{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/caladium-bicolor/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "caladium-bicolor",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000739079",
    "inat_taxon_id": 283377
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Caladium bicolor",
    "authorship": "(Aiton) Vent.",
    "genus": "Caladium",
    "epithet": "bicolor",
    "family": "Araceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Mag. Encycl.  4: 464 (1800)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30010088-2",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "heart of Jesus",
      "english": [
        "heart of Jesus"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Alocasia rex",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alocasia roezlii",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Arum bicolor",
        "authorship": "Aiton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Arum pellucidum",
        "authorship": "Fulchir ex Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Arum pulchrum",
        "authorship": "Salisb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Arum vermitoxicum",
        "authorship": "Vell. ex Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Arum vermitoxicum",
        "authorship": "Vell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium albicans",
        "authorship": "Stange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium albopunctatissimum",
        "authorship": "Jacob-Makoy ex H.Karst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium amabile",
        "authorship": "Verschaff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium amoenum",
        "authorship": "Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium appunianum",
        "authorship": "Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium argyrospilum",
        "authorship": "Lem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium auritum",
        "authorship": "Jacob-Makoy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium baraquini",
        "authorship": "Hérincq"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium baraquinii",
        "authorship": "W.Bull ex J.Dix"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium barilletii",
        "authorship": "Anon."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium barraquinii",
        "authorship": "Lem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium barraquinii",
        "authorship": "Hérincq"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor f. argyrospilum",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor f. argyrospilum",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Vent."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor f. barraquinii",
        "authorship": "(Hérincq) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor f. brongniartii",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor f. brongniartii",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Vent."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor f. chantinii",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor f. chantinii",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Vent."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor f. devosianum",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor f. devosianum",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Vent."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor f. haematostigma",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor f. macrophyllum",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor f. macrophyllum",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Vent."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor f. mirabile",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor f. mirabile",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Vent."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor f. neumannii",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor f. neumannii",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Vent."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor f. perrieri",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor f. perrieri",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Vent."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor f. punctatissumum",
        "authorship": "Stange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor f. regale",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor f. regale",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Vent."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor f. robustum",
        "authorship": "Jonker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor f. rubicundum",
        "authorship": "Stehlé"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor f. splendens",
        "authorship": "(K.Koch & Fintelm.) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor f. surinamense",
        "authorship": "(Miq.) Stehlé"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor f. vellozoanum",
        "authorship": "(Schott) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor f. verschaffeltii",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor f. verschaffeltii",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Vent."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor f. wightii",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor subvar. donizettii",
        "authorship": "Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor subvar. rosaceum",
        "authorship": "Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor unranked splendens",
        "authorship": "(K.Koch & Fintelm.) E.J.Lowe & W.Howard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. albomaculatum",
        "authorship": "Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. argyrospilum",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. barraquinii",
        "authorship": "(Hérincq) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. bohemicum",
        "authorship": "Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. brongniartii",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. chantinii",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. curwadlii",
        "authorship": "Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. devosianum",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. duchartrei",
        "authorship": "Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. eckhartii",
        "authorship": "Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. enkeanum",
        "authorship": "(K.Koch) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. haematostigma",
        "authorship": "Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. hendersonii",
        "authorship": "Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. houbyanym",
        "authorship": "Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. houlletii",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. ketteleri",
        "authorship": "Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. kochii",
        "authorship": "Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. kramerianum",
        "authorship": "Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. laucheanum",
        "authorship": "(K.Koch) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. leopoldii",
        "authorship": "Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. lindenii",
        "authorship": "Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. macrophyllum",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. marginatum",
        "authorship": "(K.Koch & C.D.Bouché) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. mirabile",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. neumannii",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. pellucidum",
