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  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/betonica-officinalis/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "betonica-officinalis",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000329771",
    "inat_taxon_id": 906118
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Betonica officinalis",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Betonica",
    "epithet": "officinalis",
    "family": "Lamiaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Sp. Pl. : 573 (1753)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:445133-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Betony",
      "english": [
        "Betony",
        "common hedgenettle"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Betonica affinis",
        "authorship": "Wender."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica algeriensis",
        "authorship": "de Noé"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica alpigena",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica angustifolia",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica bjelorussica",
        "authorship": "Kossko ex Klokov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica brachydonta",
        "authorship": "Klokov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica brachystachya",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica cernagorae",
        "authorship": "Beck & Szyszył."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica cernagorae",
        "authorship": "(Beck & Szyszył.) Wettst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica clementei",
        "authorship": "Pérez Lara"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica danica",
        "authorship": "Mill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica densiflora",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica drymophila",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica foliosa",
        "authorship": "C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica fusca",
        "authorship": "Klokov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica glabrata",
        "authorship": "K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica glabriflora",
        "authorship": "Borbás"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica grandifolia",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica haussknechtii",
        "authorship": "(Nyman) Uechtr. ex Hausskn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica hirta",
        "authorship": "Leyss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica hylebium",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica incana",
        "authorship": "Mill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica laxata",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica legitima",
        "authorship": "Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica leiocalyx",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica monnieri",
        "authorship": "Gouan"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica montana",
        "authorship": "Lej."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica monticola",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica nemorosa",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica nutans",
        "authorship": "Kit. ex Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica occitana",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica officinalis f. laxata",
        "authorship": "(Jord. & Fourr.) Pérard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica officinalis f. rusticana",
        "authorship": "(Jord. & Fourr.) Pérard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica officinalis subsp. alpigena",
        "authorship": "(Schur) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica officinalis subsp. peredae",
        "authorship": "(M.Laínz) Carlón, M.Laínz, Moreno Mor., Rodr.Berd. & Ó.Sánchez"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica officinalis subsp. stricta",
        "authorship": "Arcang."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica officinalis subvar. laxata",
        "authorship": "(Jord. & Fourr.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica officinalis var. angustifolia",
        "authorship": "K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica officinalis var. bifida",
        "authorship": "Klett & Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica officinalis var. glabrata",
        "authorship": "W.D.J.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica officinalis var. hirta",
        "authorship": "(W.D.J.Koch) K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica officinalis var. incana",
        "authorship": "Lej. & Courtois"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica officinalis var. incarnata",
        "authorship": "K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica officinalis var. major",
        "authorship": "Lej. & Courtois"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica officinalis var. montana",
        "authorship": "Gaudin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica officinalis var. polyclada",
        "authorship": "(Jord. & Fourr.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica officinalis var. stricta",
        "authorship": "W.D.J.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica officinalis var. subulata",
        "authorship": "Porta"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica officinalis var. velebitica",
        "authorship": "(A.Kern.) Bjelcic"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica parvula",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica peraucta",
        "authorship": "Klokov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica polyclada",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica pratensis",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica psilostachys",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica purpurea",
        "authorship": "Bubani"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica purpurea",
        "authorship": "Gilib."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica pyrenaica",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica recurva",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica recurvidens",
        "authorship": "Peterm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica rigida",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica rusticana",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica serotina",
        "authorship": "Host"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica stricta",
        "authorship": "Aiton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica stricticaulis",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica subcarnea",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica sylvulicola",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica valdepubens",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica validula",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica velebetica",
        "authorship": "A.Kern."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica virescens",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica virgultorum",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betonica vulgaris",
        "authorship": "Rota"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stachys algeriensis",
        "authorship": "(de Noé) Rothm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stachys balcanica",
        "authorship": "P.W.Ball"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stachys betonica",
        "authorship": "Benth."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stachys danica",
        "authorship": "(Mill.) Schinz & Thell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stachys densiflora",
        "authorship": "Benth."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stachys glabriflora",
        "authorship": "(Borbás) Rossi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stachys haussknechtii",
        "authorship": "(Nyman) Hayek"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stachys monieri",
        "authorship": "(Gouan) P.W.Ball"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stachys officinalis",
        "authorship": "(L.) Trevis."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stachys officinalis f. stricta",
