{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/avena-sativa/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "avena-sativa",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000852231",
    "inat_taxon_id": 57156
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Avena sativa",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Avena",
    "epithet": "sativa",
    "family": "Poaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Sp. Pl. : 79 (1753)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:391732-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Common Oat",
      "english": [
        "Common Oat",
        "Oat",
        "common oat"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Avena agraria var. mutica",
        "authorship": "Brot."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena algeriensis",
        "authorship": "Trab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena anglica",
        "authorship": "Roem. & Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena byzantina subsp. pseudosativa",
        "authorship": "(Thell.) E.Morren"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena byzantina var. thellungiana",
        "authorship": "(Malzev) Tab.Morais"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena cinerea",
        "authorship": "Roem. & Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena dispermis",
        "authorship": "Mill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena distans",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena fatua f. brachytricha",
        "authorship": "Thell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena fatua f. glaberrima",
        "authorship": "Thell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena fatua f. macrathera",
        "authorship": "Thell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena fatua f. setulosa",
        "authorship": "Thell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena fatua f. subpilosa",
        "authorship": "Thell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena fatua subsp. macrantha",
        "authorship": "(Hack.) Malzev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena fatua subsp. nodipilosa",
        "authorship": "Malzev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena fatua subsp. praegravis",
        "authorship": "(E.Krause) Malzev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena fatua subsp. sativa",
        "authorship": "(L.) Thell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena fatua var. brachytricha",
        "authorship": "(Thell.) Malzev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena fatua var. contracta",
        "authorship": "Neilr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena fatua var. contracta",
        "authorship": "(Neilr.) Thell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena fatua var. glaberrima",
        "authorship": "(Thell.) Malzev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena fatua var. leiantha",
        "authorship": "Malzev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena fatua var. macrotricha",
        "authorship": "Malzev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena fatua var. microtricha",
        "authorship": "Malzev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena fatua var. pilifera",
        "authorship": "Malzev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena fatua var. pilosa",
        "authorship": "(Koeler) Malzev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena fatua var. sativa",
        "authorship": "(L.) Hausskn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena fatua var. subuniflora",
        "authorship": "(Trab.) Thell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena fatua var. subuniflora",
        "authorship": "Trab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena fatua var. transiens",
        "authorship": "Hausskn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena flava",
        "authorship": "Roem. & Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena fusca",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena fuscoflora",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena georgiana",
        "authorship": "Roem. & Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena georgica",
        "authorship": "Zuccagni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena georgica",
        "authorship": "Zuccagni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena glabrata",
        "authorship": "Brot. ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena glabrata",
        "authorship": "Hausm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena grandis",
        "authorship": "Nevski"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena heteromalla",
        "authorship": "Moench"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena heteromalla",
        "authorship": "Haller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena hungarica",
        "authorship": "Lucá"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena macrantha",
        "authorship": "(Hack.) Malzev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena macrantha",
        "authorship": "(Hack.) Nevski"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena mutata",
        "authorship": "Samp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena mutica",
        "authorship": "Krock."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena nodipilosa",
        "authorship": "(Malzev) Malzev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena orientalis",
        "authorship": "Schreb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena orientalis f. flavescens",
        "authorship": "Peterm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena orientalis subsp. mutica",
        "authorship": "Schübl. & G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena orientalis var. arundinacea",
        "authorship": "Peterm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena orientalis var. flavascens",
        "authorship": "Peterm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena orientalis var. fuscoatra",
        "authorship": "Peterm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena orientalis var. nuda",
        "authorship": "Lej."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena pendula",
        "authorship": "Gilib."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena persarum",
        "authorship": "Nevski"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena podolica",
        "authorship": "Pascal ex Zuccagni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena polonica",
        "authorship": "Schwägr. ex Schmalh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena ponderosa",
        "authorship": "L. ex B.D.Jacks."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena praecocioides",
        "authorship": "Litv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena praecoqua",
        "authorship": "Litv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena praegravis",
        "authorship": "(E.Krause) Roshev."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena pseudosativa",
        "authorship": "(Thell.) Herter"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena racemosa",
        "authorship": "Thuill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena rubra",
        "authorship": "Zuccagni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa f. arundinacea",
        "authorship": "(Peterm.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa prol. grandiuscula",
        "authorship": "Malzev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa subsp. aristata",
        "authorship": "Schübl. & G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa subsp. contracta",
        "authorship": "(Neilr.) Čelak."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa subsp. macrantha",
        "authorship": "(Hack.) Rocha Afonso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa subsp. nodipilosa",
        "authorship": "(Malzev) Vasc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa subsp. orientalis",
        "authorship": "(Schreb.) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa subsp. praegravis",
        "authorship": "(E.Krause) Tab.Morais"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa subsp. praegravis",
        "authorship": "(E.L.Krause) Cif. & Giacom."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa subsp. praegravis",
        "authorship": "(Krause) Mordv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa subvar. pilosa",
        "authorship": "Koeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. abbreviata",
        "authorship": "Dumort."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. alba",
        "authorship": "Koeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. arduennensis",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. aurea",
        "authorship": "Peterm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. brachytricha",
