{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/avenella-flexuosa/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "avenella-flexuosa",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000852552",
    "inat_taxon_id": 288069
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Avenella flexuosa",
    "authorship": "(L.) Drejer",
    "genus": "Avenella",
    "epithet": "flexuosa",
    "family": "Poaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Fl. Excurs. Hafn. : 32 (1838)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:391947-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "wavy hair-grass",
      "english": [
        "wavy hair-grass",
        "wavy hairgrass"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Aira alba",
        "authorship": "Vahl ex Roem. & Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira alpina",
        "authorship": "Sobol. ex Rupr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira arenaria",
        "authorship": "F.W.Schmidt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira argentea",
        "authorship": "Bellynck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira argentea var. pallida",
        "authorship": "Lecoq & Lamotte"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira caryophyllaea",
        "authorship": "Leers"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira collina",
        "authorship": "(Dumort.) Foerster"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira corsica",
        "authorship": "Tausch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira cuprina",
        "authorship": "(Schur) Fuss"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira euflexuosa",
        "authorship": "Syme"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira flammosa",
        "authorship": "Buc'hoz ex Honck."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira flexilis",
        "authorship": "L. ex Giseke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira flexuosa",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira flexuosa f. capillaris",
        "authorship": "G.Mey."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira flexuosa f. pallida",
        "authorship": "Berlin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira flexuosa f. violacea",
        "authorship": "Peterm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira flexuosa subsp. collina",
        "authorship": "Dumort."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira flexuosa var. albida",
        "authorship": "Desp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira flexuosa var. americana",
        "authorship": "Roem. & Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira flexuosa var. aprica",
        "authorship": "Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira flexuosa var. argentea",
        "authorship": "Fousny & Callard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira flexuosa var. aurea",
        "authorship": "Soest"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira flexuosa var. barstii",
        "authorship": "Prahl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira flexuosa var. buchenaui",
        "authorship": "Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira flexuosa var. capillaris",
        "authorship": "G.Mey."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira flexuosa var. cuprina",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira flexuosa var. diffusa",
        "authorship": "(Neilr.) Briq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira flexuosa var. glomerata",
        "authorship": "Lange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira flexuosa var. gracilescens",
        "authorship": "Uechtr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira flexuosa var. grandiflora",
        "authorship": "St.-Lag."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira flexuosa var. impuber",
        "authorship": "Wibel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira flexuosa var. montana",
        "authorship": "Brongn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira flexuosa var. parviflora",
        "authorship": "Tinant"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira flexuosa var. patens",
        "authorship": "Mutel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira flexuosa var. purpurea",
        "authorship": "Soest"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira flexuosa var. violacea",
        "authorship": "Peterm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira flexuosa var. vivipara",
        "authorship": "Peterm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira kawakamii",
        "authorship": "Hayata"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira legei",
        "authorship": "Boreau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira ligulata",
        "authorship": "(Stapf) Henrard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira montana",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira nitida",
        "authorship": "(J.Presl) Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira splendida",
        "authorship": "Willd. ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira stricta",
        "authorship": "(Hack.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira versicolor",
        "authorship": "Roem. & Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aira vestita",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Arundo flexuosa",
        "authorship": "(L.) Clairv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena flexuosa",
        "authorship": "(L.) Schrank"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena flexuosa f. vivipara",
        "authorship": "Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena flexuosa var. aprica",
        "authorship": "Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena flexuosa var. corsica",
        "authorship": "(Tausch) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena flexuosa var. diffusa",
        "authorship": "Neilr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena flexuosa var. discolor",
        "authorship": "Klett & Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena flexuosa var. legei",
        "authorship": "(Boreau) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena flexuosa var. montana",
        "authorship": "(L.) Peterm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena flexuosa var. umbrosa",
        "authorship": "Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena kawakamii",
        "authorship": "Hayata"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena montana",
        "authorship": "(L.) Weber"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena montana var. adultior",
        "authorship": "Weber"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena setacea",
        "authorship": "Baumg. ex Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenella corsica",
        "authorship": "(Tausch) Landolt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenella cuprina",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenella flexuosa subsp. montana",
        "authorship": "(L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenella flexuosa var. cuprina",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenella flexuosa var. elatior",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenella flexuosa var. flavescens",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenella flexuosa var. tenerrima",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenella iberica",
        "authorship": "(Rivas Mart.) Rivas Mart."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenella montana",
        "authorship": "(L.) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenella rubra",
        "authorship": "Jord. ex Timb.-Lagr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenella stricta",
        "authorship": "(Hack.) P.Silva"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenella stricta subsp. mairei",
        "authorship": "(Sennen) Rivas Mart."
