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  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/antidesma-montanum/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "antidesma-montanum",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000237537",
    "inat_taxon_id": 340556
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Antidesma montanum",
    "authorship": "Blume",
    "genus": "Antidesma",
    "epithet": "montanum",
    "family": "Phyllanthaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. : 1124 (1827)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:339006-1",
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      "english": [],
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    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Antidesma acuminatum",
        "authorship": "Wight"
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma agusanense",
        "authorship": "Elmer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma alexiterium",
        "authorship": "C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma angustifolium",
        "authorship": "(Merr.) Pax & K.Hoffm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma apiculatum",
        "authorship": "Hemsl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma aruanum",
        "authorship": "Pax & K.Hoffm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma barbatum",
        "authorship": "C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma bicolor",
        "authorship": "Pax & K.Hoffm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma calvescens",
        "authorship": "Pax & K.Hoffm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma discolor",
        "authorship": "Airy Shaw"
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma diversifolium",
        "authorship": "Miq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma erythrocarpum",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma henryi",
        "authorship": "Pax & K.Hoffm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma henryi",
        "authorship": "Hemsl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma heterophyllum",
        "authorship": "C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma kerrii",
        "authorship": "Craib"
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma kotoense",
        "authorship": "Kaneh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma kuroiwae",
        "authorship": "Makino"
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma lanceolatum",
        "authorship": "Dalzell & A.Gibson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma leptocladum",
        "authorship": "Tul."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma leptocladum var. genuinum",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma leptocladum var. glabrum",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma leptocladum var. nitidum",
        "authorship": "(Tul.) Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma leptocladum var. schmutzii",
        "authorship": "Airy Shaw"
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma lobbianum",
        "authorship": "(Tul.) Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma macrophyllum",
        "authorship": "Wall. ex Voigt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma martabanicum",
        "authorship": "C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma menasu",
        "authorship": "Kurz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma menasu",
        "authorship": "(Tul.) Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma menasu var. linearifolium",
        "authorship": "Hook.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma microphyllum",
        "authorship": "Hemsl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma mindanaense",
        "authorship": "Merr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma montanum var. microcarpum",
        "authorship": "Airy Shaw"
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma moritzii",
        "authorship": "(Tul.) Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma mucronatum",
        "authorship": "Boerl. & Koord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma nitidum",
        "authorship": "Tul."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma obliquinervium",
        "authorship": "Merr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma oblongifolium",
        "authorship": "Boerl. & Koord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma oblongifolium",
        "authorship": "Blume"
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma oblongifolium var. wallichii",
        "authorship": "Tul."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma oblongum",
        "authorship": "Wall. ex Hook.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma palawanense",
        "authorship": "Merr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma palembanicum",
        "authorship": "Miq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma paxii",
        "authorship": "F.P.Metcalf"
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma pentandrum",
        "authorship": "(Blanco) Merr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma pentandrum f. kuroiwae",
        "authorship": "(Makino) Hurus."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma pentandrum var. angustifolium",
        "authorship": "Merr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma pentandrum var. barbatum",
        "authorship": "(C.Presl) Merr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma pentandrum var. genuinum",
        "authorship": "(Müll.Arg.) Pax & K.Hoffm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma pentandrum var. lobbianum",
        "authorship": "(Tul.) Merr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma pentandrum var. pseudopentandrum",
        "authorship": "(Hurus.) Hurus."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma pentandrum var. ramosii",
        "authorship": "(Merr.) Pax & K.Hoffm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma pentandrum var. rotundisepalum",
        "authorship": "(Hayata) Hurus."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma phanerophlebium",
        "authorship": "Merr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma pseudomicrophyllum",
        "authorship": "Croizat"
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma pseudomontanum",
        "authorship": "Pax & K.Hoffm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma pseudopentandrum",
        "authorship": "Hurus."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma pubescens",
        "authorship": "Moritzi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma pubescens var. menasu",
        "authorship": "Tul."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma pubescens var. moritzii",
        "authorship": "Tul."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma ramosii",
        "authorship": "Merr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma refractum",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma rostratum",
        "authorship": "Tul."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma rostratum var. barbatum",
        "authorship": "(C.Presl) Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma rostratum var. genuinum",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma rostratum var. lobbianum",
        "authorship": "Tul."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma rotundisepalum",
        "authorship": "Hayata"
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma salicifolium",
        "authorship": "C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma salicinum",
        "authorship": "Ridl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma salicinum var. latius",
        "authorship": "Ridl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma seguinii",
        "authorship": "H.Lév."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma simile",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma teysmannianum",
        "authorship": "Pax & K.Hoffm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Antidesma wattii",
        "authorship": "Hook.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cansjera pentandra",
        "authorship": "Blanco"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cansjera pentandra",
        "authorship": "Blanco"
      },
      {
        "name": "Myrica darrisii",
        "authorship": "H.Lév."
      }
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        "code": "MOL",
        "name": "Maluku",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MYA",
        "name": "Myanmar",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "NWG",
        "name": "New Guinea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Papuasia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCB",
        "name": "Nicobar Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "PHI",
        "name": "Philippines",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SRL",
        "name": "Sri Lanka",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUL",
        "name": "Sulawesi",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUM",
        "name": "Sumatera",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "THA",
        "name": "Thailand",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "VIE",
        "name": "Vietnam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "QLD",
        "name": "Queensland",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 5,
    "n_annotated": 21,
    "sufficient": false,
    "doi": null,
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "tree",
    "climate": "wet tropical"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 21.7,
      "median": 24.3,
      "p95": 26
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 104.1,
      "median": 306.5,
      "p95": 377.6
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 27.6,
      "median": 29.1,
      "p95": 30.7
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": 13.1,
      "median": 17.2,
      "p95": 20.5
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 1843.9,
      "median": 2142.8,
      "p95": 3693.6
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 38.8,
      "median": 93.5,
      "p95": 100.8
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 54.7,
      "median": 98.5,
      "p95": 447.9
    },
    "n": 251,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": null,
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 251 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "common_name",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "insufficient_evidence",
      "reason": "Only 5 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/antidesma-montanum/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}