Antiaris toxicaria(J.F.Gmel.) Lesch.

WFO wfo-0000538857 Accepted WFO 2026-06 8 photographs CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA

Plate 1 figs. a–h · 8 separate observations

Antiaris toxicaria, photographed by Rohit Naniwadekar
fig. a Rohit Naniwadekar, CC BY 4.0 / 2020-02-03 / obs. 61705818
Antiaris toxicaria, photographed by Siddarth Machado
fig. b Siddarth Machado, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 49139426
Antiaris toxicaria, photographed by Dinesh Valke
fig. c Dinesh Valke, CC BY-SA 4.0 / obs. 159842564
Antiaris toxicaria, photographed by Sunday Berlioz KAKPO
fig. d Sunday Berlioz KAKPO, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 28982401
Antiaris toxicaria, photographed by Carrie Seltzer
fig. e Carrie Seltzer, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 3088696
Antiaris toxicaria, photographed by Jean-Paul Boerekamps
fig. f Jean-Paul Boerekamps, CC0 1.0 / obs. 173712083
Antiaris toxicaria, photographed by Sunday Berlioz KAKPO
fig. g Sunday Berlioz KAKPO, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 29284806
Antiaris toxicaria, photographed by Sunday Berlioz KAKPO
fig. h Sunday Berlioz KAKPO, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 29284813

Every figure is a research-grade observation under CC0, CC BY or CC BY-SA, rehosted with the photographer’s name, the licence and the observation it came from. Photographs under a NonCommercial licence are excluded from this site and are never stored, which costs us a great many pictures and is not negotiable.

Native range 56 botanical countries

Regions where Antiaris toxicaria is native: Angola, Benin, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Gulf of Guinea Is., Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Mali, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan-South Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, China South-Central, China Southeast, Hainan, Yemen, Andaman Is., Bismarck Archipelago, Borneo, Cambodia, India, Jawa, Laos, Lesser Sunda Is., Malaya, Maluku, Myanmar, New Guinea, Solomon Is., Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Thailand, Vietnam, Northern Territory, Queensland, Santa Cruz Is., Vanuatu AngolaBeninBurkinaBurundiCameroonCentral African RepublicChadCongoDR CongoEthiopiaGabonGambiaGhanaGuineaGuinea-BissauGulf of Guinea Is.Ivory CoastKenyaLiberiaMadagascarMaliNigeriaRwandaSenegalSierra LeoneSudan-South SudanTanzaniaTogoUgandaZambiaChina South-CentralChina SoutheastHainanYemenBismarck ArchipelagoBorneoCambodiaIndiaJawaLaosLesser Sunda Is.MalayaMalukuMyanmarNew GuineaSolomon Is.Sri LankaSulawesiSumateraThailandVietnamNorthern TerritoryQueensland Andaman Is.Vanuatu
Native distribution of Antiaris toxicaria, after Kew’s World Checklist of Vascular Plants. Introduced, extinct and doubtful records are excluded, so this is where the plant is from, not everywhere it now grows. Regions too small to draw at this scale are marked with a dot.
RegionTDWG codeContinent
Angola ANG AFRICA
Benin BEN
Burkina BKN
Burundi BUR
Cameroon CMN
Central African Republic CAF
Chad CHA
Congo CON
DR Congo ZAI
Ethiopia ETH
Gabon GAB
Gambia GAM
Ghana GHA
Guinea GUI
Guinea-Bissau GNB
Gulf of Guinea Is. GGI
Ivory Coast IVO
Kenya KEN
Liberia LBR
Madagascar MDG
Mali MLI
Nigeria NGA
Rwanda RWA
Senegal SEN
Sierra Leone SIE
Sudan-South Sudan SUD
Tanzania TAN
Togo TOG
Uganda UGA
Zambia ZAM
Andaman Is. AND ASIA-TROPICAL
Bismarck Archipelago BIS
Borneo BOR
Cambodia CBD
India IND
Jawa JAW
Laos LAO
Lesser Sunda Is. LSI
Malaya MLY
Maluku MOL
Myanmar MYA
New Guinea NWG
Solomon Is. SOL
Sri Lanka SRL
Sulawesi SUL
Sumatera SUM
Thailand THA
Vietnam VIE
China South-Central CHC ASIA-TEMPERATE
China Southeast CHS
Hainan CHH
Yemen YEM
Northern Territory NTA AUSTRALASIA
Queensland QLD
Santa Cruz Is. SCZ PACIFIC
Vanuatu VAN

Not drawn on the map: Santa Cruz Is.. We hold no public-domain boundary for this region, so it is listed rather than guessed at.

Region boundaries approximated from Natural Earth (public domain) and mapped to TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (WGSRPD) level-3 botanical countries (Brummitt 2001). Indicative, not the official WGSRPD geometry.

Where it actually grows measured, from 34 observations

Condition 5th percentile Median 95th percentile
Coldest month, mean daily low 12.5 °C 19.6 °C 24.0 °C
Warmest month, mean daily high 26.3 °C 30.5 °C 34.3 °C
Annual rainfall 1,173 mm 2,424 mm 5,168 mm
Rainfall in the driest quarter 2 mm 103 mm 1,001 mm

It is not found anywhere that gets close to freezing. This is not care advice and it is not a forecast. It is a measurement: we sampled the climate at every one of the 34 research-grade observations of Antiaris toxicaria that carry a coordinate, and this is the range those places actually span. The 5th and 95th percentiles are used rather than the minimum and maximum, because a single cultivated specimen in a heated conservatory should not widen a tropical plant's range to the Arctic.

This is not a hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual extreme minimum temperature. The figure above is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and is typically far warmer. Reading one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a hardiness zone, because we do not have one.

Also published as 28 synonyms

A synonym is not an error. It is a record of botanists disagreeing, in print, about where this plant belongs. Each of these was somebody’s considered answer.

  • Antiaris africana Engl.
  • Antiaris bennettii Seem.
  • Antiaris challa (Schweinf.) Engl.
  • Antiaris dubia Span. ex Hook.
  • Antiaris humbertii Leandri
  • Antiaris innoxia Blume
  • Antiaris kerstingii Engl.
  • Antiaris macrophylla R.Br.
  • Antiaris madagascariensis H.Perrier
  • Antiaris rufa Miq.
  • Antiaris saccidora Dalzell
  • Antiaris toxicaria subsp. africana (Engl.) C.C.Berg
  • Antiaris toxicaria subsp. toxicaria
  • Antiaris toxicaria var. macrophylla (R.Br.) Corner
  • Antiaris toxicaria var. welwitschii (Engl.) Corner
  • Antiaris usambarensis Engl.
  • Antiaris welwitschii Engl.
  • Antiaris zeylanica Seem.
  • Cestrum toxicarium J.F.Gmel.
  • Ficus challa Schweinf.
  • Ipo bennettii Kuntze
  • Ipo innoxia Kuntze
  • Ipo macrophylla Kuntze
  • Ipo rufa Kuntze

and 4 more.

Sourcesevery claim on this page

  1. World Flora Online Plant List. accepted name, authority, classification. CC0. Retrieved 2026-07-12.
  2. iNaturalist. photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only. per photograph. Retrieved 2026-06-27.
  3. Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16). native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form. CC BY 3.0. Retrieved 2026-06-04.

We publish what we can source and we say so when we cannot. This page has no care advice and no toxicity claim, because we do not yet have those from a source we can cite.