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia alba",
        "authorship": "Roem. & Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia argentea var. grandiflora",
        "authorship": "St.-Lag."
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia argentea var. legei",
        "authorship": "(Boreau) Revol"
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia flexuosa",
        "authorship": "(L.) Trin."
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia flexuosa f. alpina",
        "authorship": "(Schur) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia flexuosa f. argentea",
        "authorship": "(Fousny & Callard) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia flexuosa f. legei",
        "authorship": "(Boreau) Junge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia flexuosa f. montana",
        "authorship": "(L.) Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia flexuosa f. pallida",
        "authorship": "Honda"
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia flexuosa f. parviflora",
        "authorship": "(Tinant) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia flexuosa f. violacea",
        "authorship": "(Peterm.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia flexuosa f. viridiflora",
        "authorship": "(Schur) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia flexuosa f. viridistriata",
        "authorship": "Beetle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia flexuosa f. vivipara",
        "authorship": "Hyl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia flexuosa subsp. corsica",
        "authorship": "(Tausch) K.Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia flexuosa subsp. iberica",
        "authorship": "Rivas Mart."
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia flexuosa subsp. legei",
        "authorship": "(Boreau) K.Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia flexuosa subsp. montana",
        "authorship": "(L.) K.Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia flexuosa var. afromontana",
        "authorship": "C.E.Hubb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia flexuosa var. aurea",
        "authorship": "(Soest) Jansen & Wacht."
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia flexuosa var. brachyphylla",
        "authorship": "Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia flexuosa var. buchenaui",
        "authorship": "(Asch. & Graebn.) Jansen & Wacht."
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia flexuosa var. contracta",
        "authorship": "Lojac."
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia flexuosa var. grandiflora",
        "authorship": "St.-Lag."
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia flexuosa var. ligulata",
        "authorship": "Stapf"
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia flexuosa var. longiseta",
        "authorship": "(Pau & Font Quer) Maire"
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia flexuosa var. mairei",
        "authorship": "(Sennen) Maire"
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia flexuosa var. montana",
        "authorship": "(L.) Griseb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia flexuosa var. nemorosa",
        "authorship": "G.Westb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia flexuosa var. stricta",
        "authorship": "Willk. & Lange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia flexuosa var. voirlichensis",
        "authorship": "Melvill"
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia foliosa var. maderensis",
        "authorship": "Hack. & Bornm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia fuegina",
        "authorship": "Phil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia kawakamii",
        "authorship": "(Hayata) Honda"
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia ligulata",
        "authorship": "(Stapf) Henrard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia macloviana",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia maderensis",
        "authorship": "(Hack. & Bornm.) Buschm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia mairei",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia martini",
        "authorship": "Phil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia montana",
        "authorship": "(L.) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia nitida",
        "authorship": "J.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia philippii",
        "authorship": "Macloskie"
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia ruwensorensis",
        "authorship": "Chiov."
