{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/genus-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/genus/ziziphus/",
  "id": {
    "slug": "ziziphus"
  },
  "genus": "Ziziphus",
  "family": "Rhamnaceae",
  "family_url": "https://botanai.app/family/rhamnaceae/",
  "accepted_species": 78,
  "documented_species": 11,
  "species": [
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus abyssinica",
      "authorship": "Hochst. ex A.Rich.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430509",
      "slug": "ziziphus-abyssinica",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus affinis",
      "authorship": "Hemsl.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430538",
      "slug": "ziziphus-affinis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus andamanica",
      "authorship": "Bhandari & Bhansali",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430537",
      "slug": "ziziphus-andamanica",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus angustifolia",
      "authorship": "(Miq.) Hatus. ex Steenis",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430546",
      "slug": "ziziphus-angustifolia",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus apetala",
      "authorship": "Hook.f.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430548",
      "slug": "ziziphus-apetala",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus attopensis",
      "authorship": "Pierre",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001131517",
      "slug": "ziziphus-attopensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus borneensis",
      "authorship": "Merr.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430536",
      "slug": "ziziphus-borneensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus brunoniana",
      "authorship": "C.B.Clarke ex Brandis",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430530",
      "slug": "ziziphus-brunoniana",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus budhensis",
      "authorship": "Bhattarai & M.L.Pathak",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001343087",
      "slug": "ziziphus-budhensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus cambodiana",
      "authorship": "Pierre",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430492",
      "slug": "ziziphus-cambodiana",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus celata",
      "authorship": "Judd & D.W.Hall",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001131224",
      "slug": "ziziphus-celata",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus colombiana",
      "authorship": "Suess. & Overkott",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430467",
      "slug": "ziziphus-colombiana",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus cotinifolia",
      "authorship": "Reissek",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001130917",
      "slug": "ziziphus-cotinifolia",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus crebrivenosa",
      "authorship": "C.B.Rob.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430469",
      "slug": "ziziphus-crebrivenosa",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus cumingiana",
      "authorship": "Merr.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430471",
      "slug": "ziziphus-cumingiana",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus cupularis",
      "authorship": "Suess. & Overkott",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430473",
      "slug": "ziziphus-cupularis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus djamuensis",
      "authorship": "Lauterb.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430458",
      "slug": "ziziphus-djamuensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus elmeri",
      "authorship": "Merr.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430455",
      "slug": "ziziphus-elmeri",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus endlichii",
      "authorship": "Loes.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430456",
      "slug": "ziziphus-endlichii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus forbesii",
      "authorship": "Baker f.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430497",
      "slug": "ziziphus-forbesii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus fungii",
      "authorship": "Merr.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001131516",
      "slug": "ziziphus-fungii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus funiculosa",
      "authorship": "Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430493",
      "slug": "ziziphus-funiculosa",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus glabrata",
      "authorship": "B.Heyne ex Roth",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430490",
      "slug": "ziziphus-glabrata",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus globularis",
      "authorship": "Wall.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430499",
      "slug": "ziziphus-globularis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus guaranitica",
      "authorship": "Malme",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001130913",
      "slug": "ziziphus-guaranitica",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus hajarensis",
      "authorship": "Duling, Ghaz. & Prend.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430504",
      "slug": "ziziphus-hajarensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus hamur",
      "authorship": "Engl.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001131310",
      "slug": "ziziphus-hamur",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus havilandii",
      "authorship": "Ridl.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430481",
      "slug": "ziziphus-havilandii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus hoaensis",
      "authorship": "Pierre",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430484",
      "slug": "ziziphus-hoaensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus horrida",
      "authorship": "Roth",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430485",
      "slug": "ziziphus-horrida",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus horsfieldii",
      "authorship": "Miq.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430486",
      "slug": "ziziphus-horsfieldii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus hutchinsonii",
      "authorship": "Merr.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430487",
      "slug": "ziziphus-hutchinsonii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus incurva",
      "authorship": "Roxb.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001131514",
      "slug": "ziziphus-incurva",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus javanensis",
      "authorship": "Blume",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430305",
      "slug": "ziziphus-javanensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus jujuba",
      "authorship": "Mill.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430303",
      "slug": "ziziphus-jujuba",
      "photographs_found": 90,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/ziziphus-jujuba/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus kunstleri",
      "authorship": "King",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430301",
      "slug": "ziziphus-kunstleri",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus laui",
      "authorship": "Merr.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001131513",
      "slug": "ziziphus-laui",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus lenticellatus",
      "authorship": "Merr.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430288",
      "slug": "ziziphus-lenticellatus",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus leucodermis",
      "authorship": "(Baker) O.Schwartz",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430289",
      "slug": "ziziphus-leucodermis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus linnaei",
      "authorship": "M.A.Lawson",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430290",
      "slug": "ziziphus-linnaei",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus lotus",
      "authorship": "(L.) Lam.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430292",
      "slug": "ziziphus-lotus",
      "photographs_found": 59,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/ziziphus-lotus/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus macrophylla",
