Plate 1 figs. a–h · 8 separate observations
Every figure is a research-grade observation under CC0, CC BY or CC BY-SA, rehosted with the photographer’s name, the licence and the observation it came from. Photographs under a NonCommercial licence are excluded from this site and are never stored, which costs us a great many pictures and is not negotiable.
Native range 8 botanical countries
| Region | TDWG code | Continent |
|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | AFG | ASIA-TEMPERATE |
| Kazakhstan | KAZ | |
| Kirgizstan | KGZ | |
| Tadzhikistan | TZK | |
| Turkmenistan | TKM | |
| Uzbekistan | UZB | |
| Xinjiang | CHX | |
| Pakistan | PAK | ASIA-TROPICAL |
Region boundaries approximated from Natural Earth (public domain) and mapped to TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (WGSRPD) level-3 botanical countries (Brummitt 2001). Indicative, not the official WGSRPD geometry.
Flowering 235 in flower of 705 examined
Peak flowering in Aug. Each bar is the share of Cannabis sativa observations in which someone actually recorded the reproductive state and found the plant in flower, not the raw number of flowering records. That distinction matters: people observe plants far more in spring than in winter, so a bare count of flowering records partly measures when people go outside. Dividing by the number examined removes that. 235 of 705 examined observations were in flower, every one of them research grade. The whisker on each bar is a 95% Wilson interval. This is still a global aggregate and not a forecast for your garden: the same species flowers on different dates in different hemispheres. Where a species has fewer than 30 flowering records we do not draw this chart at all. Computed from 10.15468/dl.cgje2x.
Where it actually grows measured, from 2,021 observations
| Condition | 5th percentile | Median | 95th percentile |
|---|---|---|---|
| Coldest month, mean daily low | -20.2 °C | -8.3 °C | 9.8 °C |
| Warmest month, mean daily high | 21.7 °C | 25.9 °C | 32.8 °C |
| Annual rainfall | 358 mm | 632 mm | 1,690 mm |
| Rainfall in the driest quarter | 15 mm | 84 mm | 181 mm |
It is found where winters are severely cold. This is not care advice and it is not a forecast. It is a measurement: we sampled the climate at every one of the 2,021 research-grade observations of Cannabis sativa that carry a coordinate, and this is the range those places actually span. The 5th and 95th percentiles are used rather than the minimum and maximum, because a single cultivated specimen in a heated conservatory should not widen a tropical plant's range to the Arctic.
This is not a hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual extreme minimum temperature. The figure above is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and is typically far warmer. Reading one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a hardiness zone, because we do not have one. Climate from CHELSA V2.1 (Karger et al. 2017); occurrences from 10.15468/dl.cgje2x.
Also published as 38 synonyms
A synonym is not an error. It is a record of botanists disagreeing, in print, about where this plant belongs. Each of these was somebody’s considered answer.
- Cannabis americana Pharm. ex Wehmer
- Cannabis chinensis Delile
- Cannabis erratica Siev.
- Cannabis foetens Gilib.
- Cannabis generalis E.H.L.Krause
- Cannabis gigantea Delile ex Vilm.
- Cannabis indica Lam.
- Cannabis indica f. afghanica Vavilov
- Cannabis indica var. afghanica Vavilov
- Cannabis indica var. kafiristanica Vavilov
- Cannabis intersita Soják
- Cannabis kafiristanica (Vavilov) Chrtek
- Cannabis lupulus Scop.
- Cannabis macrosperma Stokes
- Cannabis ruderalis Janisch.
- Cannabis sativa f. afghanica Vavilov
- Cannabis sativa f. chinensis (Delile) A.DC.
- Cannabis sativa f. pedemontana A.DC.
- Cannabis sativa f. vulgaris (Alef.) Voss
- Cannabis sativa subsp. culta Serebr.
- Cannabis sativa subsp. indica (Lam.) E.Small & Cronquist
- Cannabis sativa subsp. intersita (Soják) Soják
- Cannabis sativa subvar. indica (Lam.) Asch. & Graebn.
- Cannabis sativa var. afghanica (Vavilov) McPartl. & E.Small
and 14 more.
Sourcesevery claim on this page
- World Flora Online Plant List. accepted name, authority, classification. CC0. Retrieved 2026-07-12.
- iNaturalist. photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only. per photograph. Retrieved 2026-06-27.
- Wikidata. common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715). CC0. Retrieved 2026-07-13.
- Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16). native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form. CC BY 3.0. Retrieved 2026-06-04.
We publish what we can source and we say so when we cannot. This page has no care advice and no toxicity claim, because we do not yet have those from a source we can cite.