{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/betula-pubescens/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "betula-pubescens",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000335985",
    "inat_taxon_id": 119061
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Betula pubescens",
    "authorship": "Ehrh.",
    "genus": "Betula",
    "epithet": "pubescens",
    "family": "Betulaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Beitr. Naturk. Verw. Wiss. 6: 98 (1791)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:295185-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Brown Birch",
      "english": [
        "Brown Birch",
        "Downy Birch",
        "Mountain Birch",
        "White Birch",
        "downy birch"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Betula acuminata",
        "authorship": "Kindb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba f. pubescens",
        "authorship": "(Ehrh.) Bolzon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba lus. asplenifolia",
        "authorship": "Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba lus. carpatica",
        "authorship": "(Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba lus. ledebourii",
        "authorship": "Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba lus. macrophylla",
        "authorship": "Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba lus. parvifolia",
        "authorship": "Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba lus. pendula",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba lus. rhombifolia",
        "authorship": "(Tausch) Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba subsp. glutinosa",
        "authorship": "(Trautv. ex Regel) Holub"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba subsp. odorata",
        "authorship": "(Bechst.) Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba subsp. pubescens",
        "authorship": "(Ehrh.) Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba subsp. tortuosa",
        "authorship": "(Ledeb.) Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba var. carpatica",
        "authorship": "Fernald"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba var. carpatica",
        "authorship": "(Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba var. communis",
        "authorship": "Hartm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba var. fragilis",
        "authorship": "Lilj."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba var. friesii",
        "authorship": "Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba var. frutescens",
        "authorship": "Wallr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba var. glabrata",
        "authorship": "(Wahlenb.) Muñoz Garm. & Pedrol"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba var. glutinosa",
        "authorship": "Trautv. ex Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba var. hornemannii",
        "authorship": "(Regel) Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba var. hornemannii",
        "authorship": "Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba var. kusmisscheffii",
        "authorship": "Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba var. lupulina",
        "authorship": "Wallr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba var. ovata",
        "authorship": "Neilr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba var. parvifolia",
        "authorship": "(Regel) Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba var. pontica",
        "authorship": "P.Watson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba var. pubescens",
        "authorship": "(Ehrh.) Hartm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba var. pumila",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba var. pumila",
        "authorship": "Zanoni ex Murray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba var. rhombifolia",
        "authorship": "(Tausch) Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba var. rhombifolia",
        "authorship": "(Tausch) Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba var. torfacea",
        "authorship": "Custor"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba var. typica",
        "authorship": "Trautv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba var. urticifolia",
        "authorship": "Spach"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba var. urticifolia",
        "authorship": "Loudon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba var. vulgaris",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alba var. vulgaris",
        "authorship": "Aiton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula ambigua",
        "authorship": "Hampe ex Rchb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula andreji",
        "authorship": "V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula aspleniifolia",
        "authorship": "Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula aurata var. rhombifolia",
        "authorship": "(Tausch) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula aurea",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula baicalia",
        "authorship": "V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula borealis",
        "authorship": "Spach"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula borysthenica",
        "authorship": "Klokov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula broccembergensis",
        "authorship": "Bechst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula browicziana",
        "authorship": "Güner"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula callosa",
        "authorship": "Notø"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula callosa",
        "authorship": "Lindq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula canadensis",
        "authorship": "K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula carpatica",
        "authorship": "Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula carpatica f. duplicatoserrata",
        "authorship": "Kindb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula carpatica var. hercynica",
        "authorship": "Rchb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula caucasica",
        "authorship": "Litv. ex Leskov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula concinna",
        "authorship": "Gunnarsson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula coriacea",
        "authorship": "Gunnarsson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula coriifolia",
        "authorship": "Tausch ex Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula czerepanovii",
        "authorship": "N.I.Orlova"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula czerepanovii var. nasarovii",
        "authorship": "Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula dalecarlica",
        "authorship": "L.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula friesii",
        "authorship": "Larss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula friesii",
        "authorship": "Larss. ex Hartm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula friesii var. oxyodontia",
        "authorship": "Kindb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula friesii var. subalpina",
        "authorship": "Larss. ex Kindb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula glabra",
        "authorship": "Dumort."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula glauca",
        "authorship": "Wender."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula glauca",
        "authorship": "Wender."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula glutinosa",
        "authorship": "Wallr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula golitsinii",
        "authorship": "V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula hackelii",
        "authorship": "Opiz ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula jacutica",
        "authorship": "V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula krylovii",
        "authorship": "G.V.Krylov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula kusmischeffii",
        "authorship": "(Regel) Sukaczev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula laciniata",
        "authorship": "Blom"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula laciniata",
