{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/genus-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/genus/symphytum/",
  "id": {
    "slug": "symphytum"
  },
  "genus": "Symphytum",
  "family": "Boraginaceae",
  "family_url": "https://botanai.app/family/boraginaceae/",
  "accepted_species": 36,
  "documented_species": 11,
  "species": [
    {
      "scientific_name": "Symphytum aintabicum",
      "authorship": "Hub.-Mor. & Wickens",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000431963",
      "slug": "symphytum-aintabicum",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Symphytum anatolicum",
      "authorship": "Boiss.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000432374",
      "slug": "symphytum-anatolicum",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Symphytum asperum",
      "authorship": "Lepech.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000432379",
      "slug": "symphytum-asperum",
      "photographs_found": 73,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/symphytum-asperum/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Symphytum bornmuelleri",
      "authorship": "Buckn.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000432373",
      "slug": "symphytum-bornmuelleri",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Symphytum brachycalyx",
      "authorship": "Boiss.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000432378",
      "slug": "symphytum-brachycalyx",
      "photographs_found": 1,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Symphytum bulbosum",
      "authorship": "K.F.Schimp.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000432370",
      "slug": "symphytum-bulbosum",
      "photographs_found": 66,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/symphytum-bulbosum/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Symphytum carpaticum",
      "authorship": "Yu.M.Frolov",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000432261",
      "slug": "symphytum-carpaticum",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Symphytum caucasicum",
      "authorship": "M.Bieb.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000432279",
      "slug": "symphytum-caucasicum",
      "photographs_found": 331,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/symphytum-caucasicum/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Symphytum circinale",
      "authorship": "Runemark",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000432280",
      "slug": "symphytum-circinale",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Symphytum cordatum",
      "authorship": "Willd.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000432288",
      "slug": "symphytum-cordatum",
      "photographs_found": 12,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/symphytum-cordatum/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Symphytum creticum",
      "authorship": "(Willd.) Runemark",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000432269",
      "slug": "symphytum-creticum",
      "photographs_found": 11,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/symphytum-creticum/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Symphytum davisii",
      "authorship": "Wickens",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000432264",
      "slug": "symphytum-davisii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Symphytum ferrariense",
      "authorship": "Massal.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001327938",
      "slug": "symphytum-ferrariense-0001327938",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Symphytum grandiflorum",
      "authorship": "DC.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000432199",
      "slug": "symphytum-grandiflorum",
      "photographs_found": 85,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/symphytum-grandiflorum/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Symphytum gussonei",
      "authorship": "F.W.Schultz",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000432200",
      "slug": "symphytum-gussonei",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Symphytum hajastanum",
      "authorship": "Gvin.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000432201",
      "slug": "symphytum-hajastanum",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Symphytum ibericum",
      "authorship": "Steven",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001327940",
      "slug": "symphytum-ibericum",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Symphytum ibiricum",
      "authorship": "Steven",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000432213",
      "slug": "symphytum-ibiricum",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Symphytum kurdicum",
      "authorship": "Boiss. & Hausskn. ex Boiss.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000432210",
      "slug": "symphytum-kurdicum",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Symphytum longisetum",
      "authorship": "Hub.-Mor. & Wickens",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000432205",
      "slug": "symphytum-longisetum",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Symphytum officinale",
      "authorship": "L.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000432219",
      "slug": "symphytum-officinale",
      "photographs_found": 2158,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/symphytum-officinale/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Symphytum orientale",
      "authorship": "L.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000432228",
      "slug": "symphytum-orientale",
      "photographs_found": 277,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/symphytum-orientale/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Symphytum ottomanum",
      "authorship": "Friv.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000432229",
      "slug": "symphytum-ottomanum",
      "photographs_found": 3,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/symphytum-ottomanum/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Symphytum podcumicum",
      "authorship": "Yu.M.Frolov",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000432237",
      "slug": "symphytum-podcumicum",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Symphytum pseudobulbosum",
      "authorship": "Azn.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000432240",
      "slug": "symphytum-pseudobulbosum",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Symphytum savvalense",
      "authorship": "Kurtto",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000432216",
      "slug": "symphytum-savvalense",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Symphytum sylvaticum",
      "authorship": "Boiss.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000432215",
      "slug": "symphytum-sylvaticum",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Symphytum tauricum",
      "authorship": "Willd.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000432224",
      "slug": "symphytum-tauricum",
      "photographs_found": 66,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/symphytum-tauricum/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Symphytum tuberosum",
      "authorship": "L.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000432225",
      "slug": "symphytum-tuberosum",
      "photographs_found": 455,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/symphytum-tuberosum/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Symphytum uplandicum",
      "authorship": "Nyman",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001215075",
      "slug": "symphytum-uplandicum-0001215075",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Symphytum wettsteinii",
      "authorship": "Sennholz",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001327943",
      "slug": "symphytum-wettsteinii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Symphytum × bicknellii",
      "authorship": "Buckn.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000432384",
      "slug": "symphytum-bicknellii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Symphytum × ferrariense",
      "authorship": "C.Massal.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000432273",
      "slug": "symphytum-ferrariense-0000432273",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Symphytum × mosquense",
      "authorship": "S.R.Majorov & D.D.Sokoloff",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000432191",
      "slug": "symphytum-mosquense",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Symphytum × ullepitschii",
      "authorship": "Wettst.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000432198",
      "slug": "symphytum-ullepitschii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Symphytum × uplandicum",
      "authorship": "Nyman",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000432290",
      "slug": "symphytum-uplandicum-0000432290",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    }
  ],
  "evidence_gate": {
    "rule": "at least 3 photographs licensed for commercial use",
    "rationale": "This site is commercial, so it can only publish photographs licensed for commercial use. Roughly three quarters of the photographs on iNaturalist are CC BY-NC, which excludes them. A species below the gate is listed here rather than given a page of its own."
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted names, authorities, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/genus/symphytum/"
  }
}