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  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/asplenium-adiantum-nigrum/",
  "last_modified": "2025-08-03",
  "id": {
    "slug": "asplenium-adiantum-nigrum",
    "wfo": "wfo-0001109303",
    "inat_taxon_id": 158777
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  "name": {
    "scientific": "Asplenium adiantum-nigrum",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Asplenium",
    "epithet": "adiantum-nigrum",
    "family": "Aspleniaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 1081 (1753)",
    "protologue_url": "https://pteridogroup.github.io/",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "black spleenwort",
      "english": [
        "black spleenwort",
        "spreading spleenwort"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Acrostichum pulchrum",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Adiantum argutum",
        "authorship": "Kaulf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium adiantum-lanceolatum",
        "authorship": "Hoffm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium adiantum-nigrum f. argutum",
        "authorship": "(Kaulf.) Reichst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium adiantum-nigrum f. bipinnatum",
        "authorship": "Wirtg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium adiantum-nigrum f. deltoideum",
        "authorship": "Maire"
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium adiantum-nigrum f. lancifolium",
        "authorship": "(Moench ex Heufl.) Reichst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium adiantum-nigrum f. pinnatum",
        "authorship": "Wirtg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium adiantum-nigrum f. serpentinoides",
        "authorship": "(Christ) Reichst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium adiantum-nigrum f. tripinnatum",
        "authorship": "Wirtg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium adiantum-nigrum prol. obtusum",
        "authorship": "(Kit. ex Willd.) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium adiantum-nigrum subsp. nigrum",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) Heufl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium adiantum-nigrum subsp. nigrum",
        "authorship": "Hegi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium adiantum-nigrum subsp. obtusum",
        "authorship": "(Kit. ex Willd.) Schidlay"
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium adiantum-nigrum subsp. yuanum",
        "authorship": "(Ching) Reichst., Viane, Rasbach & Schneller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium adiantum-nigrum var. adiantum-nigrum",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium adiantum-nigrum var. argutum",
        "authorship": "(Kaulf. ) Heufl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium adiantum-nigrum var. corunnense",
        "authorship": "Christ"
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium adiantum-nigrum var. gaudichaudii",
        "authorship": "Hook."
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium adiantum-nigrum var. incisum",
        "authorship": "(Opiz) Milde"
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium adiantum-nigrum var. lancifolium",
        "authorship": "(Moench) Heufl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium adiantum-nigrum var. litardierei",
        "authorship": "Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium adiantum-nigrum var. nigrum",
        "authorship": "Lam. ex Heufl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium adiantum-nigrum var. obtusum",
        "authorship": "(Kit.) Milde"
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium adiantum-nigrum var. obtusum",
        "authorship": "(Kit. ex Willd.) Hook. & Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium adiantum-nigrum var. variegatum",
        "authorship": "Anon."
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium adiantum-nigrum var. yuanum",
        "authorship": "(Ching) Ching"
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium andrewsii",
        "authorship": "A.Nelson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium argutum",
        "authorship": "Kaulf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium cuneifolium subsp. woronowii",
        "authorship": "(Christ) Viane, Rasbach, Reichst. & Schneller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium davallioides",
        "authorship": "Tausch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium humile",
        "authorship": "Blume"
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium lucidum",
        "authorship": "Burm.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium lucidum",
        "authorship": "Salisb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium lucidum var. sterile",
        "authorship": "Gray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium marlothii",
        "authorship": "Hieron."
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium nigrum",
        "authorship": "Achers."
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium nigrum",
        "authorship": "Lam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium nigrum",
        "authorship": "Bernh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium obtusum",
        "authorship": "Kit.; Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium obtusum",
        "authorship": "Kit. ex Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium patens",
        "authorship": "Kaulf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium productum",
        "authorship": "Lowe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium pseudolanceolatum",
        "authorship": "Fomin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium pumilum",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium rawsonii",
        "authorship": "Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium sajanense",
        "authorship": "Gudoschn. & Krasnob."
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium serrulatum",
        "authorship": "Cav."
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium solidum",
        "authorship": "Kunze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium solidum var. platyphylla",
        "authorship": "Kunze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium solidum var. stenophylla",
        "authorship": "Kunze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium tabulare",
        "authorship": "Schrad."
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium trichomanoides",
        "authorship": "Lumn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium trichonanoides",
        "authorship": "Lumn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium woronowii",
        "authorship": "Christ"
      },
      {
        "name": "Asplenium yuanum",
        "authorship": "Ching"
      },
      {
        "name": "Athyrium adiantum-nigrum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Hayata"
      },
      {
        "name": "Athyrium patens",
        "authorship": "(C.Presl) Milde"
      },
      {
        "name": "Chamaefilix adiantum-nigrum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Farw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Diplazium patens",
        "authorship": "C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phyllitis lancifolia",
        "authorship": "Moench"
      },
      {
        "name": "Polystichum lucidum",
        "authorship": "(Burm.f.) Becherer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tarachia adiantum-nigrum",
        "authorship": "(L.) C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tarachia arguta",
        "authorship": "C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tarachia nigra",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tarachia obtusa",
        "authorship": "C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tarachia solida",
        "authorship": "(Kunze) C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trichomanes nigrum",
        "authorship": "Bubani"
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    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asplenium_adiantum-nigrum"
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        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAN",
        "name": "Tanzania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUN",
        "name": "Tunisia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "AFG",
        "name": "Afghanistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHN",
        "name": "China North-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHC",
        "name": "China South-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CYP",
        "name": "Cyprus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRN",
        "name": "Iran",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBS",
        "name": "Lebanon-Syria",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCS",
        "name": "North Caucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAL",
        "name": "Palestine",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAU",
        "name": "Saudi Arabia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIN",
        "name": "Sinai",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAI",
        "name": "Taiwan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHT",
        "name": "Tibet",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "TCS",
        "name": "Transcaucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUR",
        "name": "Türkiye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "YEM",
        "name": "Yemen",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "EHM",
        "name": "East Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAK",
        "name": "Pakistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "WHM",
        "name": "West Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALB",
        "name": "Albania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "AUT",
        "name": "Austria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BGM",
        "name": "Belgium",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUL",
        "name": "Bulgaria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "COR",
        "name": "Corse",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "CZE",
        "name": "Czechia-Slovakia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "DEN",
        "name": "Denmark",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FOR",
        "name": "Føroyar",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GER",
        "name": "Germany",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRB",
        "name": "Great Britain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRC",
        "name": "Greece",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "HUN",
        "name": "Hungary",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRE",
        "name": "Ireland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRY",
        "name": "Krym",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NET",
        "name": "Netherlands",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUW",
        "name": "Northwest European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NOR",
        "name": "Norway",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POL",
        "name": "Poland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POR",
        "name": "Portugal",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROM",
        "name": "Romania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWE",
        "name": "Sweden",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWI",
        "name": "Switzerland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUE",
        "name": "Türkiye-in-Europe",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "UKR",
        "name": "Ukraine",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ARI",
        "name": "Arizona",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "COL",
        "name": "Colorado",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MXE",
        "name": "Mexico Northeast",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXN",
        "name": "Mexico Northwest",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "UTA",
        "name": "Utah",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "HAW",
        "name": "Hawaii",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "North-Central Pacific"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": null,
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "perennial",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": null,
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "climate_envelope",
      "status": "insufficient_evidence",
      "reason": "Fewer than 30 georeferenced research-grade observations of this taxon, which is too few to state a percentile range for the conditions it grows in. We would rather show nothing than a range computed from eight points in one county."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No dated flowering annotations found for this taxon."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/asplenium-adiantum-nigrum/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}