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  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/calamagrostis-purpurea/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "calamagrostis-purpurea",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000857919",
    "inat_taxon_id": 467380
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Calamagrostis purpurea",
    "authorship": "(Trin.) Trin.",
    "genus": "Calamagrostis",
    "epithet": "purpurea",
    "family": "Poaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Gram. Unifl. Sesquifl. : 219 (1824)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:394764-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": null,
      "english": [],
      "source": null
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Agrostis groenlandica",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Arundo langsdorffii",
        "authorship": "Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Arundo purpurea",
        "authorship": "Trin."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis amurensis",
        "authorship": "Prob."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis baicalensis",
        "authorship": "Litv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis barbata",
        "authorship": "V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis canadensis subsp. langsdorffii",
        "authorship": "(Link) Hultén"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis canadensis var. langsdorffii",
        "authorship": "(Link) Inman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis canadensis var. punctulata",
        "authorship": "(Ohwi) T.Shimizu"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis confusa",
        "authorship": "V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis elata",
        "authorship": "Blytt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis elata var. pallidiflora",
        "authorship": "Blytt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis flexuosa",
        "authorship": "Rupr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis fusca",
        "authorship": "Kom."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis grandis",
        "authorship": "Petrov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis halleriana var. langsdorffii",
        "authorship": "(Link) Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis halleriana var. phragmitoides",
        "authorship": "(Hartm.) Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis halleriana var. pulchella",
        "authorship": "Hartm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis halleriana var. rivalis",
        "authorship": "Torges"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis hirsuta",
        "authorship": "A.I.Baranov & Skvortsov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis lanceolata",
        "authorship": "Trin. ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis langsdorffii",
        "authorship": "Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis langsdorffii",
        "authorship": "(Link) Trin."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis langsdorffii f. pallida",
        "authorship": "Litv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis langsdorffii subsp. trinii",
        "authorship": "Almq. & Lehbert"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis langsdorffii var. decipicus",
        "authorship": "Litv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis langsdorffii var. decipiens",
        "authorship": "Pavlov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis langsdorffii var. flexuosa",
        "authorship": "(Rupr.) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis langsdorffii var. gracilis",
        "authorship": "Litv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis langsdorffii var. langsdorffii",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis langsdorffii var. latifolia",
        "authorship": "Jarosch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis langsdorffii var. major",
        "authorship": "Litv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis langsdorffii var. manshurica",
        "authorship": "(A.I.Baranov & Skvortsov) Kitag."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis langsdorffii var. minor",
        "authorship": "Litv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis langsdorffii var. montana",
        "authorship": "Jarosch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis langsdorffii var. piligera",
        "authorship": "Litv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis langsdorffii var. pulchella",
        "authorship": "(Hartm.) Litv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis langsdorffii var. punctulata",
        "authorship": "Ohwi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis langsdorffii var. ramosa",
        "authorship": "(Nakai) Nakai"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis langsdorffii var. viridiflora",
        "authorship": "Honda"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis langsdorfii subsp. angustifolia",
        "authorship": "(Kom.) Vorosch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis lapponica f. monstruosa",
        "authorship": "Miyabe & Kudô"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis latifolia",
        "authorship": "Blytt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis manshurica",
        "authorship": "A.I.Baranov & Skvortsov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis notabilis",
        "authorship": "Litv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis pallidiflora",
        "authorship": "Müll.Berol."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis phragmitoides",
        "authorship": "Hartm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis phragmitoides var. breviaristata",
        "authorship": "Hartm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis phragmitoides var. condensata",
        "authorship": "Lange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis phragmitoides var. flexuosa",
        "authorship": "(Rupr.) Griseb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis phragmitoides var. glaucescens",
        "authorship": "Blytt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis phragmitoides var. laevigata",
        "authorship": "Lange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis phragmitoides var. latifolia",
        "authorship": "Blytt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis phragmitoides var. major",
        "authorship": "Andersson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis phragmitoides var. minor",
