{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/genus-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/genus/rubia/",
  "id": {
    "slug": "rubia"
  },
  "genus": "Rubia",
  "family": "Rubiaceae",
  "family_url": "https://botanai.app/family/rubiaceae/",
  "accepted_species": 88,
  "documented_species": 15,
  "species": [
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia agostinhoi",
      "authorship": "Dans. & P.Silva",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298368",
      "slug": "rubia-agostinhoi",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia aitchisonii",
      "authorship": "Deb & Malick",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298369",
      "slug": "rubia-aitchisonii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia alaica",
      "authorship": "Pachom.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298373",
      "slug": "rubia-alaica",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia alata",
      "authorship": "Wall.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298374",
      "slug": "rubia-alata",
      "photographs_found": 17,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/rubia-alata/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia albicaulis",
      "authorship": "Boiss.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298375",
      "slug": "rubia-albicaulis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia angustisissima",
      "authorship": "Wall. ex G.Don",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298384",
      "slug": "rubia-angustisissima",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia argyi",
      "authorship": "(H.Lév. & Vaniot) H.Hara",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298386",
      "slug": "rubia-argyi",
      "photographs_found": 27,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/rubia-argyi/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia atropurpurea",
      "authorship": "Decne.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298389",
      "slug": "rubia-atropurpurea",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia austrozhejiangensis",
      "authorship": "Z.P.Lei, Y.Y.Zhou & R.W.Wang",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001336251",
      "slug": "rubia-austrozhejiangensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia balearica",
      "authorship": "(Willk.) Porta",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298392",
      "slug": "rubia-balearica",
      "photographs_found": 16,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/rubia-balearica/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia caramanica",
      "authorship": "Bornm.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298408",
      "slug": "rubia-caramanica",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia charifolia",
      "authorship": "Wall. ex G.Don",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298409",
      "slug": "rubia-charifolia",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia chinensis",
      "authorship": "Regel & Maack",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298414",
      "slug": "rubia-chinensis",
      "photographs_found": 12,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/rubia-chinensis/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia chitralensis",
      "authorship": "Ehrend.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298421",
      "slug": "rubia-chitralensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia clematidifolia",
      "authorship": "Blume ex Decne.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298423",
      "slug": "rubia-clematidifolia",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia cordifolia",
      "authorship": "L.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298429",
      "slug": "rubia-cordifolia",
      "photographs_found": 50,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/rubia-cordifolia/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia crassipes",
      "authorship": "Collett & Hemsl.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298447",
      "slug": "rubia-crassipes",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia cretacea",
      "authorship": "Pojark.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298448",
      "slug": "rubia-cretacea",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia danaensis",
      "authorship": "Danin",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000918935",
      "slug": "rubia-danaensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia davisiana",
      "authorship": "Ehrend.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298454",
      "slug": "rubia-davisiana",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia deserticola",
      "authorship": "Pojark.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298456",
      "slug": "rubia-deserticola",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia discolor",
      "authorship": "Turcz.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298461",
      "slug": "rubia-discolor",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia dolichophylla",
      "authorship": "Schrenk",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298462",
      "slug": "rubia-dolichophylla",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia edgeworthii",
      "authorship": "Hook.f.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298465",
      "slug": "rubia-edgeworthii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia falciformis",
      "authorship": "H.S.Lo",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298470",
      "slug": "rubia-falciformis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia filiformis",
      "authorship": "F.C.How ex H.S.Lo",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298472",
      "slug": "rubia-filiformis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia florida",
      "authorship": "Boiss. ex Hohen.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298473",
      "slug": "rubia-florida",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia fruticosa",
      "authorship": "Aiton",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298475",
      "slug": "rubia-fruticosa",
      "photographs_found": 68,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/rubia-fruticosa/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia garrettii",
      "authorship": "Craib",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298484",
      "slug": "rubia-garrettii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia gedrosiaca",
      "authorship": "Bornm.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298485",
      "slug": "rubia-gedrosiaca",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia haematantha",
      "authorship": "Airy Shaw",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298494",
      "slug": "rubia-haematantha",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia hangii",
      "authorship": "L.E Yang & Z.L.Nie",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001347694",
      "slug": "rubia-hangii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia hexaphylla",
      "authorship": "(Makino) Makino",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298496",
      "slug": "rubia-hexaphylla",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia himalayensis",
      "authorship": "Klotzsch",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298497",
      "slug": "rubia-himalayensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia hispidicaulis",
      "authorship": "D.G.Long",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298501",
      "slug": "rubia-hispidicaulis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia horrida",
      "authorship": "(Thunb.) Puff",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298502",
      "slug": "rubia-horrida",
      "photographs_found": 14,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/rubia-horrida/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia infundibularis",
      "authorship": "Hemsl. & Lace",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298509",
      "slug": "rubia-infundibularis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia jesoensis",
      "authorship": "(Miq.) Miyabe & Kudô",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298512",
      "slug": "rubia-jesoensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia komarovii",
      "authorship": "Pojark.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298513",
      "slug": "rubia-komarovii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia krascheninnikovii",
      "authorship": "Pojark.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298516",
      "slug": "rubia-krascheninnikovii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia laevissima",
      "authorship": "Tschern.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298521",
      "slug": "rubia-laevissima",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia latipetala",
      "authorship": "H.S.Lo",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298523",
      "slug": "rubia-latipetala",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia laurae",
      "authorship": "(Holmboe) Airy Shaw",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298524",
      "slug": "rubia-laurae",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia laxiflora",
      "authorship": "Gontsch.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298526",
      "slug": "rubia-laxiflora",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia linii",
      "authorship": "J.M.Chao",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298529",