      "authorship": "Ridl.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430321",
      "slug": "ziziphus-macrophylla",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus mairei",
      "authorship": "Dode",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001131524",
      "slug": "ziziphus-mairei",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus mauritiana",
      "authorship": "Lam.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430322",
      "slug": "ziziphus-mauritiana",
      "photographs_found": 227,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/ziziphus-mauritiana/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus melastomoides",
      "authorship": "Pittier",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430326",
      "slug": "ziziphus-melastomoides",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus montana",
      "authorship": "W.W.Sm.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001131525",
      "slug": "ziziphus-montana",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus mucronata",
      "authorship": "Willd.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430319",
      "slug": "ziziphus-mucronata",
      "photographs_found": 359,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/ziziphus-mucronata/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus nummularia",
      "authorship": "(Burm.f.) Wight & Arn.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430243",
      "slug": "ziziphus-nummularia",
      "photographs_found": 14,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/ziziphus-nummularia/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus oenopolia",
      "authorship": "(L.) Mill.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001130884",
      "slug": "ziziphus-oenopolia",
      "photographs_found": 83,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/ziziphus-oenopolia/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus oligantha",
      "authorship": "Merr. & L.M.Perry",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430258",
      "slug": "ziziphus-oligantha",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus ornata",
      "authorship": "Miq.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430245",
      "slug": "ziziphus-ornata",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus otanesii",
      "authorship": "Merr.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430255",
      "slug": "ziziphus-otanesii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus oxyphylla",
      "authorship": "Edgew.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001131276",
      "slug": "ziziphus-oxyphylla",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus palawanensis",
      "authorship": "Elmer",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430242",
      "slug": "ziziphus-palawanensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus papuana",
      "authorship": "Lauterb.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430248",
      "slug": "ziziphus-papuana",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus pernettyoides",
      "authorship": "Ridl.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430277",
      "slug": "ziziphus-pernettyoides",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus poilaneo",
      "authorship": "Tardieu",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430273",
      "slug": "ziziphus-poilaneo",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus pubescens",
      "authorship": "Oliver",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001131307",
      "slug": "ziziphus-pubescens",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus pubinervis",
      "authorship": "Rehder",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001131526",
      "slug": "ziziphus-pubinervis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus quadrilocularis",
      "authorship": "F.Muell.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430280",
      "slug": "ziziphus-quadrilocularis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus rivularis",
      "authorship": "Codd",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001130995",
      "slug": "ziziphus-rivularis",
      "photographs_found": 10,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/ziziphus-rivularis/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus robertsoniana",
      "authorship": "Beentje",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001280664",
      "slug": "ziziphus-robertsoniana",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus rubiginosa",
      "authorship": "D.G.Long & Rae",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430269",
      "slug": "ziziphus-rubiginosa",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus rugosa",
      "authorship": "Lam.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001130885",
      "slug": "ziziphus-rugosa",
      "photographs_found": 46,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/ziziphus-rugosa/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus seleri",
      "authorship": "Loes.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430376",
      "slug": "ziziphus-seleri",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus sonorensis",
      "authorship": "S.Watson",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001248097",
      "slug": "ziziphus-sonorensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus spina-christi",
      "authorship": "(L.) Desf.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001131308",
      "slug": "ziziphus-spina-christi",
      "photographs_found": 12,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/ziziphus-spina-christi/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus subquinquenervia",
      "authorship": "Miq.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430385",
      "slug": "ziziphus-subquinquenervia",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus suluensis",
      "authorship": "Merr.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430369",
      "slug": "ziziphus-suluensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus talanae",
      "authorship": "(Blanco) Merr.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001424002",
      "slug": "ziziphus-talanae",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus talanai",
      "authorship": "Merr.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430379",
      "slug": "ziziphus-talanai",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus timoriensis",
      "authorship": "DC.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430366",
      "slug": "ziziphus-timoriensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus trinervis",
      "authorship": "(Cav.) Poir.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001424001",
      "slug": "ziziphus-trinervis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus truncata",
      "authorship": "Blatt. & Hallb.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430372",
      "slug": "ziziphus-truncata",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus williamii",
      "authorship": "Bhandari & Bhansali",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430398",
      "slug": "ziziphus-williamii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus xiangchengensis",
      "authorship": "Y.L.Chen & P.K.Chou",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001131523",
      "slug": "ziziphus-xiangchengensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus xylopyrus",
      "authorship": "(Retz.) Willd.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000430400",
      "slug": "ziziphus-xylopyrus",
      "photographs_found": 13,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/ziziphus-xylopyrus/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Ziziphus zeyheriana",
      "authorship": "Sond.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001130996",
      "slug": "ziziphus-zeyheriana",
      "photographs_found": 29,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/ziziphus-zeyheriana/"
    }
  ],
  "evidence_gate": {
    "rule": "at least 3 photographs licensed for commercial use",
    "rationale": "This site is commercial, so it can only publish photographs licensed for commercial use. Roughly three quarters of the photographs on iNaturalist are CC BY-NC, which excludes them. A species below the gate is listed here rather than given a page of its own."
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted names, authorities, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/genus/ziziphus/"
  }
}