        "authorship": "Andersson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis phragmitoides var. rubicunda",
        "authorship": "(Blytt) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis pooides",
        "authorship": "V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis poplawskae",
        "authorship": "Roshev."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis pseudophragmites",
        "authorship": "Blytt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis pseudophragmites var. glaucescens",
        "authorship": "(Blytt) Blytt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis pseudopurpurea",
        "authorship": "Gerstl. ex O.R.Heine"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis purpurea f. akkeshiensis",
        "authorship": "H.Sato & Hideki Takah."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis purpurea f. amurensis",
        "authorship": "(Prob.) H.Sato & Hideki Takah."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis purpurea f. glaucescens",
        "authorship": "(Blytt) Holmb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis purpurea f. rubicunda",
        "authorship": "(Blytt) Holmb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis purpurea f. viridis",
        "authorship": "Kneuck."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis purpurea subsp. amurensis",
        "authorship": "(Prob.) H.Sato & Hideki Takah."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis purpurea subsp. barbata",
        "authorship": "(V.N.Vassil.) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis purpurea subsp. flexuosa",
        "authorship": "(Rupr.) Soják"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis purpurea subsp. gracilis",
        "authorship": "(Litv.) Kuvaev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis purpurea subsp. langsdorffii",
        "authorship": "(Link) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis purpurea subsp. phragmitoides",
        "authorship": "(Hartm.) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis purpurea subsp. pseudopurpurea",
        "authorship": "(Gerstl. ex O.R.Heine) G.C.S.Clarke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis purpurea subsp. trinii",
        "authorship": "Almq. & Lehbert"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis purpurea var. flexuosa",
        "authorship": "(Rupr.) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis purpurea var. gracilis",
        "authorship": "(Litv.) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis purpurea var. vivipara",
        "authorship": "Maxim."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis ramosa",
        "authorship": "Nakai ex Honda"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis rivalis",
        "authorship": "(Torges) H.Scholz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis rubicunda",
        "authorship": "Blytt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis tolmatschewii",
        "authorship": "Prob."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis trinii",
        "authorship": "Almq. & Lehbert"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis unilateralis",
        "authorship": "Petrov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis villosa var. elata",
        "authorship": "(Blytt) O.Fedtsch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis villosa var. langsdorffii",
        "authorship": "(Link) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis villosa var. langsdorfii",
        "authorship": "(Trin.) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis villosa var. ramosa",
        "authorship": "Nakai"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis villosa var. rubicunda",
        "authorship": "(Blytt) O.Fedtsch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis viridula",
        "authorship": "Takeda"
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis viridula var. langsdorffii",
        "authorship": "(Link) Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Calamagrostis yendoana",
        "authorship": "Honda"
      },
      {
        "name": "Deyeuxia elata",
        "authorship": "(Blytt) Munro ex Hook.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Deyeuxia langsdorffii",
        "authorship": "(Link) Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Deyeuxia langsdorffii var. punctulata",
        "authorship": "(Ohwi) Ohwi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Deyeuxia purpurea",
        "authorship": "(Trin.) Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Deyeuxia purpurea var. langsdorffii",
        "authorship": "(Link) Wen L.Chen"
      }
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      "CHI",
      "IRK",
      "JAP",
      "KAM",
      "KAZ",
      "KHA",
      "KOR",
      "KRA",
      "KUR",
      "MAG",
      "CHM",
      "MON",
      "NCS",
      "PRM",
      "SAK",
      "TCS",
      "TVA",
      "WSB",
      "CHX",
      "YAK",
      "AUT",
      "BLT",
      "BLR",
      "BGM",
      "RUC",
      "CZE",
      "RUE",
      "FIN",
      "FRA",
      "GER",
      "GRB",
      "NET",
      "RUN",
      "RUW",
      "RUS",
      "SWE",
      "SWI",
      "ASK",
      "ABT",
      "ALU",
      "BRC",
      "CAL",
      "COL",
      "GEO",
      "GNL",
      "LAB",
      "MAN",
      "MIN",
      "MNT",
      "NWH",
      "NWY",
      "NFL",
      "NWT",
      "NUN",
      "ONT",
      "ORE",
      "QUE",
      "SAS",
      "VER",
      "WAS",
      "YUK"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ALT",
        "name": "Altay",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "AMU",
        "name": "Amur",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "BRY",
        "name": "Buryatiya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHN",
        "name": "China North-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHC",
        "name": "China South-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CTA",
        "name": "Chita",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHI",
        "name": "Inner Mongolia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRK",
        "name": "Irkutsk",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAP",
        "name": "Japan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KAM",
        "name": "Kamchatka",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "KAZ",
        "name": "Kazakhstan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KHA",
        "name": "Khabarovsk",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "KOR",
        "name": "Korea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRA",
        "name": "Krasnoyarsk",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KUR",
