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  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/carex-echinata/",
  "last_modified": "2026-06-04",
  "id": {
    "slug": "carex-echinata",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000346291",
    "inat_taxon_id": 76035
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Carex echinata",
    "authorship": "Murray",
    "genus": "Carex",
    "epithet": "echinata",
    "family": "Cyperaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Prod. Stirp. Gotting. 76.",
    "protologue_url": "https://www.cyperaceae.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1676879",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Star Sedge",
      "english": [
        "Star Sedge",
        "star sedge"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Carex angustior",
        "authorship": "Mack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex angustior var. gracilenta",
        "authorship": "R.T.Clausen & Wahl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex basilata",
        "authorship": "Ohwi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex caflischii",
        "authorship": "Brügger"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex cephalantha",
        "authorship": "(L.H.Bailey) E.P.Bicknell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex convexa",
        "authorship": "Kit."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex echinata f. brevispicata",
        "authorship": "Podp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex echinata f. chlorocarpa",
        "authorship": "Podp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex echinata f. remotiuscula",
        "authorship": "Podp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex echinata f. subalpina",
        "authorship": "Almq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex echinata prol. grypos",
        "authorship": "(Schkuhr) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex echinata subsp. gasparrinii",
        "authorship": "(Parl.) K.Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex echinata subsp. grypos",
        "authorship": "(Schkuhr) Arcang."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex echinata subsp. hydrophila",
        "authorship": "(Dumort.) K.Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex echinata var. angustata",
        "authorship": "(J.Carey) L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex echinata var. cephalantha",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex echinata var. echinata",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex echinata var. elata",
        "authorship": "Maire ex Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex echinata var. excelsior",
        "authorship": "(L.H.Bailey) Fernald"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex echinata var. grypos",
        "authorship": "(Schkuhr) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex echinata var. gypsos",
        "authorship": "(Schkuhr) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex echinata var. hydrophila",
        "authorship": "(Dumort.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex echinata var. microstachys",
        "authorship": "Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex echinata var. ormantha",
        "authorship": "Fernald"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex echinata var. perileia",
        "authorship": "(S.T.Blake) P.Royen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex echinata var. phyllomanica",
        "authorship": "(W.Boott) B.Boivin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex echinata var. tenuior",
        "authorship": "Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex fasciculata",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex fasciculata",
        "authorship": "Link ex Schkuhr"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex gajonum",
        "authorship": "Nelmes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex gasparrinii",
        "authorship": "Parl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex grypos",
        "authorship": "Schkuhr"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex grypos var. nana",
        "authorship": "Christ ex Briq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex hawaiiensis",
        "authorship": "H.St.John"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex hydrophila",
        "authorship": "Dumort."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex interior var. josselynii",
        "authorship": "Fernald"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex josselynii",
        "authorship": "(Fernald) Mack. ex Pease"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex laricina",
        "authorship": "Mack. ex Bright"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex leersii",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex leersii var. angustata",
        "authorship": "(J.Carey) Mack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex leersii var. angustata",
        "authorship": "Burnham"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex leersii var. cephalantha",
        "authorship": "(L.H.Bailey) J.K.Henry"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex leptophylla",
        "authorship": "Heuff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex minganinsularum",
        "authorship": "Raymond"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex muricata",
        "authorship": "Huds."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex muricata",
        "authorship": "Leers"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex muricata subsp. cephalantha",
        "authorship": "(L.H.Bailey) R.T.Clausen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex muricata subsp. microcarpa",
        "authorship": "Neuman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex muricata var. angustata",
        "authorship": "(J.Carey) J.Carey ex Gleason"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex muricata var. basilata",
        "authorship": "(Ohwi) Y.L.Chou"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex muricata var. cephalantha",
        "authorship": "(L.H.Bailey) Wiegand & Eames"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex muricata var. depauperata",
        "authorship": "Hampe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex muricata var. laricina",
        "authorship": "(Mack. ex Bright) Gleason"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex muricata var. monostachya",
        "authorship": "Asch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex muricata var. virens",
        "authorship": "Andersson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex omiana var. perileia",
        "authorship": "(S.T.Blake) T.Koyama"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex ormantha",
        "authorship": "(Fernald) Mack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex pairae f. brevispicata",
        "authorship": "(Podp.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex pairae f. chlorocarpa",
        "authorship": "(Podp.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex pairae f. remotiuscula",
        "authorship": "(Podp.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex perileia",
        "authorship": "S.T.Blake"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex phyllomanica",
        "authorship": "W.Boott"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex phyllomanica var. angustata",
        "authorship": "(J.Carey) B.Boivin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex phyllomanica var. ormantha",
        "authorship": "(Fernald) B.Boivin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex provincialis",
        "authorship": "Degl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex riparia subsp. fasciculata",
        "authorship": "(Link ex Schkuhr) K.Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex scirpoides var. josselynii",
        "authorship": "(Fernald) Fernald"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex serrulata",