        "authorship": "Thunb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula lenta",
        "authorship": "Du Roi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula litwinowii",
        "authorship": "Doluch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula litwinowii var. recurvata",
        "authorship": "I.V.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula lucida",
        "authorship": "Courtois"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula macrostachya",
        "authorship": "Schrad. ex Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula major",
        "authorship": "Gilib."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula megaloptera",
        "authorship": "Kindb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula microdontia",
        "authorship": "Kindb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula murithii",
        "authorship": "Gaudin ex Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula nigricans",
        "authorship": "Wender."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula odorata",
        "authorship": "Bechst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula odorata f. incisa",
        "authorship": "Kindb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula odorata subsp. integrifolia",
        "authorship": "Larss. ex Kindb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula odorata var. alpigena",
        "authorship": "Blytt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula odorata var. tortuosa",
        "authorship": "(Ledeb.) Rosenv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula ovata",
        "authorship": "K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula platyodontia",
        "authorship": "Kindb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pontica",
        "authorship": "Loudon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula populifolia",
        "authorship": "Aiton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens f. amoena",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens f. auriculata",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens f. barbara",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens f. columnaris",
        "authorship": "T.Ulvinen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens f. cordata",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens f. curtipendula",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens f. depressa",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens f. dumetorum",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens f. falcata",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens f. helvola",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens f. hibernifolia",
        "authorship": "T.Ulvinen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens f. hirsuta",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens f. horrida",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens f. latisquama",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens f. ludens",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens f. mellifera",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens f. nemoralis",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens f. nemorosa",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens f. obtusata",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens f. parallela",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens f. pendula",
        "authorship": "Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens f. pendula-nana",
        "authorship": "Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens f. populifomis",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens f. reticulata",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens f. rubra",
        "authorship": "T.Ulvinen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens f. stenocarpa",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens f. suberecta",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens f. submontana",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens f. torminalis",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens f. turgida",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens f. urticifolia",
        "authorship": "(Loudon) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens prol. murithii",
        "authorship": "(Gaudin ex Regel) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens subsp. borealis",
        "authorship": "(Spach) Á.Löve & D.Löve"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens subsp. callosa",
        "authorship": "(Notø) Á.Löve & D.Löve"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens subsp. carpatica",
        "authorship": "(Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens subsp. concinna",
        "authorship": "(Gunnarsson) Á.Löve & D.Löve"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens subsp. czerepanovii",
        "authorship": "(N.I.Orlova) Hämet-Ahti"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens subsp. glutinosa",
        "authorship": "(Trautv. ex Regel) Berher"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens subsp. murithii",
        "authorship": "(Gaudin ex Regel) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens subsp. nigricans",
        "authorship": "Maire ex Just"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens subsp. odorata",
        "authorship": "(Bechst.) Warb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens subsp. odorata",
        "authorship": "(Bechst.) E.F.Warb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens subsp. ovalifolia",
        "authorship": "(Sukaczev) Printz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens subsp. rhombifolia",
        "authorship": "(Tausch) Printz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens subsp. subarctica",
        "authorship": "(Orlova) Á.Löve & D.Löve"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens subsp. suecica",
        "authorship": "Gunnarsson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens subsp. tortuosa",
        "authorship": "(Ledeb.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens var. appressa",
        "authorship": "Kallio & Y.Mäkinen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens var. carpatica",
        "authorship": "(Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) W.D.J.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens var. carpatica",
        "authorship": "(Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens var. cryptocarpa",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens var. czerepanovii",
        "authorship": "(N.I.Orlova) Hämet-Ahti"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens var. denudata",
        "authorship": "Gren. & Godr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens var. friesii",
        "authorship": "(Larss. ex Hartm.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens var. glabra",
        "authorship": "Fiek ex C.K.Schneid."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens var. glabrata",
        "authorship": "Wahlenb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens var. glutinosa",
        "authorship": "(Trautv. ex Regel) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens var. lucida",
        "authorship": "(Courtois) Wesm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens var. media",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens var. megalocarpa",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens var. murithii",
        "authorship": "(Gaudin ex Regel) Gremli"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens var. nigricans",
        "authorship": "(Wender.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens var. oblongifolia",
        "authorship": "Wimm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens var. oblongifolia",
        "authorship": "Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens var. odorata",
        "authorship": "(Bechst.) Juel, Cedergr. & Örtendahl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens var. ovalifolia",
        "authorship": "Sukaczev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens var. palmiformis",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens var. rhombifolia",