        "name": "Kuril Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "MAG",
        "name": "Magadan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHM",
        "name": "Manchuria",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "MON",
        "name": "Mongolia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Mongolia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCS",
        "name": "North Caucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "PRM",
        "name": "Primorye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAK",
        "name": "Sakhalin",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "TCS",
        "name": "Transcaucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TVA",
        "name": "Tuva",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "WSB",
        "name": "West Siberia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHX",
        "name": "Xinjiang",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "YAK",
        "name": "Yakutiya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "AUT",
        "name": "Austria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLT",
        "name": "Baltic States",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLR",
        "name": "Belarus",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BGM",
        "name": "Belgium",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUC",
        "name": "Central European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "CZE",
        "name": "Czechia-Slovakia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUE",
        "name": "East European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FIN",
        "name": "Finland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GER",
        "name": "Germany",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRB",
        "name": "Great Britain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NET",
        "name": "Netherlands",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUN",
        "name": "North European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUW",
        "name": "Northwest European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUS",
        "name": "South European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWE",
        "name": "Sweden",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWI",
        "name": "Switzerland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ASK",
        "name": "Alaska",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Subarctic America"
      },
      {
        "code": "ABT",
        "name": "Alberta",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALU",
        "name": "Aleutian Is.",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Subarctic America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BRC",
        "name": "British Columbia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "CAL",
        "name": "California",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "COL",
        "name": "Colorado",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "GEO",
        "name": "Georgia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "GNL",
        "name": "Greenland",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Subarctic America"
      },
      {
        "code": "LAB",
        "name": "Labrador",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "MAN",
        "name": "Manitoba",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "MIN",
        "name": "Minnesota",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MNT",
        "name": "Montana",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NWH",
        "name": "New Hampshire",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NWY",
        "name": "New York",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NFL",
        "name": "Newfoundland",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "NWT",
        "name": "Northwest Territories",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Subarctic America"
      },
      {
        "code": "NUN",
        "name": "Nunavut",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Subarctic America"
      },
      {
        "code": "ONT",
        "name": "Ontario",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "ORE",
        "name": "Oregon",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "QUE",
        "name": "Québec",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAS",
        "name": "Saskatchewan",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "VER",
        "name": "Vermont",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WAS",
        "name": "Washington",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "YUK",
        "name": "Yukon",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Subarctic America"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 30,
    "n_annotated": 51,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      19,
      11,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      0,
      0,
      1,
      0,
      0,
      1,
      21,
      13,
      8,
      4,
      3,
      0
    ],
    "share": [
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null,
      0.9048,
      0.8462,
      0,
      null,
      null,
      null
    ],
    "ci": [
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null,
      [
        0.7109,
        0.9735
      ],
      [
        0.5776,
        0.9567
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.3244
      ],
      null,
      null,
      null
    ],
    "peak_month": 7,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "perennial or rhizomatous geophyte",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": -8.8,
      "median": 0.2,
      "p95": 3.1
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 843.2,
      "median": 1295.2,
      "p95": 1580.3
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 15.3,
      "median": 20.7,
      "p95": 24.2
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -30.8,
      "median": -24.1,
      "p95": -12.4
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 384.2,
      "median": 658,
      "p95": 1298.2
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 28.6,
      "median": 49.7,
      "p95": 91.4
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 22.2,
      "median": 77.5,
      "p95": 221.4
    },
    "n": 1285,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1285 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "common_name",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/calamagrostis-purpurea/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}