        "authorship": "Mutel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex stellulata",
        "authorship": "Gooden."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex stellulata f. excelsior",
        "authorship": "(L.H.Bailey) Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex stellulata f. hydrophila",
        "authorship": "(Dumort.) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex stellulata f. hylogiton",
        "authorship": "Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex stellulata f. oligantha",
        "authorship": "(Callmé) Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex stellulata f. oligantha",
        "authorship": "Callmé"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex stellulata subsp. grypos",
        "authorship": "(Schkuhr) Gaudin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex stellulata subsp. pallens",
        "authorship": "Gaudin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex stellulata var. alpestris",
        "authorship": "Gaudin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex stellulata var. angustata",
        "authorship": "J.Carey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex stellulata var. australis",
        "authorship": "Kük."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex stellulata var. cephalantha",
        "authorship": "(L.H.Bailey) Fernald"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex stellulata var. excelsior",
        "authorship": "(L.H.Bailey) Fernald"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex stellulata var. grypos",
        "authorship": "(Schkuhr) W.D.J.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex stellulata var. masculina",
        "authorship": "Gray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex stellulata var. ormantha",
        "authorship": "(Fernald) Fernald"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex stellulata var. pseudodivulsa",
        "authorship": "F.W.Schultz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex stellulata var. scirpina",
        "authorship": "Tuck."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex stellulata var. subalpina",
        "authorship": "Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex sterilis var. cephalantha",
        "authorship": "(L.H.Bailey) L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex sterilis var. excelsior",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex svenonis",
        "authorship": "Skottsb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carex svenonis var. alakaiensis",
        "authorship": "Skottsb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caricina stellulata",
        "authorship": "(Gooden.) St.-Lag."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vignea angustior",
        "authorship": "(Mack.) Soják"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vignea echinata",
        "authorship": "(Murray) Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vignea grypos",
        "authorship": "(Schkuhr) Rchb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vignea hydrophila",
        "authorship": "(Dumort.) Rchb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vignea perileia",
        "authorship": "(S.T.Blake) Soják"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vignea stellulata",
        "authorship": "(Gooden.) Rchb."
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_echinata"
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      "RUE",
      "FIN",
      "FRA",
      "FOR",
      "GER",
      "GRB",
      "GRC",
      "HUN",
      "ICE",
      "IRE",
      "ITA",
      "KRI",
      "YUG",
      "NET",
      "RUN",
      "RUW",
      "NOR",
      "POL",
      "POR",
      "ROM",
      "SIC",
      "RUS",
      "SPA",
      "SWE",
      "SWI",
      "UKR",
      "ASK",
      "ABT",
      "ALU",
      "ARI",
      "BRC",
      "CAL",
      "COL",
      "CNT",
      "DEL",
      "WDC",
      "IDA",
      "ILL",
      "INI",
      "IOW",
      "LAB",
      "MAI",
      "MRY",
      "MAS",
      "MXC",
      "MXT",
      "MIC",
      "MIN",
      "MSO",
      "MNT",
      "NEV",
      "NBR",
      "NWH",
      "NWJ",
      "NWM",
      "NWY",
      "NFL",
      "NCA",
      "NDA",
      "NWT",
      "NSC",
      "NUN",
      "OHI",
      "ONT",
      "ORE",
      "PEN",
      "PEI",
      "QUE",
      "RHO",
      "SAS",
      "TEN",
      "UTA",
      "VER",
      "VRG",
      "WAS",
      "WVA",
      "WIS",
      "WYO",
      "YUK",
      "HAW",
      "GUA",
      "HAI"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "AZO",
        "name": "Azores",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOR",
        "name": "Morocco",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRN",
        "name": "Iran",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAP",
        "name": "Japan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KOR",
        "name": "Korea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KUR",
        "name": "Kuril Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBS",
        "name": "Lebanon-Syria",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHM",
        "name": "Manchuria",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCS",
        "name": "North Caucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAL",
        "name": "Palestine",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TCS",
        "name": "Transcaucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUR",
        "name": "Türkiye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "EHM",
        "name": "East Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "NWG",
        "name": "New Guinea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Papuasia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUM",
        "name": "Sumatera",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NSW",
        "name": "New South Wales",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NZN",
        "name": "New Zealand North",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "New Zealand"
      },
      {
        "code": "VIC",
        "name": "Victoria",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALB",
        "name": "Albania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "AUT",
        "name": "Austria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLT",
        "name": "Baltic States",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLR",
        "name": "Belarus",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BGM",
        "name": "Belgium",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUL",
        "name": "Bulgaria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUC",
        "name": "Central European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "COR",
        "name": "Corse",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "CZE",
        "name": "Czechia-Slovakia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "DEN",
        "name": "Denmark",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUE",
        "name": "East European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FIN",
        "name": "Finland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FOR",
        "name": "Føroyar",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GER",
        "name": "Germany",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRB",
        "name": "Great Britain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRC",
        "name": "Greece",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "HUN",
        "name": "Hungary",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ICE",
        "name": "Iceland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRE",
        "name": "Ireland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRI",
        "name": "Kriti",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NET",
        "name": "Netherlands",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUN",
        "name": "North European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUW",
