanceolata",
        "authorship": "Dalzell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa lanceolata",
        "authorship": "R.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa laotica",
        "authorship": "Pit."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa laotica var. ferruginea",
        "authorship": "Kerr"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa laxiflora",
        "authorship": "Benth."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa macrophylla",
        "authorship": "Wall."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa macrophylla",
        "authorship": "Wall. ex G.Don"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa madagascariensis",
        "authorship": "Thouars"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa mitis",
        "authorship": "Heynh. ex A.DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa obovata",
        "authorship": "Markgr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa oleoides",
        "authorship": "Markgr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa opaca",
        "authorship": "Stapf ex Haines"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa ovata",
        "authorship": "R.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa ovata var. ovata",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa ovata var. pubescens",
        "authorship": "F.M.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa ovata var. stolonifera",
        "authorship": "F.M.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa papuana",
        "authorship": "Markgr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa paucinervia",
        "authorship": "A.DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa pilosa",
        "authorship": "Schinz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa pubescens",
        "authorship": "A.DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa revoluta",
        "authorship": "Scott Elliot"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa richardiana",
        "authorship": "Jaub. & Spach"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa scabra",
        "authorship": "R.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa sechellensis",
        "authorship": "Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa septentrionalis",
        "authorship": "(Pichon) Markgr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa spinarum",
        "authorship": "Lodd. ex A.DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa stolonifera",
        "authorship": "(F.M.Bailey) Perrot & E.Vogt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa suavissima",
        "authorship": "Bedd. ex Hook.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa tomentosa",
        "authorship": "A.Rich."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa velutina",
        "authorship": "Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa villosa",
        "authorship": "Roxb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa xylopicron",
        "authorship": "Thouars"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carissa yunnanensis",
        "authorship": "Tsiang & P.T.Li"
      },
      {
        "name": "Damnacanthus esquirolii",
        "authorship": "H.Lév."
      },
      {
        "name": "Jasminonerium densiflorum",
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      },
      {
        "name": "Jasminonerium dulce",
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      {
        "name": "Jasminonerium edule",
        "authorship": "Kuntze"
      },
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        "authorship": "(Vahl) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Jasminonerium laxiflorum",
        "authorship": "(Benth.) Kuntze"
      },
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        "name": "Jasminonerium madagascariense",
        "authorship": "(Thouars) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Jasminonerium ovatum",
        "authorship": "Kuntze"
      },
      {
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      },
      {
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        "authorship": "Kuntze"
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      "WAU",
      "NWC"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ALD",
        "name": "Aldabra",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "ANG",
        "name": "Angola",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BEN",
        "name": "Benin",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOT",
        "name": "Botswana",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BKN",
        "name": "Burkina",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUR",
        "name": "Burundi",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CMN",
        "name": "Cameroon",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CVI",
        "name": "Cape Verde",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CPV",
        "name": "Caprivi Strip",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CAF",
        "name": "Central African Republic",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHA",
        "name": "Chad",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "COM",
        "name": "Comoros",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "CON",
        "name": "Congo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAI",
        "name": "DR Congo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "DJI",
        "name": "Djibouti",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "EGY",
        "name": "Egypt",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ERI",
        "name": "Eritrea",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ETH",
        "name": "Ethiopia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GHA",
        "name": "Ghana",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUI",
        "name": "Guinea",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GNB",
        "name": "Guinea-Bissau",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "IVO",
        "name": "Ivory Coast",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "KEN",
        "name": "Kenya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MDG",
        "name": "Madagascar",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLW",
        "name": "Malawi",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLI",
        "name": "Mali",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MAU",
        "name": "Mauritius",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOZ",
        "name": "Mozambique",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NAM",
        "name": "Namibia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NGA",