        "authorship": "(Thell.) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. chinensis",
        "authorship": "Vilm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. cinerea",
        "authorship": "Körn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. contracta",
        "authorship": "Neilr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. degener",
        "authorship": "Noulet"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. erythrosperma",
        "authorship": "N.H.F.Desp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. flavescens",
        "authorship": "(Peterm.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. fusca",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. fusciflora",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. fuscoatra",
        "authorship": "(Peterm.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. glaberrima",
        "authorship": "(Thell.) Maire & Weiller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. glaberrima",
        "authorship": "(Thell.) Parodi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. hyemalis",
        "authorship": "Vilm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. macrantha",
        "authorship": "Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. macrathera",
        "authorship": "(Thell.) Parodi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. macrotricha",
        "authorship": "(Malzev) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. macrotricha",
        "authorship": "(Malzev) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. microtricha",
        "authorship": "(Malzev) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. montana",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. mutica",
        "authorship": "Gray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. nigra",
        "authorship": "Gray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. obtusata",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. orientalis",
        "authorship": "(Schreb.) Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. pilifera",
        "authorship": "(Malzev) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. pilosa",
        "authorship": "(Koeler) Tab.Morais"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. praecox",
        "authorship": "Metzg. ex Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. praegravis",
        "authorship": "E.Krause"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. pugnax",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. rubella",
        "authorship": "Tinant"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. rufa",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. sativa",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. secunda",
        "authorship": "Alph.Wood"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. semiaristata",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. setulosa",
        "authorship": "(Thell.) Parodi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. subuniflora",
        "authorship": "(Trab.) Maire & Weiller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. subuniflora",
        "authorship": "(Trab.) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. trisperma",
        "authorship": "(Schübler) Peterm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. tristis",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. uniflora",
        "authorship": "Stokes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sativa var. vulgaris",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sexflora",
        "authorship": "Larrañaga"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena shatilowiana",
        "authorship": "Litv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sterilis f. pseudosativa",
        "authorship": "Thell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sterilis subsp. nodipubescens",
        "authorship": "Malzev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sterilis var. algeriensis",
        "authorship": "(Trab.) Trab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena sterilis var. thellungiana",
        "authorship": "Malzev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena tatarica",
        "authorship": "Ard."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena thellungii",
        "authorship": "Nevski"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena trabutiana",
        "authorship": "Thell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena transiens",
        "authorship": "(Hausskn.) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena trisperma",
        "authorship": "Schübl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena unilateralis",
        "authorship": "Brouss. ex Roem. & Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena verna",
        "authorship": "Heuze"
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oat"
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            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/88685386/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Robert H. Wardell, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 88327052,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Alexis López Hernández",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/alexiz",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/b44b5f7a-a974-47de-b4b3-71e4a6b4b1ab",
        "observed_on": "2020-08-02",
        "lat": 19.562,
        "lon": -98.202,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/88327052/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/88327052/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/88327052/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/88327052/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Alexis López Hernández, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 86524364,
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "pratvmvmbrosvm",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/pratvmvmbrosvm",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/ddbc0408-e226-41a0-a7b9-cea947f6894a",
        "observed_on": "2020-07-18",
        "lat": 55.804,
        "lon": 37.737,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 576
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/86524364/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/86524364/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/86524364/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/86524364/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "pratvmvmbrosvm, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      }
    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "BRY",
      "IRN",
      "IRQ"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "BRY",
        "name": "Buryatiya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRN",
        "name": "Iran",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRQ",
        "name": "Iraq",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 15,
    "n_annotated": 74,
    "sufficient": false,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 62,
      "by_month": [
        1,
        0,
        1,
        1,
        4,
        10,
        18,
        8,
        9,
        6,
        4,
        0
      ],
      "share": [
        null,
        null,
        null,
        null,
        0.6667,
        0.7692,
        0.9474,
        1,
        1,
        0.6667,
        0.8,
        null
      ],
      "ci": [
        null,
        null,
        null,
        null,
        [
          0.3,
          0.9032
        ],
        [
          0.4974,
          0.9182
        ],
        [
          0.7536,
          0.9906
        ],
        [
          0.6756,
          1
        ],
        [
          0.7008,
          1
        ],
        [
          0.3542,
          0.8794
        ],
        [
          0.3755,
          0.9638
        ],
        null
      ],
      "peak_month": 8
    },
    "doi": null,
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "annual",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 1.7,
      "median": 9.1,
      "p95": 19.4
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 331.8,
      "median": 767.7,
      "p95": 1244.7
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 18.7,
      "median": 23.4,
      "p95": 34.5
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -19.3,
      "median": -4.2,
      "p95": 7.2
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 434.9,
      "median": 730.2,
      "p95": 1360.3
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 12.1,
      "median": 29.2,
      "p95": 83.9
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 30.2,
      "median": 120,
      "p95": 258.7
    },
    "n": 1457,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": null,
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1457 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "insufficient_evidence",
      "reason": "Only 15 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/avena-sativa/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}