        "name": "Northwest European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NOR",
        "name": "Norway",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POL",
        "name": "Poland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POR",
        "name": "Portugal",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROM",
        "name": "Romania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIC",
        "name": "Sicilia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUS",
        "name": "South European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWE",
        "name": "Sweden",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWI",
        "name": "Switzerland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "UKR",
        "name": "Ukraine",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ASK",
        "name": "Alaska",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Subarctic America"
      },
      {
        "code": "ABT",
        "name": "Alberta",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALU",
        "name": "Aleutian Is.",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Subarctic America"
      },
      {
        "code": "ARI",
        "name": "Arizona",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "BRC",
        "name": "British Columbia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "CAL",
        "name": "California",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "COL",
        "name": "Colorado",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "CNT",
        "name": "Connecticut",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "DEL",
        "name": "Delaware",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WDC",
        "name": "District of Columbia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "IDA",
        "name": "Idaho",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "ILL",
        "name": "Illinois",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "INI",
        "name": "Indiana",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "IOW",
        "name": "Iowa",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "LAB",
        "name": "Labrador",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "MAI",
        "name": "Maine",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MRY",
        "name": "Maryland",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MAS",
        "name": "Massachusetts",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MXC",
        "name": "Mexico Central",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXT",
        "name": "Mexico Southeast",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MIC",
        "name": "Michigan",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MIN",
        "name": "Minnesota",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MSO",
        "name": "Missouri",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MNT",
        "name": "Montana",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NEV",
        "name": "Nevada",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NBR",
        "name": "New Brunswick",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "NWH",
        "name": "New Hampshire",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NWJ",
        "name": "New Jersey",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NWM",
        "name": "New Mexico",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "South-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NWY",
        "name": "New York",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NFL",
        "name": "Newfoundland",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCA",
        "name": "North Carolina",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NDA",
        "name": "North Dakota",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NWT",
        "name": "Northwest Territories",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Subarctic America"
      },
      {
        "code": "NSC",
        "name": "Nova Scotia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "NUN",
        "name": "Nunavut",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Subarctic America"
      },
      {
        "code": "OHI",
        "name": "Ohio",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "ONT",
        "name": "Ontario",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "ORE",
        "name": "Oregon",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "PEN",
        "name": "Pennsylvania",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "PEI",
        "name": "Prince Edward I.",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "QUE",
        "name": "Québec",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "RHO",
        "name": "Rhode I.",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "SAS",
        "name": "Saskatchewan",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "TEN",
        "name": "Tennessee",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "UTA",
        "name": "Utah",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "VER",
        "name": "Vermont",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "VRG",
        "name": "Virginia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WAS",
        "name": "Washington",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WVA",
        "name": "West Virginia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WIS",
        "name": "Wisconsin",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WYO",
        "name": "Wyoming",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "YUK",
        "name": "Yukon",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Subarctic America"
      },
      {
        "code": "HAW",
        "name": "Hawaii",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "North-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUA",
        "name": "Guatemala",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "HAI",
        "name": "Haiti",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 16,
    "n_annotated": 149,
    "sufficient": false,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 133,
      "by_month": [
        7,
        2,
        0,
        1,
        4,
        55,
        37,
        17,
        5,
        2,
        0,
        3
      ],
      "share": [
        1,
        null,
        null,
        null,
        0.8,
        0.8209,
        0.9737,
        0.8947,
        1,
        null,
        null,
        null
      ],
      "ci": [
        [
          0.6457,
          1
        ],
        null,
        null,
        null,
        [
          0.3755,
          0.9638
        ],
        [
          0.7125,
          0.8945
        ],
        [
          0.865,
          0.9953
        ],
        [
          0.6861,
          0.9706
        ],
        [
          0.5655,
          1
        ],
        null,
        null,
        null
      ],
      "peak_month": 1
    },
    "doi": null,
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "perennial or rhizomatous geophyte",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 1.1,
      "median": 5.8,
      "p95": 11
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 363.2,
      "median": 713.8,
      "p95": 1075.3
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 15,
      "median": 21,
      "p95": 25.4
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -17.2,
      "median": -8.5,
      "p95": 2.9
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 669.9,
      "median": 1143.9,
      "p95": 2455.3
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 11.7,
      "median": 26.1,
      "p95": 51.7
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 93.4,
      "median": 199.5,
      "p95": 394
    },
    "n": 2039,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": null,
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2039 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "insufficient_evidence",
      "reason": "Only 16 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/carex-echinata/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}