{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/alnus-alnobetula/",
  "last_modified": "2024-06-05",
  "id": {
    "slug": "alnus-alnobetula",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000944137",
    "inat_taxon_id": 868167
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Alnus alnobetula",
    "authorship": "(Ehrh.) K.Koch",
    "genus": "Alnus",
    "epithet": "alnobetula",
    "family": "Betulaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Dendrologie 2(1): 625 (1872)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:294883-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "European Green Alder",
      "english": [
        "European Green Alder",
        "Green Alder",
        "green alder"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Alnaster crispus",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) Czerep."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnaster fruticosus",
        "authorship": "(Rupr.) Ledeb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnaster kamtschaticus",
        "authorship": "(Callier) Czerep."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnaster sinuatus",
        "authorship": "(Regel) Czerep."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnaster viridis",
        "authorship": "(Chaix) Spach"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus alnobetula f. grandifolia",
        "authorship": "Callier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus alnobetula f. laciniata",
        "authorship": "Callier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus alnobetula f. mollis",
        "authorship": "(Beck) Callier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus alnobetula var. brembana",
        "authorship": "(Rota) H.J.P.Winkl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus alnobetula var. corylifolia",
        "authorship": "(A.Kern. ex Dalla Torre) Dalla Torre & Sarnth."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus alnobetula var. crispa",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) H.J.P.Winkl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus alnobetula var. fruticosa",
        "authorship": "(Rupr.) H.J.P.Winkl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus alnobetula var. genuina",
        "authorship": "Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus alnobetula var. microphylla",
        "authorship": "(Arv.-Touv.) Callier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus alnobetula var. parvifolia",
        "authorship": "(Regel) Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus alnobetula var. pilosa",
        "authorship": "Gelmi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus alnobetula var. repens",
        "authorship": "(Wormsk. ex Hornem.) H.J.P.Winkl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus alnobetula var. stenophylla",
        "authorship": "H.J.P.Winkl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus alnobetula var. suaveolens",
        "authorship": "(Req.) Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus alpina",
        "authorship": "Vill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus brembana",
        "authorship": "Rota"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus corylifolia",
        "authorship": "A.Kern. ex Dalla Torre"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus crispa",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) Pursh"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus crispa f. parvifolia",
        "authorship": "(Callier) T.Shimizu"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus crispa f. stragula",
        "authorship": "Fernald"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus crispa subsp. sinuata",
        "authorship": "(Regel) Hultén"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus crispa var. elongata",
        "authorship": "Raup"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus crispa var. harricanensis",
        "authorship": "Lepage"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus crispa var. laciniata",
        "authorship": "Hultén"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus crispa var. mollis",
        "authorship": "(Fernald) Fernald"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus crispa var. sinuata",
        "authorship": "(Regel) Breitung"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus crispa var. stragula",
        "authorship": "Fernald"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus fruticosa",
        "authorship": "Rupr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus fruticosa f. arborescens",
        "authorship": "Kozhevn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus fruticosa f. macrophylla",
        "authorship": "Lange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus fruticosa f. normalis",
        "authorship": "Callier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus fruticosa f. vulgaris",
        "authorship": "Callier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus fruticosa subsp. kamtschatica",
        "authorship": "(Regel) Kozhevn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus fruticosa subsp. montana",
        "authorship": "Printz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus fruticosa var. kamtschatica",
        "authorship": "(Callier) Kom."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus fruticosa var. sinuata",
        "authorship": "(Regel) Hultén"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus fruticosa var. typica",
        "authorship": "Callier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus kamschatica",
        "authorship": "(Regel) Kudô ex Masam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus maximowiczii var. parvifolia",
        "authorship": "Callier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus microphylla",
        "authorship": "Arv.-Touv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus minor var. brembana",
        "authorship": "(Rota) Fiori"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus mitchelliana",
        "authorship": "M.A.Curtis ex A.Gray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus mollis",
        "authorship": "Fernald"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus orbiculata",
        "authorship": "Lopylaie ex Spach"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus ovata",
        "authorship": "(Schrank) G.Lodd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus ovata f. macrophylla",
        "authorship": "Lange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus ovata f. repens",
        "authorship": "(Wormsk. ex Hornem.) Kjellm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus ovata var. repens",
        "authorship": "(Wormsk. ex Hornem.) Lange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus pumila",
        "authorship": "Nois. ex Corrie"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus pumila",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus repens",
        "authorship": "Wormsk. ex Hornem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus repens",
        "authorship": "Wormsk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus sinuata",
        "authorship": "(Regel) Rydb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus sinuata var. kamtschatica",
        "authorship": "(Callier) Callier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus sinuata var. stenophylla",
        "authorship": "(H.J.P.Winkl.) Callier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus sinuata var. typica",
        "authorship": "Callier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus sitchensis",
        "authorship": "(Regel) Sarg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus sitchensis var. kamtschatica",
        "authorship": "(Regel) Callier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus sitchensis var. typica",
        "authorship": "Callier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus suaveolens",
        "authorship": "Req."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus tristis",
        "authorship": "Wormsk. ex Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus undulata",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis",
