{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/campylospermum-serratum/",
  "last_modified": "2024-06-04",
  "id": {
    "slug": "campylospermum-serratum",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000583291",
    "inat_taxon_id": 428105
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Campylospermum serratum",
    "authorship": "(Gaertn.) Bittrich & M.C.E.Amaral",
    "genus": "Campylospermum",
    "epithet": "serratum",
    "family": "Ochnaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Taxon 43: 92 (1994)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:975825-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": null,
      "english": [],
      "source": null
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Campylocercum neriifolium",
        "authorship": "(Bartell.) Tiegh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Campylospermum abbreviatum",
        "authorship": "Tiegh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Campylospermum angustifolium",
        "authorship": "Tiegh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Campylospermum beccarianum",
        "authorship": "Tiegh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Campylospermum borneense",
        "authorship": "Tiegh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Campylospermum cumingii",
        "authorship": "Tiegh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Campylospermum kingii",
        "authorship": "Tiegh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Campylospermum leschenaulti",
        "authorship": "Tiegh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Campylospermum malabaricum",
        "authorship": "(DC.) Tiegh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Campylospermum nodosum",
        "authorship": "Tiegh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Campylospermum perakense",
        "authorship": "Tiegh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Campylospermum plicatum",
        "authorship": "Tiegh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Campylospermum retinerve",
        "authorship": "Tiegh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Campylospermum rheedi",
        "authorship": "Tiegh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Campylospermum strictum",
        "authorship": "Tiegh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Campylospermum sumatranum",
        "authorship": "(Jack) Tiegh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Campylospermum thwaitesii",
        "authorship": "Tiegh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Campylospermum vahlianum",
        "authorship": "Tiegh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Campylospermum walkeri",
        "authorship": "Tiegh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Campylospermum wallichianum",
        "authorship": "Tiegh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Campylospermum zeylanicum",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) Tiegh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cercinia annamensis",
        "authorship": "Tiegh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cercinia brevis",
        "authorship": "Tiegh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cercinia elongata",
        "authorship": "Tiegh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cercinia thorelii",
        "authorship": "Tiegh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Diporidium rufescens",
        "authorship": "(Thwaites) Tiegh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Discladium dalzellii",
        "authorship": "Tiegh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Discladium gaudichaudii",
        "authorship": "Tiegh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Discladium koenigii",
        "authorship": "Tiegh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Discladium leschenaulti",
        "authorship": "Tiegh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Discladium lucidum",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) Tiegh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Discladium microphyllum",
        "authorship": "Tiegh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Discladium planchonii",
        "authorship": "Tiegh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Euthemis elegantissima",
        "authorship": "Wall."
      },
      {
        "name": "Euthemis pulcherrima",
        "authorship": "Wall."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gomphia angustifolia",
        "authorship": "Vahl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gomphia ceylanica",
        "authorship": "Spreng."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gomphia malabarica",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gomphia microphylla",
        "authorship": "Ridl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gomphia oblongifolia",
        "authorship": "Ridl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gomphia serrata",
        "authorship": "(Gaertn.) Kanis"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gomphia sumatrana",
        "authorship": "Jack"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gomphia zeylanica",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Maesia serrata",
        "authorship": "Gaertn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Meesia serrata",
        "authorship": "Gaertn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ochna angustifolia",
        "authorship": "(Vahl) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ochna crocea",
        "authorship": "Griff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ochna lucida",
        "authorship": "Lam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ochna rufescens",
        "authorship": "Thwaites"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ochna sumatrana",
        "authorship": "(Jack) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ochna zeylanica",
        "authorship": "Lam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ouratea angustifolia",
        "authorship": "Baill. ex Laness."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ouratea arcta",
        "authorship": "Craib"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ouratea beccariana",
        "authorship": "Bartell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ouratea borneensis",
        "authorship": "Bartell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ouratea crocea",
        "authorship": "(Griff.) Burkill"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ouratea megacarpa",
        "authorship": "Ridl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ouratea microphylla",
        "authorship": "(Ridl.) Craib"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ouratea neriifolia",
        "authorship": "Bartell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ouratea serrata",
        "authorship": "(Gaertn.) N.Robson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ouratea sumatrana",
        "authorship": "(Jack) Gilg"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ouratea thorelii",
        "authorship": "Lecomte"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ouratea zeylanica",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) Alston"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pleopetalum lucidum",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) Tiegh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Walkera serrata",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Walkera zeylonensis",
        "authorship": "hort. ex DC."
