{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/ananas-comosus/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "ananas-comosus",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000339432",
    "inat_taxon_id": 122965
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Ananas comosus",
    "authorship": "(L.) Merr.",
    "genus": "Ananas",
    "epithet": "comosus",
    "family": "Bromeliaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Interpr. Herb. Amboin. : 133 (1917)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:12322-2",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "pineapple",
      "english": [
        "pineapple"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Acanthostachys ananassoides",
        "authorship": "Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas acostae",
        "authorship": "C.Commelijn"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas acostae",
        "authorship": "C.Commelijn ex Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas ananas",
        "authorship": "(L.) H.Karst. ex Voss"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas ananassoides",
        "authorship": "(Baker) L.B.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas ananassoides var. nanus",
        "authorship": "L.B.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas ananassoides var. typicus",
        "authorship": "L.B.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas argentata",
        "authorship": "J.C.Wendl. ex Schult. & Schult.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas aurata",
        "authorship": "J.C.Wendl. ex Schult. & Schult.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas bracamorensis",
        "authorship": "(Linden) Van Geert"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas bracteatus",
        "authorship": "Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas bracteatus",
        "authorship": "(Lindl.) Schult. & Schult.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas bracteatus subvar. tricolor",
        "authorship": "Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas bracteatus var. albus",
        "authorship": "L.B.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas bracteatus var. bracteatus",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas bracteatus var. hondurensis",
        "authorship": "Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas bracteatus var. paraguariensis",
        "authorship": "Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas bracteatus var. paraguayensis",
        "authorship": "Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas bracteatus var. rudis",
        "authorship": "Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas bracteatus var. sagenarius",
        "authorship": "(Arruda) Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas bracteatus var. striatus",
        "authorship": "M.B.Foster"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas bracteatus var. tricolor",
        "authorship": "(Bertoni) L.B.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas bracteatus var. typicus",
        "authorship": "L.B.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas coccineus",
        "authorship": "Descourt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas coccineus",
        "authorship": "Schult. & Schult.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas comosus f. lucidus",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) Mez"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas comosus f. sativus",
        "authorship": "(Schult. & Schult.f.) Mez"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas comosus f. sativus",
        "authorship": "Mez"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas comosus var. albus",
        "authorship": "(L.B.Sm.) Camargo"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas comosus var. ananassoides",
        "authorship": "(Baker) Coppens & F.Leal"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas comosus var. rudis",
        "authorship": "(Bertoni) Camargo"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas comosus var. tricolor",
        "authorship": "(Bertoni) Camargo"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas comosus var. variegatus",
        "authorship": "(Nois.) Moldenke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas cubensis",
        "authorship": "M.Gómez"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas debilis",
        "authorship": "Lindl. ex Schult. & Schult.f"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas erectifolius",
        "authorship": "L.B.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas fritzmuelleri",
        "authorship": "Camargo"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas genesio-linesii",
        "authorship": "Reitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas genesio-linsii",
        "authorship": "Reitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas glaber",
        "authorship": "Mill. ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas guaraniticus",
        "authorship": "Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas lucidus",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) Schult. & Schult.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas lyman-smithii",
        "authorship": "Camargo"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas maxima",
        "authorship": "Schult. & Schult.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas microstachys",
        "authorship": "Lindm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas microstachys var. nanus",
        "authorship": "(L.B.Sm.) Camargo"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas microstachys var. typicus",
        "authorship": "Camargo"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas monstrosus",
        "authorship": "(Carrière) L.B.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas mordilona",
        "authorship": "Linden"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas nanus",
        "authorship": "(L.B.Sm.) L.B.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas ovatus",
        "authorship": "Mill. ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas pancheanus",
        "authorship": "André"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas parguazensis",
        "authorship": "Camargo & L.B.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas penangensis",
        "authorship": "Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas porteanus",
        "authorship": "Veitch ex K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas prolifer",
        "authorship": "Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas proliferus",
        "authorship": "Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas pyramidalis",
        "authorship": "Mill. ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas sagenaria",
        "authorship": "(Arruda) Schult. & Schult.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas sativa",
        "authorship": "Lindl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas sativus",
        "authorship": "Schult. & Schult.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas sativus f. mordilona",
        "authorship": "(Linden) Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas sativus f. typicus",
        "authorship": "Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas sativus unranked variegatus",
        "authorship": "(Nois.) William Scott"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas sativus var. bracteatus",
        "authorship": "(Lindl.) Mez"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas sativus var. duckei",
        "authorship": "Camargo"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas sativus var. hispanorum",
        "authorship": "Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas sativus var. lucidus",