        "authorship": "(Sol.) Boza & Vasic"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stachys officinalis lus. peloria",
        "authorship": "Druce"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stachys officinalis subsp. algeriensis",
        "authorship": "(de Noé) Franco"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stachys officinalis subsp. balcanica",
        "authorship": "(P.W.Ball) R.Bhattacharjee"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stachys officinalis subsp. haussknechtii",
        "authorship": "(Nyman) Greuter & Burdet"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stachys officinalis subsp. peredae",
        "authorship": "M.Laínz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stachys officinalis subsp. serotina",
        "authorship": "(Host) Hayek"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stachys officinalis subsp. skipetarum",
        "authorship": "Jáv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stachys officinalis subsp. velebitica",
        "authorship": "(A.Kern.) Hayek"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stachys officinalis var. algeriensis",
        "authorship": "(de Noé) Cout."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stachys officinalis var. hirta",
        "authorship": "W.D.J.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stachys officinalis var. incana",
        "authorship": "Lej. & Courtois"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stachys officinalis var. montana",
        "authorship": "(Lej.) Dumort."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stachys officinalis var. stricta",
        "authorship": "Lej."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stachys officinalis var. tangerina",
        "authorship": "Pau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stachys serotina",
        "authorship": "(Host) Fritsch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stachys stricta",
        "authorship": "(Sol.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stachys velebitica",
        "authorship": "(A.Kern.) Fritsch"
      }
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    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betonica_officinalis"
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        "code": "ALG",
        "name": "Algeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOR",
        "name": "Morocco",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUN",
        "name": "Tunisia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALT",
        "name": "Altay",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCS",
        "name": "North Caucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TCS",
        "name": "Transcaucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUR",
        "name": "Türkiye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "WSB",
        "name": "West Siberia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALB",
        "name": "Albania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "AUT",
        "name": "Austria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLT",
        "name": "Baltic States",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLR",
        "name": "Belarus",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BGM",
        "name": "Belgium",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUL",
        "name": "Bulgaria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUC",
        "name": "Central European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "CZE",
        "name": "Czechia-Slovakia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "DEN",
        "name": "Denmark",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUE",
        "name": "East European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GER",
        "name": "Germany",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRB",
        "name": "Great Britain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRC",
        "name": "Greece",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "HUN",
        "name": "Hungary",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRE",
        "name": "Ireland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRY",
        "name": "Krym",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NET",
        "name": "Netherlands",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUW",
        "name": "Northwest European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POL",
        "name": "Poland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POR",
        "name": "Portugal",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROM",
        "name": "Romania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUS",
        "name": "South European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWE",
        "name": "Sweden",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWI",
        "name": "Switzerland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUE",
        "name": "Türkiye-in-Europe",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "UKR",
        "name": "Ukraine",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 1071,
    "n_annotated": 1270,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      2,
      1,
      1,
      3,
      14,
      222,
      571,
      172,
      38,
      30,
      13,
      4
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      8,
      4,
      7,
      36,
      55,
      274,
      579,
      187,
      48,
      43,
      18,
      11
    ],
    "share": [
      0.25,
      null,
      0.1429,
      0.0833,
      0.2545,
      0.8102,
      0.9862,
      0.9198,
      0.7917,
      0.6977,
      0.7222,
      0.3636
    ],
    "ci": [
      [
        0.0715,
        0.5907
      ],
      null,
      [
        0.0257,
        0.5131
      ],
      [
        0.0287,
        0.2183
      ],
      [
        0.1581,
        0.383
      ],
      [
        0.7596,
        0.8522
      ],
      [
        0.973,
        0.993
      ],
      [
        0.8719,
        0.9508
      ],
      [
        0.6574,
        0.8827
      ],
      [
        0.5489,
        0.814
      ],
      [
        0.4913,
        0.875
      ],
      [
        0.1517,
        0.6462
      ]
    ],
    "peak_month": 7,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 58,
      "by_month": [
        3,
        0,
        1,
        2,
        0,
        1,
        4,
        21,
        9,
        12,
        2,
        3
      ],
      "share": [
        0.375,
        null,
        0.1429,
        0.0556,
        0,
        0.0036,
        0.0069,
        0.1123,
        0.1875,
        0.2791,
        0.1111,
        0.2727
      ],
      "ci": [
        [
          0.1368,
          0.6943
        ],
        null,
        [
          0.0257,
          0.5131
        ],
        [
          0.0154,
          0.1814
        ],
        [
          0,
          0.0653
        ],
        [
          0.0006,
          0.0204
        ],
        [
          0.0027,
          0.0176
        ],
        [
          0.0746,
          0.1656
        ],
        [
          0.1019,
          0.3194
        ],
        [
          0.1675,
          0.4269
        ],
        [
          0.031,
          0.328
        ],
        [
          0.0975,
          0.5657
        ]
      ],
      "peak_month": 1
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "perennial",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 2.7,
      "median": 7.9,
      "p95": 11.8
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 382.4,
      "median": 755.3,
      "p95": 1131.7
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 17.9,
      "median": 22.7,
      "p95": 25.8
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -16.4,
      "median": -6.1,
      "p95": 3.8
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 543.7,
      "median": 730.2,
      "p95": 1578.9
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 12.2,
      "median": 29.1,
      "p95": 45.5
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 78.6,
      "median": 120.8,
      "p95": 286.7
    },
    "n": 2016,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2016 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/betonica-officinalis/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}