        "authorship": "(DC.) Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. pellucidum",
        "authorship": "(DC.) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. perrieri",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. pictum",
        "authorship": "(DC.) Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. regale",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. roseo-maculatum",
        "authorship": "Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. rubellum",
        "authorship": "(K.Koch & Fintelm.) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. rubicundum",
        "authorship": "Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. rubrivenium",
        "authorship": "Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. sieboldii",
        "authorship": "Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. splendens",
        "authorship": "(K.Koch & Fintelm.) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. stangeanum",
        "authorship": "(K.Koch) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. surinamense",
        "authorship": "(Miq.) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. transparens",
        "authorship": "Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. vellozianum",
        "authorship": "(Schott) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. vellozoanum",
        "authorship": "(Schott) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. vermitoxicum",
        "authorship": "(Vell.) Stellfeld"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. verschaffeltii",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium bicolor var. wightii",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium brongniartii",
        "authorship": "Lem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium camoensii",
        "authorship": "Van Geert"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium cannaertii",
        "authorship": "Verschaff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium chantinii",
        "authorship": "Lem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium chelsonii",
        "authorship": "Van Geert"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium concolor",
        "authorship": "K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium connaertii",
        "authorship": "Jacob-Makoy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium curwadlii",
        "authorship": "Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium devosianum",
        "authorship": "Lem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium discolor",
        "authorship": "Bosse"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium duchartrei",
        "authorship": "Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium dussii",
        "authorship": "Sieber & Voss"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium eckhartii",
        "authorship": "Lem. ex Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium enkeanum",
        "authorship": "K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium firmulum",
        "authorship": "Schott"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium formosum",
        "authorship": "Verschaff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium gaerdtii",
        "authorship": "K.Koch & Fintelm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium griseo-argenteum",
        "authorship": "Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium haageanum",
        "authorship": "K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium haematostigma",
        "authorship": "Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium haematostigma",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) Stange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium hardii",
        "authorship": "W.Bull ex J.Dix"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium hendersonii",
        "authorship": "Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium hortulanum",
        "authorship": "Birdsey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium hortulanum",
        "authorship": "Bridsey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium houbyanum",
        "authorship": "Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium houlletii",
        "authorship": "Lem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium jacquinii",
        "authorship": "Ten."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium ketteleri",
        "authorship": "Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium kochii",
        "authorship": "K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium kramerianum",
        "authorship": "K.Koch ex Stange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium laucheanum",
        "authorship": "K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium leopoldii",
        "authorship": "Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium lilliputianum",
        "authorship": "André"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium lilliputiense",
        "authorship": "Rodigas"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium lindenii",
        "authorship": "Stange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium macrophyllum",
        "authorship": "Lem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium marginatum",
        "authorship": "K.Koch & C.D.Bouché"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium marmoratum",
        "authorship": "L.Mathieu ex Bosse"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium martersteigianum",
        "authorship": "K.Koch ex Stange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium medioradiatum",
        "authorship": "L.Linden & Rodigas"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium mirabile",
        "authorship": "Lem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium mooreanum",
        "authorship": "Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium neumannii",
        "authorship": "Lem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium ottonis",
        "authorship": "Stange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium pallidinervium",
        "authorship": "Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium pallidum",
        "authorship": "K.Koch & C.D.Bouché"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium pellucidum",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium perrieri",
        "authorship": "Lem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium pictum",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium punctatissimum",
        "authorship": "Stange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium punctatum",
        "authorship": "F.Dietr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium purdieanum",
        "authorship": "Schott"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium pusillum",
        "authorship": "K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium regale",
        "authorship": "Lem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium reichenbachianum",
        "authorship": "Stange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium roseum",
        "authorship": "Stange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium rougieri",
        "authorship": "Verschaff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium rubellum",
        "authorship": "K.Koch & Fintelm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium rubricaule",
        "authorship": "Lem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium rubrovenium",
        "authorship": "hort. ex Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium rubrovenium",
        "authorship": "Verschaff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium sagittifolium",
        "authorship": "Sieber ex Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium sanguinolentum",