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia stricta",
        "authorship": "Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia stricta var. longiseta",
        "authorship": "Pau & Font Quer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia tenella",
        "authorship": "Phil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Deschampsia vestita",
        "authorship": "(Steud.) Hauman & Parodi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Eriachne montana",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hierochloe borealis subsp. setifolia",
        "authorship": "(Hartm.) Andersson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hierochloe setifolia",
        "authorship": "Hartm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lerchenfeldia cuprina",
        "authorship": "(Schur) Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lerchenfeldia flexuosa",
        "authorship": "(L.) Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lerchenfeldia flexuosa subsp. montana",
        "authorship": "(L.) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lerchenfeldia flexuosa var. alpina",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lerchenfeldia flexuosa var. pallida",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lerchenfeldia flexuosa var. straminea",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lerchenfeldia flexuosa var. viridiflora",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lerchenfeldia montana",
        "authorship": "(L.) A.P.Khokhr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lerchenfeldia vestita",
        "authorship": "(Steud.) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum rubigerum",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Podionapus flexuosus",
        "authorship": "(L.) Dulac"
      },
      {
        "name": "Salmasia flexuosa",
        "authorship": "(L.) Bubani"
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenella_flexuosa"
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        "attribution": "Vladimír Fuka, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
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        "license": "CC0",
        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
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        "creator": "Marc-Aurèle Vallée",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/marc_aurele",
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        "observed_on": "2021-08-28",
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        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
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  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
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    "codes": [
      "ALG",
      "BUR",
      "CON",
      "ZAI",
      "ETH",
      "KEN",
      "MDR",
      "MOR",
      "RWA",
      "TAN",
      "UGA",
      "FAL",
      "IRN",
      "JAP",
      "KAM",
      "KHA",
      "KRA",
      "KUR",
      "MAG",
      "NCS",
      "SAK",
      "TAI",
      "TCS",
      "TUR",
      "WSB",
      "BOR",
      "NEP",
      "PHI",
      "WHM",
      "ALB",
      "AUT",
      "BLT",
      "BLR",
      "BGM",
      "BUL",
      "RUC",
      "COR",
      "CZE",
      "DEN",
      "RUE",
      "FIN",
      "FRA",
      "FOR",
      "GER",
      "GRB",
      "GRC",
      "HUN",
      "ICE",
      "IRE",
      "ITA",
      "YUG",
      "RUN",
      "RUW",
      "NOR",
      "POL",
      "POR",
      "ROM",
      "SAR",
      "SIC",
      "RUS",
      "SPA",
      "SWE",
      "SWI",
      "TUE",
      "UKR",
      "ALA",
      "ARK",
      "CNT",
      "DEL",
      "WDC",
      "FLA",
      "GEO",
      "GNL",
      "ILL",
      "INI",
      "KTY",
      "LAB",
      "LOU",
      "MAI",
      "MRY",
      "MAS",
      "MIC",
      "MIN",
      "MSI",
      "MSO",
      "NBR",
      "NWH",
      "NWJ",
      "NWY",
      "NFL",
      "NCA",
      "NDA",
      "NSC",
      "OHI",
      "OKL",
      "ONT",
      "PEN",
      "PEI",
      "QUE",
      "SCA",
      "TEN",
      "TEX",
      "VER",
      "VRG",
      "WVA",
      "WIS",
      "AGE",
      "AGW",
      "AGS",
      "CLC",
      "CLN",
      "CLS",
      "URU"
    ],
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        "code": "ALG",
        "name": "Algeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUR",
        "name": "Burundi",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CON",
        "name": "Congo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAI",
        "name": "DR Congo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ETH",
        "name": "Ethiopia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "KEN",
        "name": "Kenya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MDR",
        "name": "Madeira",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOR",
        "name": "Morocco",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "RWA",
        "name": "Rwanda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAN",
        "name": "Tanzania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "UGA",
        "name": "Uganda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "FAL",
        "name": "Falkland Is.",
        "continent": "ANTARCTICA",
        "region": "Subantarctic Islands"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRN",
        "name": "Iran",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAP",
        "name": "Japan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KAM",
        "name": "Kamchatka",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "KHA",
        "name": "Khabarovsk",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRA",
        "name": "Krasnoyarsk",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KUR",
        "name": "Kuril Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "MAG",
        "name": "Magadan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCS",
        "name": "North Caucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAK",
        "name": "Sakhalin",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAI",
        "name": "Taiwan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TCS",
        "name": "Transcaucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUR",
        "name": "Türkiye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "WSB",
        "name": "West Siberia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOR",
        "name": "Borneo",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NEP",
        "name": "Nepal",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "PHI",
        "name": "Philippines",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "WHM",
        "name": "West Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALB",
        "name": "Albania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "AUT",
        "name": "Austria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLT",
        "name": "Baltic States",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLR",
        "name": "Belarus",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BGM",
        "name": "Belgium",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUL",
        "name": "Bulgaria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUC",
        "name": "Central European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "COR",
        "name": "Corse",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "CZE",
        "name": "Czechia-Slovakia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "DEN",
        "name": "Denmark",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUE",
        "name": "East European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FIN",
        "name": "Finland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FOR",
        "name": "Føroyar",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GER",
        "name": "Germany",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRB",
        "name": "Great Britain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRC",
        "name": "Greece",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "HUN",
        "name": "Hungary",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ICE",
        "name": "Iceland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRE",
        "name": "Ireland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUN",