        "authorship": "A.Gray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis",
        "authorship": "(Chaix) DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis f. brembana",
        "authorship": "(Rota) Bolzon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis f. corylifolia",
        "authorship": "(A.Kern. ex Dalla Torre) Callier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis f. glabrata",
        "authorship": "Callier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis f. grandifolia",
        "authorship": "(Beck) Callier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis f. groenlandica",
        "authorship": "Callier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis f. hirtella",
        "authorship": "Callier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis f. laciniata",
        "authorship": "(Callier) Callier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis f. macrophylla",
        "authorship": "Callier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis f. mollis",
        "authorship": "(Beck) Callier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis f. parvifolia",
        "authorship": "(Regel) Callier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis f. pilosa",
        "authorship": "Callier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis f. pubescens",
        "authorship": "Callier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis f. subvestita",
        "authorship": "(Zapał.) Callier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis f. typica",
        "authorship": "Callier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis f. vulgaris",
        "authorship": "(Callier) Callier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis lus. glabra",
        "authorship": "Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis lus. kamtschatica",
        "authorship": "Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis lus. laciniata",
        "authorship": "(Callier) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis prol. suaveolens",
        "authorship": "(Req.) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis subf. glabra",
        "authorship": "Callier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis subf. hirta",
        "authorship": "Callier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis subsp. brembana",
        "authorship": "(Rota) P.A.Schmidt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis subsp. crispa",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) Turrill"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis subsp. fruticosa",
        "authorship": "(Rupr.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis subsp. microphylla",
        "authorship": "Arcang."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis subsp. sinuata",
        "authorship": "(Regel) Á.Löve & D.Löve"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis subsp. suaveolens",
        "authorship": "(Req.) P.W.Ball"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis subvar. sitchensis",
        "authorship": "Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis var. brembana",
        "authorship": "(Rota) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis var. communis",
        "authorship": "Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis var. cordifolia",
        "authorship": "Zapał."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis var. corylifolia",
        "authorship": "(A.Kern. ex Dalla Torre) Callier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis var. crispa",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) House"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis var. demissorum",
        "authorship": "Borbás"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis var. fernaldii",
        "authorship": "House"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis var. foucaudii",
        "authorship": "Briq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis var. fruticosa",
        "authorship": "(Rupr.) Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis var. glabra",
        "authorship": "Cham."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis var. grandifolia",
        "authorship": "Beck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis var. kamtschatica",
        "authorship": "Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis var. microphylla",
        "authorship": "Ces."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis var. microphylla",
        "authorship": "(Arv.-Touv.) Callier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis var. microphylla",
        "authorship": "Cham."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis var. minor",
        "authorship": "Parl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis var. mollis",
        "authorship": "Beck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis var. parvifolia",
        "authorship": "Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis var. pilosa",
        "authorship": "Gelmi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis var. pumila",
        "authorship": "Ces."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis var. repens",
        "authorship": "(Wormsk. ex Hornem.) Callier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis var. sibirica",
        "authorship": "Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis var. sinuata",
        "authorship": "Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis var. stenoptera",
        "authorship": "Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis var. suaveolens",
        "authorship": "(Req.) Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis var. suaveolens",
        "authorship": "(Req.) P.Fourn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis var. subglabra",
        "authorship": "Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis var. subvestita",
        "authorship": "Zapał."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alnus viridis var. vulgaris",
        "authorship": "Callier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alnobetula",
        "authorship": "Ehrh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alnus var. crispa",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) Michx."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alnus-crispa",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alpina",
        "authorship": "Borkh. ex Rchb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula alpina",
        "authorship": "Borkh. ex Theorin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula crispa",
        "authorship": "Aiton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula ovata",
        "authorship": "Schrank"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula tristis",
        "authorship": "Wormsk. ex Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula viridis",
        "authorship": "Chaix"
      },
      {
        "name": "Betula viridis",
        "authorship": "Vill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Duschekia alnobetula",
        "authorship": "(Ehrh.) Pouzar"
      },
      {
        "name": "Duschekia alnobetula subsp. suaveolens",
        "authorship": "(Req.) Holub"
      },
      {
        "name": "Duschekia crispa",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) Pouzar"
      },
      {
        "name": "Duschekia fruticosa",
        "authorship": "(Rupr.) Pouzar"
      },
      {
        "name": "Duschekia kamschatica",
        "authorship": "(Callier) Pouzar"
      },
      {
        "name": "Duschekia ovata",
        "authorship": "(Schrank) Opiz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Duschekia sinuata",
        "authorship": "(Regel) Pouzar"
      },
      {
        "name": "Duschekia sinuata subsp. kamtschatica",
        "authorship": "Holub"
      },
      {
        "name": "Duschekia viridis",
        "authorship": "(Chaix) Opiz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Duschekia viridis subsp. brembana",
        "authorship": "(Rota) Holub"
      },
      {
        "name": "Semidopsis viridis",
        "authorship": "(Chaix) Zumagl."