        "authorship": "(Mill.) Ule"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas sativus var. lucidus",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas sativus var. microstachys",
        "authorship": "Mez"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas sativus var. muricatus",
        "authorship": "Mez"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas sativus var. pyramidalis",
        "authorship": "Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas sativus var. sagenarius",
        "authorship": "(Arruda) Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas sativus var. variegatus",
        "authorship": "Lowe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas sativus var. variegatus",
        "authorship": "(Nois.) Anon."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas sativus var. viridis",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas semiserratus",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) Schult. & Schult.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas serotinus",
        "authorship": "Mill. ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas silvestris",
        "authorship": "(Vell.) F.J.Müll."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas var. glaber",
        "authorship": "Mill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas var. lucidus",
        "authorship": "Mill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas var. ovatus",
        "authorship": "Mill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas var. pyramidalis",
        "authorship": "Mill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas var. serotinus",
        "authorship": "Mill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas var. viridis",
        "authorship": "Mill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananas viridis",
        "authorship": "Mill. ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananassa ananas",
        "authorship": "(L.) H.Karst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananassa bracamorensis",
        "authorship": "Linden"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananassa bracteata",
        "authorship": "Lindl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananassa debilis",
        "authorship": "Lindl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananassa lucida",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) Lindl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananassa monstrosa",
        "authorship": "Carrière"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananassa porteana",
        "authorship": "(Veitch ex K.Koch) Carrière"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananassa sagenaria",
        "authorship": "D.Dietr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananassa sativa",
        "authorship": "Lindl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananassa sativa",
        "authorship": "(Schult. & Schult.f.) Lindl. ex Beer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananassa sativa unranked variegata",
        "authorship": "(Nois.) André"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananassa sativa var. antiqua",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananassa sativa var. bicolor",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananassa sativa var. dura",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananassa sativa var. gigantea",
        "authorship": "(Nois.) Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananassa sativa var. globosus",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananassa sativa var. jodocarpa",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananassa sativa var. lucidus",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananassa sativa var. macrocarpa",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananassa sativa var. milleri",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananassa sativa var. nigra",
        "authorship": "(Nois.) Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananassa sativa var. providentiae",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananassa sativa var. pyramidalis",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananassa sativa var. rubrifolia",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananassa sativa var. rubrolineata",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananassa sativa var. semiserrata",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananassa sativa var. testacea",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananassa sativa var. variegata",
        "authorship": "(Nois.) E.J.Lowe & W.Howard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananassa sativa var. viridis",
        "authorship": "(Nois.) Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ananassa semiserrata",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) D.Dietr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia ananas",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia ananas",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia ananas subvar. pyramidalis-variegata",
        "authorship": "Nois."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia ananas subvar. variegata",
        "authorship": "Nois."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia ananas var. alba",
        "authorship": "Nois."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia ananas var. flava",
        "authorship": "Nois."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia ananas var. gigantea",
        "authorship": "Nois."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia ananas var. inermis",
        "authorship": "Pers."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia ananas var. lucida",
        "authorship": "Aiton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia ananas var. macrocarpa-violacea",
        "authorship": "Nois."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia ananas var. macrocarpaviolacea",
        "authorship": "Nois."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia ananas var. nigra",
        "authorship": "Nois."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia ananas var. nova-macrocarpa",
        "authorship": "Nois."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia ananas var. novamacrocarpa",
        "authorship": "Nois."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia ananas var. prolifera",
        "authorship": "F.Cuvier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia ananas var. providentialis",
        "authorship": "Nois."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia ananas var. pyramidalis",
        "authorship": "Aiton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia ananas var. rotunda",
        "authorship": "Nois."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia ananas var. rubra",
        "authorship": "Nois."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia ananas var. viridis",
        "authorship": "Aiton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia ananas var. vix-spinosa",
        "authorship": "Nois."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia ananas var. vixspinosa",
        "authorship": "Nois."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia communis",
        "authorship": "Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia comosa",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia edulis",
        "authorship": "Salisb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia glabra",
        "authorship": "Schult. & Schult.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia inermis",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia lucida",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia mai-pouri",
        "authorship": "Perr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia pigna",
        "authorship": "Perr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia rubra",
        "authorship": "Descourt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia rubra",