        "name": "Nigeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TVL",
        "name": "Northern Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROD",
        "name": "Rodrigues",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "RWA",
        "name": "Rwanda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "REU",
        "name": "Réunion",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "SEN",
        "name": "Senegal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SEY",
        "name": "Seychelles",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOC",
        "name": "Socotra",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOM",
        "name": "Somalia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUD",
        "name": "Sudan-South Sudan",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAN",
        "name": "Tanzania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TOG",
        "name": "Togo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "UGA",
        "name": "Uganda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAM",
        "name": "Zambia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZIM",
        "name": "Zimbabwe",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHC",
        "name": "China South-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "OMA",
        "name": "Oman",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAU",
        "name": "Saudi Arabia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "YEM",
        "name": "Yemen",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "AND",
        "name": "Andaman Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAN",
        "name": "Bangladesh",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "CBD",
        "name": "Cambodia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "EHM",
        "name": "East Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "IND",
        "name": "India",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "LAO",
        "name": "Laos",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "MYA",
        "name": "Myanmar",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "NEP",
        "name": "Nepal",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "NWG",
        "name": "New Guinea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Papuasia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCB",
        "name": "Nicobar Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAK",
        "name": "Pakistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "SRL",
        "name": "Sri Lanka",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "THA",
        "name": "Thailand",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "VIE",
        "name": "Vietnam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "WHM",
        "name": "West Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "NSW",
        "name": "New South Wales",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NTA",
        "name": "Northern Territory",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "QLD",
        "name": "Queensland",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOA",
        "name": "South Australia",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "WAU",
        "name": "Western Australia",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NWC",
        "name": "New Caledonia",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 94,
    "n_annotated": 172,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      16,
      3,
      8,
      13,
      7,
      3,
      0,
      1,
      11,
      15,
      8,
      9
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      24,
      7,
      12,
      25,
      21,
      10,
      4,
      8,
      14,
      25,
      10,
      12
    ],
    "share": [
      0.6667,
      0.4286,
      0.6667,
      0.52,
      0.3333,
      0.3,
      null,
      0.125,
      0.7857,
      0.6,
      0.8,
      0.75
    ],
    "ci": [
      [
        0.4671,
        0.8203
      ],
      [
        0.1582,
        0.7495
      ],
      [
        0.3906,
        0.8619
      ],
      [
        0.335,
        0.6997
      ],
      [
        0.1719,
        0.5463
      ],
      [
        0.1078,
        0.6032
      ],
      null,
      [
        0.0224,
        0.4709
      ],
      [
        0.5241,
        0.9243
      ],
      [
        0.4074,
        0.766
      ],
      [
        0.4902,
        0.9433
      ],
      [
        0.4677,
        0.9111
      ]
    ],
    "peak_month": 11,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 35,
      "by_month": [
        6,
        3,
        3,
        5,
        7,
        2,
        1,
        2,
        0,
        5,
        1,
        0
      ],
      "share": [
        0.25,
        0.4286,
        0.25,
        0.2,
        0.3333,
        0.2,
        null,
        0.25,
        0,
        0.2,
        0.1,
        0
      ],
      "ci": [
        [
          0.12,
          0.449
        ],
        [
          0.1582,
          0.7495
        ],
        [
          0.0889,
          0.5323
        ],
        [
          0.0886,
          0.3913
        ],
        [
          0.1719,
          0.5463
        ],
        [
          0.0567,
          0.5098
        ],
        null,
        [
          0.0715,
          0.5907
        ],
        [
          0,
          0.2153
        ],
        [
          0.0886,
          0.3913
        ],
        [
          0.0179,
          0.4042
        ],
        [
          0,
          0.2425
        ]
      ],
      "peak_month": 2
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "shrub",
    "climate": "desert or dry shrubland"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 16.7,
      "median": 20.5,
      "p95": 27.4
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 92.2,
      "median": 309.9,
      "p95": 425.3
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 24.2,
      "median": 28.4,
      "p95": 37.6
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": 5.1,
      "median": 10.1,
      "p95": 21.7
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 506.5,
      "median": 869.9,
      "p95": 1659.2
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 45.4,
      "median": 80.9,
      "p95": 122.8
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 2.2,
      "median": 30.8,
      "p95": 161.3
    },
    "n": 629,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 629 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "USDA PLANTS Database",
      "note": "common name, checklist symbol CAED8",
      "license": "public domain",
      "url": "https://plants.usda.gov/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/carissa-spinarum/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}