      "slug": "rubia-linii",
      "photographs_found": 6,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/rubia-linii/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia magna",
      "authorship": "P.K.Hsiao",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298534",
      "slug": "rubia-magna",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia mandersii",
      "authorship": "Collett & Hemsl.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298537",
      "slug": "rubia-mandersii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia manjith",
      "authorship": "Roxb.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298538",
      "slug": "rubia-manjith",
      "photographs_found": 8,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/rubia-manjith/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia maymanensis",
      "authorship": "Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000624000",
      "slug": "rubia-maymanensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia membranacea",
      "authorship": "Diels",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298541",
      "slug": "rubia-membranacea",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia occidens",
      "authorship": "Capelo, M.Seq. & H.Schaef.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001338303",
      "slug": "rubia-occidens",
      "photographs_found": 27,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/rubia-occidens/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia oncotricha",
      "authorship": "Hand.-Mazz.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298562",
      "slug": "rubia-oncotricha",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia oppositifolia",
      "authorship": "Griff.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298563",
      "slug": "rubia-oppositifolia",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia ovatifolia",
      "authorship": "Z.Ying Zhang",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000810049",
      "slug": "rubia-ovatifolia",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia pallida",
      "authorship": "Diels",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298566",
      "slug": "rubia-pallida",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia pauciflora",
      "authorship": "Boiss.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298569",
      "slug": "rubia-pauciflora",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia pavlovii",
      "authorship": "Bajtenov & Myrz.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298570",
      "slug": "rubia-pavlovii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia peregrina",
      "authorship": "L.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298572",
      "slug": "rubia-peregrina",
      "photographs_found": 416,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/rubia-peregrina/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia petiolaris",
      "authorship": "DC.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298579",
      "slug": "rubia-petiolaris",
      "photographs_found": 90,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/rubia-petiolaris/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia philippinensis",
      "authorship": "Elmer",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298582",
      "slug": "rubia-philippinensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia pianmaensis",
      "authorship": "R.Li & H.Li",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001337421",
      "slug": "rubia-pianmaensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia podantha",
      "authorship": "Diels",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298583",
      "slug": "rubia-podantha",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia polyphlebia",
      "authorship": "H.S.Lo",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298584",
      "slug": "rubia-polyphlebia",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia pseudogalium",
      "authorship": "Ehrend.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000921371",
      "slug": "rubia-pseudogalium",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia pterygocaulis",
      "authorship": "H.S.Lo",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298586",
      "slug": "rubia-pterygocaulis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia rechingeri",
      "authorship": "Ehrend.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298593",
      "slug": "rubia-rechingeri",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia regelii",
      "authorship": "Pojark.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298594",
      "slug": "rubia-regelii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia rezniczenkoana",
      "authorship": "Litv.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298598",
      "slug": "rubia-rezniczenkoana",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia rigidifolia",
      "authorship": "Pojark.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298602",
      "slug": "rubia-rigidifolia",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia rotundifolia",
      "authorship": "Banks & Sol.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298603",
      "slug": "rubia-rotundifolia",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia salicifolia",
      "authorship": "H.S.Lo",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298607",
      "slug": "rubia-salicifolia",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia schugnanica",
      "authorship": "B.Fedtsch. ex Pojark.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298614",
      "slug": "rubia-schugnanica",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia schumanniana",
      "authorship": "E.Pritz.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298615",
      "slug": "rubia-schumanniana",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia siamensis",
      "authorship": "Craib",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298619",
      "slug": "rubia-siamensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia sikkimensis",
      "authorship": "Kurz",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298620",
      "slug": "rubia-sikkimensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia sylvatica",
      "authorship": "(Maxim.) Nakai",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298623",
      "slug": "rubia-sylvatica",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia tatarica",
      "authorship": "(Trevir.) F.Schmidt",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298626",
      "slug": "rubia-tatarica",
      "photographs_found": 5,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/rubia-tatarica/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia tenuifolia",
      "authorship": "d'Urv.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298629",
      "slug": "rubia-tenuifolia",
      "photographs_found": 12,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/rubia-tenuifolia/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia tenuissima",
      "authorship": "M.H.J.van der Meer",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001428594",
      "slug": "rubia-tenuissima",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia thunbergii",
      "authorship": "DC.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298640",
      "slug": "rubia-thunbergii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia tibetica",
      "authorship": "Hook.f.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298641",
      "slug": "rubia-tibetica",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia tinctorum",
      "authorship": "L.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298644",
      "slug": "rubia-tinctorum",
      "photographs_found": 50,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/rubia-tinctorum/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia transcaucasica",
      "authorship": "Grossh.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298651",
      "slug": "rubia-transcaucasica",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia trichocarpa",
      "authorship": "H.S.Lo",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298652",
      "slug": "rubia-trichocarpa",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia truppeliana",
      "authorship": "Loes.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298656",
      "slug": "rubia-truppeliana",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia urceolata",
      "authorship": "X.F.Wang & C.H.Wang",
      "wfo": "wfo-1000007458",
      "slug": "rubia-urceolata",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia wallichiana",
      "authorship": "Decne.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298664",
      "slug": "rubia-wallichiana",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Rubia yunnanensis",
      "authorship": "Diels",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000298667",
      "slug": "rubia-yunnanensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    }
  ],
  "evidence_gate": {
    "rule": "at least 3 photographs licensed for commercial use",
    "rationale": "This site is commercial, so it can only publish photographs licensed for commercial use. Roughly three quarters of the photographs on iNaturalist are CC BY-NC, which excludes them. A species below the gate is listed here rather than given a page of its own."
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted names, authorities, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/genus/rubia/"
  }
}