        "authorship": "Van Geert"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium schaelleri",
        "authorship": "W.Bull ex J.Dix"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium sieboldii",
        "authorship": "Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium sororium",
        "authorship": "Schott"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium splendens",
        "authorship": "K.Koch & Fintelm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium splendidens",
        "authorship": "Veitch ex J.Dix"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium spruceanum",
        "authorship": "Schott"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium stangeanum",
        "authorship": "K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium strangeanum",
        "authorship": "K.Koch ex Stange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium surinamense",
        "authorship": "Miq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium thelemanni",
        "authorship": "Verschaff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium thripedestum",
        "authorship": "Lem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium vandenheckei",
        "authorship": "Verschaff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium vellozoanum",
        "authorship": "Schott"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium verschaffeltii",
        "authorship": "Lem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium wagneri",
        "authorship": "Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium wallisii",
        "authorship": "Stange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caladium wightii",
        "authorship": "Lem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyrtospadix bicolor",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) Britton & P.Wilson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Xanthosoma sylvestre",
        "authorship": "Bello"
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caladium_bicolor"
  },
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        },
        "attribution": "Vis M, CC BY-SA 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
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        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
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        "attribution": "Josiah Londerée, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
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        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Maria Janeiro",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/maria1890",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/c0b34860-8614-448a-9f60-201973dccb01",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-17",
        "lat": 8.448,
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        },
        "attribution": "Maria Janeiro, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 196625368,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Maria Janeiro",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/maria1890",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/34853813-c88e-48cb-9b86-ba7ab268b983",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-10",
        "lat": 8.448,
        "lon": -80.037,
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        },
        "attribution": "Maria Janeiro, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 194270948,
        "license": "CC-BY-SA",
        "license_name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": true,
        "creator": "Ong Jyh Seng",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/ongzi",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/7ef8158c-9ae5-478d-a288-792fd1a0afd1",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-03",
        "lat": 3.417,
        "lon": 101.843,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
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        "widths": [
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        },
        "attribution": "Ong Jyh Seng, CC BY-SA 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 194271081,
        "license": "CC-BY-SA",
        "license_name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": true,
        "creator": "Ong Jyh Seng",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/ongzi",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/54b5af23-114e-4ac1-b4e0-4fd3a3a9de59",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-03",
        "lat": 3.417,
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        "widths": [
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        },
        "attribution": "Ong Jyh Seng, CC BY-SA 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      }
    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "AGW",
      "BOL",
      "BZN",
      "BZE",
      "BZS",
      "BZL",
      "BZC",
      "CLM",
      "COS",
      "ECU",
      "FRG",
      "GUY",
      "HON",
      "NIC",
      "PAN",
      "PER",
      "SUR",
      "VEN"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "AGW",
        "name": "Argentina Northwest",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOL",
        "name": "Bolivia",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZN",
        "name": "Brazil North",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZE",
        "name": "Brazil Northeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZS",
        "name": "Brazil South",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZL",
        "name": "Brazil Southeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZC",
        "name": "Brazil West-Central",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "CLM",
        "name": "Colombia",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "COS",
        "name": "Costa Rica",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "ECU",
        "name": "Ecuador",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRG",
        "name": "French Guiana",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUY",
        "name": "Guyana",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "HON",
        "name": "Honduras",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "NIC",
        "name": "Nicaragua",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAN",
        "name": "Panamá",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PER",
        "name": "Peru",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUR",
        "name": "Suriname",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "VEN",
        "name": "Venezuela",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 24,
    "n_annotated": 207,
    "sufficient": false,
    "doi": null,
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "tuberous geophyte",
    "climate": "wet tropical"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 20.5,
      "median": 25.8,
      "p95": 27.4
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 30.1,
      "median": 72.8,
      "p95": 329.3
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 26.2,
      "median": 30,
      "p95": 34.5
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": 12.1,
      "median": 21.8,
      "p95": 24.2
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 1245.5,
      "median": 2536.7,
      "p95": 4302.8
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 18.4,
      "median": 57.3,
      "p95": 96
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 23.4,
      "median": 156.3,
      "p95": 669
    },
    "n": 2028,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": null,
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2028 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "insufficient_evidence",
      "reason": "Only 24 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/caladium-bicolor/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}