        "name": "North European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUW",
        "name": "Northwest European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NOR",
        "name": "Norway",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POL",
        "name": "Poland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POR",
        "name": "Portugal",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROM",
        "name": "Romania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAR",
        "name": "Sardegna",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIC",
        "name": "Sicilia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUS",
        "name": "South European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWE",
        "name": "Sweden",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWI",
        "name": "Switzerland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUE",
        "name": "Türkiye-in-Europe",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "UKR",
        "name": "Ukraine",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALA",
        "name": "Alabama",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "ARK",
        "name": "Arkansas",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "CNT",
        "name": "Connecticut",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "DEL",
        "name": "Delaware",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WDC",
        "name": "District of Columbia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "FLA",
        "name": "Florida",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "GEO",
        "name": "Georgia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "GNL",
        "name": "Greenland",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Subarctic America"
      },
      {
        "code": "ILL",
        "name": "Illinois",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "INI",
        "name": "Indiana",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "KTY",
        "name": "Kentucky",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "LAB",
        "name": "Labrador",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "LOU",
        "name": "Louisiana",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MAI",
        "name": "Maine",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MRY",
        "name": "Maryland",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MAS",
        "name": "Massachusetts",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MIC",
        "name": "Michigan",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MIN",
        "name": "Minnesota",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MSI",
        "name": "Mississippi",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MSO",
        "name": "Missouri",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NBR",
        "name": "New Brunswick",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "NWH",
        "name": "New Hampshire",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NWJ",
        "name": "New Jersey",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NWY",
        "name": "New York",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NFL",
        "name": "Newfoundland",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCA",
        "name": "North Carolina",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NDA",
        "name": "North Dakota",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NSC",
        "name": "Nova Scotia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "OHI",
        "name": "Ohio",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "OKL",
        "name": "Oklahoma",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "ONT",
        "name": "Ontario",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "PEN",
        "name": "Pennsylvania",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "PEI",
        "name": "Prince Edward I.",
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        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "QUE",
        "name": "Québec",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "SCA",
        "name": "South Carolina",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "TEN",
        "name": "Tennessee",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "TEX",
        "name": "Texas",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "South-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "VER",
        "name": "Vermont",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "VRG",
        "name": "Virginia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WVA",
        "name": "West Virginia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WIS",
        "name": "Wisconsin",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "AGE",
        "name": "Argentina Northeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "AGW",
        "name": "Argentina Northwest",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "AGS",
        "name": "Argentina South",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CLC",
        "name": "Chile Central",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CLN",
        "name": "Chile North",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CLS",
        "name": "Chile South",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "URU",
        "name": "Uruguay",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      }
    ]
  },
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    "n": 39,
    "n_annotated": 75,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
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      0,
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      2,
      4,
      13,
      15,
      4,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      1
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    "annotated_by_month": [
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      1,
      2,
      6,
      24,
      23,
      9,
      4,
      2,
      2,
      1
    ],
    "share": [
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      null,
      null,
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      0.4444,
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null
    ],
    "ci": [
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null,
      [
        0.3,
        0.9032
      ],
      [
        0.3507,
        0.7211
      ],
      [
        0.4489,
        0.8119
      ],
      [
        0.1888,
        0.7334
      ],
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null
    ],
    "peak_month": 5,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 32,
      "by_month": [
        1,
        0,
        1,
        0,
        0,
        7,
        10,
        6,
        4,
        1,
        2,
        0
      ],
      "share": [
        null,
        null,
        null,
        null,
        0,
        0.2917,
        0.4348,
        0.6667,
        null,
        null,
        null,
        null
      ],
      "ci": [
        null,
        null,
        null,
        null,
        [
          0,
          0.3903
        ],
        [
          0.1491,
          0.4917
        ],
        [
          0.2563,
          0.6319
        ],
        [
          0.3542,
          0.8794
        ],
        null,
        null,
        null,
        null
      ],
      "peak_month": 8
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "perennial",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": -0.2,
      "median": 6.7,
      "p95": 11
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 420.6,
      "median": 717.4,
      "p95": 1023.5
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 13.9,
      "median": 21.1,
      "p95": 27.1
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -16.1,
      "median": -6.3,
      "p95": 0.8
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 584.5,
      "median": 880.5,
      "p95": 1992.9
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 11.5,
      "median": 26.2,
      "p95": 41.9
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 94.3,
      "median": 160.1,
      "p95": 334.4
    },
    "n": 2019,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2019 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/avenella-flexuosa/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}