Plate 1 figs. a–h
Every figure is a research-grade observation under CC0, CC BY or CC BY-SA, rehosted with the photographer’s name, the licence and the observation it came from. Photographs under a NonCommercial licence are excluded from this site and are never stored, which costs us a great many pictures and is not negotiable.
Flowering n = 789 observations
Peak flowering in Apr, from 789 community-annotated observations worldwide. This is a global aggregate, not a forecast for your garden: the same species flowers on different dates in different hemispheres, and citizen-science records cluster near cities, at weekends, and in spring. Where a species has fewer than 30 annotated records we do not draw this chart at all.
Also published as 39 synonyms
A synonym is not an error. It is a record of botanists disagreeing, in print, about where this plant belongs. Each of these was somebody’s considered answer.
- Aesculus arguta Buckley
- Aesculus buckleyi (Sarg.) Bush
- Aesculus echinata Muhl.
- Aesculus glabra f. glabra
- Aesculus glabra f. pallida (Willd.) Fernald
- Aesculus glabra subsp. arguta (Buckley) A.E.Murray
- Aesculus glabra var. arguta (Buckley) Rob.
- Aesculus glabra var. buckleyi Sarg.
- Aesculus glabra var. glabra
- Aesculus glabra var. leucodermis Sarg.
- Aesculus glabra var. micrantha Sarg.
- Aesculus glabra var. monticola Sarg.
- Aesculus glabra var. sargentii Rehder
- Aesculus muricata Raf.
- Aesculus ochroleuca Raf.
- Aesculus ohioensis F.Michx.
- Aesculus pallida Willd.
- Aesculus rosea Loudon
- Aesculus rubella Wender.
- Aesculus rubicunda Lodd.
- Aesculus verrucosa Raf.
- Aesculus watsoniana D.Dietr.
- Hippocastanum carneum Raf.
- Hippocastanum glabrum var. buckleyi (Sarg.) Lunell
and 15 more.
Sourcesevery claim on this page
- World Flora Online Plant List. accepted name, authority, classification. CC0. Retrieved 2026-07-12.
- iNaturalist. photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only. per photograph. Retrieved 2026-06-27.
We publish what we can source and we say so when we cannot. This page has no care advice, no toxicity claim and no native range, because we do not yet have those from a source we can cite.