        "authorship": "(Tausch) Sukaczev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens var. rustica",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens var. sibakademica",
        "authorship": "Baran."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens var. sibakademica",
        "authorship": "(Baran.) Kuzen."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens var. silvatica",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens var. silvestris",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens var. subaequalis",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens var. subalpina",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens var. tiliifolia",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens var. tortuosa",
        "authorship": "(Ledeb.) Koehne"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens var. typica",
        "authorship": "H.J.P.Winkl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pubescens var. vestita",
        "authorship": "Gren. & Godr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula pumila var. borealis",
        "authorship": "(Spach) Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula recurvata",
        "authorship": "(I.V.Vassil.) V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula rhombifolia",
        "authorship": "Tausch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula rotundata",
        "authorship": "Beck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula sajanensis",
        "authorship": "V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula sibakademica",
        "authorship": "Baran."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula sokolowii",
        "authorship": "Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula stenocarpa",
        "authorship": "Kindb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula subarctica",
        "authorship": "Orlova"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula subarctica var. pojarkovae",
        "authorship": "Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula subodorata",
        "authorship": "Kindb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula tomentosa",
        "authorship": "Reitter & Abeleven"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula torfacea",
        "authorship": "(Custor) Schleich."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula tortuosa",
        "authorship": "Ledeb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula tortuosa var. genuina",
        "authorship": "Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula tortuosa var. kusmisscheffii",
        "authorship": "(Regel) Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula tortuosa var. pubescens",
        "authorship": "Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula transcaucasica",
        "authorship": "V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula tricholepidea",
        "authorship": "Kindb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula tricholepidea subsp. stenoptera",
        "authorship": "Kindb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula urticifolia",
        "authorship": "(Loudon) Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula virgata",
        "authorship": "Salisb."
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula_pubescens"
  },
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    "shown": 8,
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    "licences": [
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  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
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      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
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    "codes": [
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    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ALT",
        "name": "Altay",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "BRY",
        "name": "Buryatiya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRN",
        "name": "Iran",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRK",
        "name": "Irkutsk",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KHA",
        "name": "Khabarovsk",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRA",
        "name": "Krasnoyarsk",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCS",
        "name": "North Caucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TCS",
        "name": "Transcaucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUR",
        "name": "Türkiye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "WSB",
        "name": "West Siberia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "YAK",
        "name": "Yakutiya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "AUT",
        "name": "Austria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLT",
        "name": "Baltic States",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLR",
        "name": "Belarus",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BGM",
        "name": "Belgium",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUC",
        "name": "Central European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "CZE",
        "name": "Czechia-Slovakia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "DEN",
        "name": "Denmark",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUE",
        "name": "East European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FIN",
        "name": "Finland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GER",
        "name": "Germany",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRB",
        "name": "Great Britain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "HUN",
        "name": "Hungary",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ICE",
        "name": "Iceland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRE",
        "name": "Ireland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NET",
        "name": "Netherlands",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUN",
        "name": "North European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUW",
        "name": "Northwest European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NOR",
        "name": "Norway",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POL",
        "name": "Poland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POR",
        "name": "Portugal",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROM",
        "name": "Romania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUS",
        "name": "South European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWE",
        "name": "Sweden",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWI",
        "name": "Switzerland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "UKR",
        "name": "Ukraine",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GNL",
        "name": "Greenland",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Subarctic America"
      },
      {
        "code": "NFL",
        "name": "Newfoundland",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 13,
    "n_annotated": 298,
    "sufficient": false,
    "doi": null,
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "tree",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": -2.6,
      "median": 4.6,
      "p95": 9.9
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 410.7,
      "median": 942.8,
      "p95": 1291.5
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 13.6,
      "median": 21.8,
      "p95": 24
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -23.4,
      "median": -10.9,
      "p95": 1.5
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 486.5,
      "median": 694.5,
      "p95": 1702.4
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 17.3,
      "median": 29.8,
      "p95": 48.2
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 59.6,
      "median": 109.9,
      "p95": 293.4
    },
    "n": 1923,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": null,
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1923 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": true
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "insufficient_evidence",
      "reason": "Only 13 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/betula-pubescens/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}