        "authorship": "hort. ex Schult.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia sagenaria",
        "authorship": "Arruda"
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia semiserrata",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia silvestris",
        "authorship": "Vell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia subspinosa",
        "authorship": "J.C.Wendl. ex Schult. & Schult.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia violacea",
        "authorship": "Schult. & Schult.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromelia viridis",
        "authorship": "Schult. & Schult.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Distiacanthus communis",
        "authorship": "(Poir.) Rojas Acosta"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pseudananas sagenarius",
        "authorship": "(Arruda) Camargo"
      }
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        },
        "attribution": "Sunčana Bradley, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 103948059,
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Ruth Gutiérrez Oliveros",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/ruthgo",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/186cbf76-a0b7-4402-b07b-124e7e7c4153",
        "observed_on": "2019-06-27",
        "lat": -6.237,
        "lon": -77.869,
        "original": {
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        },
        "attribution": "Ruth Gutiérrez Oliveros, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 144720632,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "amantedarmanin",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/amantedarmanin",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/ea14d09e-faa8-4ff5-9ac1-46a9689b76fe",
        "observed_on": "2018-04-25",
        "lat": 20.51,
        "lon": -74.68,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
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          "jpeg": {
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          }
        },
        "attribution": "amantedarmanin, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 150522985,
        "license": "CC-BY-SA",
        "license_name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": true,
        "creator": "Vis M",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/vis_m",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/546e6627-119f-43f9-8e06-676ff5cb287c",
        "observed_on": "2015-05-29",
        "lat": 10.038,
        "lon": 76.516,
        "original": {
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        "widths": [
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          "jpeg": {
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        },
        "attribution": "Vis M, CC BY-SA 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      }
    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "AGE",
      "BOL",
      "BZN",
      "BZE",
      "BZS",
      "BZL",
      "BZC",
      "CLM",
      "COS",
      "ECU",
      "FRG",
      "GUY",
      "PAN",
      "PAR",
      "PER",
      "SUR",
      "VEN"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "AGE",
        "name": "Argentina Northeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOL",
        "name": "Bolivia",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZN",
        "name": "Brazil North",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZE",
        "name": "Brazil Northeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZS",
        "name": "Brazil South",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZL",
        "name": "Brazil Southeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZC",
        "name": "Brazil West-Central",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "CLM",
        "name": "Colombia",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "COS",
        "name": "Costa Rica",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "ECU",
        "name": "Ecuador",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRG",
        "name": "French Guiana",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUY",
        "name": "Guyana",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAN",
        "name": "Panamá",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAR",
        "name": "Paraguay",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PER",
        "name": "Peru",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUR",
        "name": "Suriname",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "VEN",
        "name": "Venezuela",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 59,
    "n_annotated": 291,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      3,
      3,
      4,
      3,
      4,
      1,
      5,
      5,
      13,
      13,
      3,
      2
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      26,
      14,
      30,
      18,
      28,
      16,
      13,
      18,
      32,
      34,
      39,
      23
    ],
    "share": [
      0.1154,
      0.2143,
      0.1333,
      0.1667,
      0.1429,
      0.0625,
      0.3846,
      0.2778,
      0.4062,
      0.3824,
      0.0769,
      0.087
    ],
    "ci": [
      [
        0.04,
        0.2898
      ],
      [
        0.0757,
        0.4759
      ],
      [
        0.0531,
        0.2968
      ],
      [
        0.0584,
        0.3922
      ],
      [
        0.057,
        0.3149
      ],
      [
        0.0111,
        0.2833
      ],
      [
        0.1771,
        0.6448
      ],
      [
        0.125,
        0.5087
      ],
      [
        0.2552,
        0.5774
      ],
      [
        0.239,
        0.5496
      ],
      [
        0.0265,
        0.2032
      ],
      [
        0.0242,
        0.268
      ]
    ],
    "peak_month": 9,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 234,
      "by_month": [
        23,
        13,
        26,
        16,
        25,
        15,
        10,
        13,
        20,
        27,
        26,
        20
      ],
      "share": [
        0.8846,
        0.9286,
        0.8667,
        0.8889,
        0.8929,
        0.9375,
        0.7692,
        0.7222,
        0.625,
        0.7941,
        0.6667,
        0.8696
      ],
      "ci": [
        [
          0.7102,
          0.96
        ],
        [
          0.6853,
          0.9873
        ],
        [
          0.7032,
          0.9469
        ],
        [
          0.672,
          0.969
        ],
        [
          0.728,
          0.9629
        ],
        [
          0.7167,
          0.9889
        ],
        [
          0.4974,
          0.9182
        ],
        [
          0.4913,
          0.875
        ],
        [
          0.4525,
          0.7707
        ],
        [
          0.632,
          0.8965
        ],
        [
          0.5098,
          0.7937
        ],
        [
          0.6787,
          0.9546
        ]
      ],
      "peak_month": 6
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "perennial",
    "climate": "seasonally dry tropical"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 19.2,
      "median": 25.3,
      "p95": 27
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 31.4,
      "median": 90.6,
      "p95": 317.2
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 24.9,
      "median": 29.5,
      "p95": 33.9
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": 11.8,
      "median": 20.7,
      "p95": 24.2
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 1007.6,
      "median": 2196.3,
      "p95": 4131.6
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 22.6,
      "median": 54,
      "p95": 103
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 18.5,
      "median": 205.7,
      "p95": 609.5
    },
    "n": 1634,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1634 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/ananas-comosus/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}