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnus_alnobetula"
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      {
        "code": "KUR",
        "name": "Kuril Is.",
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      {
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      {
        "code": "WSB",
        "name": "West Siberia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
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      },
      {
        "code": "YAK",
        "name": "Yakutiya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
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        "name": "Austria",
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      },
      {
        "code": "BLR",
        "name": "Belarus",
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      {
        "code": "BUL",
        "name": "Bulgaria",
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      },
      {
        "code": "RUC",
        "name": "Central European Russia",
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      },
      {
        "code": "COR",
        "name": "Corse",
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      },
      {
        "code": "CZE",
        "name": "Czechia-Slovakia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUE",
        "name": "East European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GER",
        "name": "Germany",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "HUN",
        "name": "Hungary",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
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      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
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      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
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        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUN",
        "name": "North European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POL",
        "name": "Poland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROM",
        "name": "Romania",
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      },
      {
        "code": "SWI",
        "name": "Switzerland",
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      },
      {
        "code": "UKR",
        "name": "Ukraine",
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      },
      {
        "code": "ASK",
        "name": "Alaska",
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      },
      {
        "code": "ABT",
        "name": "Alberta",
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      },
      {
        "code": "ALU",
        "name": "Aleutian Is.",
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        "region": "Subarctic America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BRC",
        "name": "British Columbia",
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      },
      {
        "code": "CAL",
        "name": "California",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "COL",
        "name": "Colorado",
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      {
        "code": "GNL",
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      {
        "code": "IDA",
        "name": "Idaho",
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      {
        "code": "LAB",
        "name": "Labrador",
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      },
      {
        "code": "MAI",
        "name": "Maine",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
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      {
        "code": "MAN",
        "name": "Manitoba",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "MAS",
        "name": "Massachusetts",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
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      },
      {
        "code": "MIC",
        "name": "Michigan",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
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      },
      {
        "code": "MIN",
        "name": "Minnesota",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MNT",
        "name": "Montana",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NBR",
        "name": "New Brunswick",
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      },
      {
        "code": "NWH",
        "name": "New Hampshire",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NWY",
        "name": "New York",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NFL",
        "name": "Newfoundland",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCA",
        "name": "North Carolina",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NWT",
        "name": "Northwest Territories",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Subarctic America"
      },
      {
        "code": "NSC",
        "name": "Nova Scotia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "ONT",
        "name": "Ontario",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "ORE",
        "name": "Oregon",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "PEN",
        "name": "Pennsylvania",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "PEI",
        "name": "Prince Edward I.",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "QUE",
        "name": "Québec",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAS",
        "name": "Saskatchewan",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "TEN",
        "name": "Tennessee",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "VER",
        "name": "Vermont",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WAS",
        "name": "Washington",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WIS",
        "name": "Wisconsin",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WYO",
        "name": "Wyoming",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "YUK",
        "name": "Yukon",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Subarctic America"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 121,
    "n_annotated": 518,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      0,
      0,
      0,
      7,
      44,
      44,
      18,
      3,
      5,
      0,
      0,
      0
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
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      9,
      7,
      16,
      70,
      91,
      130,
      99,
      64,
      12,
      5,
      6
    ],
    "share": [
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0.4375,
      0.6286,
      0.4835,
      0.1385,
      0.0303,
      0.0781,
      0,
      0,
      0
    ],
    "ci": [
      [
        0,
        0.2992
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.2992
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.3543
      ],
      [
        0.231,
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      ],
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        0.5115,
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      ],
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        0.3836,
        0.5848
      ],
      [
        0.0894,
        0.2083
      ],
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        0.0104,
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      ],
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        0.0338,
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      ],
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        0,
        0.2425
      ],
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        0,
        0.4345
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.3903
      ]
    ],
    "peak_month": 5,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 321,
      "by_month": [
        6,
        6,
        5,
        6,
        11,
        38,
        96,
        84,
        52,
        9,
        4,
        4
      ],
      "share": [
        0.6667,
        0.6667,
        0.7143,
        0.375,
        0.1571,
        0.4176,
        0.7385,
        0.8485,
        0.8125,
        0.75,
        0.8,
        0.6667
      ],
      "ci": [
        [
          0.3542,
          0.8794
        ],
        [
          0.3542,
          0.8794
        ],
        [
          0.3589,
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        ],
        [
          0.1848,
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        ],
        [
          0.0901,
          0.2599
        ],
        [
          0.3216,
          0.5202
        ],
        [
          0.6568,
          0.8064
        ],
        [
          0.765,
          0.906
        ],
        [
          0.7003,
          0.8894
        ],
        [
          0.4677,
          0.9111
        ],
        [
          0.3755,
          0.9638
        ],
        [
          0.3,
          0.9032
        ]
      ],
      "peak_month": 8
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "shrub",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": -2.3,
      "median": 3.5,
      "p95": 7.6
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 467.4,
      "median": 744.5,
      "p95": 1251.5
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 14.1,
      "median": 19.5,
      "p95": 23.7
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -22.4,
      "median": -11.4,
      "p95": -1.2
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 536.3,
      "median": 1396.2,
      "p95": 3388.9
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 12.9,
      "median": 34.9,
      "p95": 62.8
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 59.6,
      "median": 208.3,
      "p95": 475.1
    },
    "n": 2018,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2018 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/alnus-alnobetula/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}