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": null
  },
  "photographs": {
    "shown": 8,
    "usable_found": 18,
    "licences": [
      "CC-BY"
    ],
    "noncommercial_excluded": true,
    "items": [
      {
        "photo_id": 175052663,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "luluchouette",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/luluchouette",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/6b5e485d-66b7-4741-90d1-e24ac20b5121",
        "observed_on": "2021-12-21",
        "lat": 14.487,
        "lon": 104.735,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/175052663/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/175052663/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/175052663/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/175052663/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "luluchouette, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 101839153,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Siddarth Machado",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/siddarthmachado",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/e8c6b3ed-cca7-408a-9fbc-d69d621f0940",
        "observed_on": "2020-10-17",
        "lat": 13.524,
        "lon": 75.067,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/101839153/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/101839153/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/101839153/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/101839153/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Siddarth Machado, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 175052722,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "luluchouette",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/luluchouette",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/6b5e485d-66b7-4741-90d1-e24ac20b5121",
        "observed_on": "2021-12-21",
        "lat": 14.487,
        "lon": 104.735,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/175052722/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/175052722/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/175052722/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/175052722/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "luluchouette, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 38686805,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Nolan Exe",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/fern_friend",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/ea0c39d2-82c9-4ffd-b675-d841a183b10c",
        "observed_on": "2019-02-03",
        "lat": 14.35,
        "lon": 106.685,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/38686805/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/38686805/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/38686805/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/38686805/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Nolan Exe, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 195319268,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "T R Shankar Raman",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/trsraman",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/b1df0b98-eaf4-48b0-a5e8-464780dc46f5",
        "observed_on": "1999-05-06",
        "lat": 8.455,
        "lon": 77.461,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 469
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/195319268/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/195319268/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/195319268/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/195319268/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "T R Shankar Raman, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 38686816,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Nolan Exe",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/fern_friend",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/ea0c39d2-82c9-4ffd-b675-d841a183b10c",
        "observed_on": "2019-02-03",
        "lat": 14.35,
        "lon": 106.685,
        "original": {
          "width": 768,
          "height": 1024
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          768
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/38686816/r1/400.avif",
            "768": "https://img.botanai.app/p/38686816/r1/768.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/38686816/r1/400.jpg",
            "768": "https://img.botanai.app/p/38686816/r1/768.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Nolan Exe, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 101839166,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Siddarth Machado",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/siddarthmachado",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/e8c6b3ed-cca7-408a-9fbc-d69d621f0940",
        "observed_on": "2020-10-17",
        "lat": 13.524,
        "lon": 75.067,
        "original": {
          "width": 683,
          "height": 1024
        },
        "widths": [
          400
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/101839166/r1/400.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/101839166/r1/400.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Siddarth Machado, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 195319150,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "T R Shankar Raman",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/trsraman",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/b1df0b98-eaf4-48b0-a5e8-464780dc46f5",
        "observed_on": "1999-05-06",
        "lat": 8.455,
        "lon": 77.461,
        "original": {
          "width": 469,
          "height": 1024
        },
        "widths": [
          400
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/195319150/r1/400.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/195319150/r1/400.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "T R Shankar Raman, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      }
    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "CHH",
      "BOR",
      "CBD",
      "IND",
      "JAW",
      "LAO",
      "MLY",
      "MYA",
      "PHI",
      "SRL",
      "SUL",
      "SUM",
      "THA",
      "VIE"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "CHH",
        "name": "Hainan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOR",
        "name": "Borneo",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CBD",
        "name": "Cambodia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "IND",
        "name": "India",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAW",
        "name": "Jawa",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LAO",
        "name": "Laos",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLY",
        "name": "Malaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MYA",
        "name": "Myanmar",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "PHI",
        "name": "Philippines",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SRL",
        "name": "Sri Lanka",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUL",
        "name": "Sulawesi",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUM",
        "name": "Sumatera",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "THA",
        "name": "Thailand",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "VIE",
        "name": "Vietnam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": null,
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "shrub or tree",
    "climate": "wet tropical"
  },
  "climate_envelope": null,
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "common_name",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name."
    },
    {
      "field": "climate_envelope",
      "status": "insufficient_evidence",
      "reason": "Fewer than 30 georeferenced research-grade observations of this taxon, which is too few to state a percentile range for the conditions it grows in. We would rather show nothing than a range computed from eight points in one county."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No dated flowering annotations found for this taxon."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/campylospermum-serratum/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}