{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/genus-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/genus/juniperus/",
  "id": {
    "slug": "juniperus"
  },
  "genus": "Juniperus",
  "family": "Cupressaceae",
  "family_url": "https://botanai.app/family/cupressaceae/",
  "accepted_species": 72,
  "documented_species": 41,
  "species": [
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus angosturana",
      "authorship": "R.P.Adams",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355552",
      "slug": "juniperus-angosturana",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus arizonica",
      "authorship": "(R.P.Adams) R.P.Adams",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000507452",
      "slug": "juniperus-arizonica",
      "photographs_found": 68,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-arizonica/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus ashei",
      "authorship": "J.Buchholz",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355562",
      "slug": "juniperus-ashei",
      "photographs_found": 1371,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-ashei/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus barbadensis",
      "authorship": "L.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355559",
      "slug": "juniperus-barbadensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus bermudiana",
      "authorship": "L.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355535",
      "slug": "juniperus-bermudiana",
      "photographs_found": 3,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-bermudiana/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus blancoi",
      "authorship": "Martínez",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355545",
      "slug": "juniperus-blancoi",
      "photographs_found": 5,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus bregeonii",
      "authorship": "Regel",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355579",
      "slug": "juniperus-bregeonii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus brevifolia",
      "authorship": "(Seub.) Antoine",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355540",
      "slug": "juniperus-brevifolia",
      "photographs_found": 2,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus californica",
      "authorship": "Carrière",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355594",
      "slug": "juniperus-californica",
      "photographs_found": 836,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-californica/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus canariensis",
      "authorship": "Guyot",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355600",
      "slug": "juniperus-canariensis",
      "photographs_found": 14,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-canariensis/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus cedrus",
      "authorship": "Webb & Berthel.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355609",
      "slug": "juniperus-cedrus",
      "photographs_found": 18,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-cedrus/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus chinensis",
      "authorship": "L.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355589",
      "slug": "juniperus-chinensis",
      "photographs_found": 12,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-chinensis/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus coahuilensis",
      "authorship": "(Martínez) Gaussen ex R.P.Adams",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355584",
      "slug": "juniperus-coahuilensis",
      "photographs_found": 22,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-coahuilensis/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus comitana",
      "authorship": "Martínez",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355587",
      "slug": "juniperus-comitana",
      "photographs_found": 6,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-comitana/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus communis",
      "authorship": "L.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355532",
      "slug": "juniperus-communis",
      "photographs_found": 4661,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-communis/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus convallium",
      "authorship": "Rehder & E.H.Wilson",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355491",
      "slug": "juniperus-convallium",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus deltoides",
      "authorship": "R.P.Adams",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355914",
      "slug": "juniperus-deltoides",
      "photographs_found": 172,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-deltoides/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus deppeana",
      "authorship": "Steud.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355474",
      "slug": "juniperus-deppeana",
      "photographs_found": 1946,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-deppeana/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus drupacea",
      "authorship": "Labill.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355518",
      "slug": "juniperus-drupacea",
      "photographs_found": 1,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus durangensis",
      "authorship": "Martínez",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355520",
      "slug": "juniperus-durangensis",
      "photographs_found": 14,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-durangensis/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus erectopatens",
      "authorship": "(W.C.Cheng & L.K.Fu) R.P.Adams",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355526",
      "slug": "juniperus-erectopatens",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus excelsa",
      "authorship": "M.Bieb.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355502",
      "slug": "juniperus-excelsa",
      "photographs_found": 245,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-excelsa/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus flaccida",
      "authorship": "Schltdl.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355500",
      "slug": "juniperus-flaccida",
      "photographs_found": 124,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-flaccida/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus foetidissima",
      "authorship": "Willd.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355516",
      "slug": "juniperus-foetidissima",
      "photographs_found": 22,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-foetidissima/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus formosana",
      "authorship": "Hayata",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355485",
      "slug": "juniperus-formosana",
      "photographs_found": 95,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-formosana/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus gamboana",
      "authorship": "Martínez",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355711",
      "slug": "juniperus-gamboana",
      "photographs_found": 4,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-gamboana/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus gracilior",
      "authorship": "Pilg.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355720",
      "slug": "juniperus-gracilior",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus grandis",
      "authorship": "R.P.Adams",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000507472",
      "slug": "juniperus-grandis",
      "photographs_found": 280,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-grandis/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus henryana",
      "authorship": "R.Br.ter",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355690",
      "slug": "juniperus-henryana",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus horizontalis",
      "authorship": "Moench",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355700",
      "slug": "juniperus-horizontalis",
      "photographs_found": 472,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-horizontalis/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus indica",
      "authorship": "Bertol.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355744",
      "slug": "juniperus-indica",
      "photographs_found": 7,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-indica/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus jaliscana",
      "authorship": "Martínez",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355763",
      "slug": "juniperus-jaliscana",
      "photographs_found": 12,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-jaliscana/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus komarovii",
      "authorship": "Florin",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355759",
      "slug": "juniperus-komarovii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus macrocarpa",
      "authorship": "Sm.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355640",
      "slug": "juniperus-macrocarpa",
      "photographs_found": 98,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-macrocarpa/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus martinezii",
      "authorship": "Pérez de la Rosa",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355646",
      "slug": "juniperus-martinezii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus microsperma",
      "authorship": "(W.C.Cheng & L.K.Fu) R.P.Adams",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355618",
      "slug": "juniperus-microsperma",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus monosperma",
      "authorship": "(Engelm.) Sarg.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355620",
      "slug": "juniperus-monosperma",
      "photographs_found": 2461,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-monosperma/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus monticola",
      "authorship": "Martínez",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355622",
      "slug": "juniperus-monticola",
      "photographs_found": 6,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-monticola/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus morrisonicola",
      "authorship": "Hayata",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355623",
      "slug": "juniperus-morrisonicola",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus navicularis",
      "authorship": "Gand.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355657",
      "slug": "juniperus-navicularis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus occidentalis",
      "authorship": "Hook.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355675",
      "slug": "juniperus-occidentalis",
      "photographs_found": 305,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-occidentalis/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus osteosperma",
      "authorship": "(Torr.) Little",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355681",
      "slug": "juniperus-osteosperma",
      "photographs_found": 906,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-osteosperma/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus oxycedrus",
      "authorship": "L.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355658",
      "slug": "juniperus-oxycedrus",
      "photographs_found": 346,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-oxycedrus/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus phoenicea",
      "authorship": "L.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355663",
      "slug": "juniperus-phoenicea",
      "photographs_found": 96,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-phoenicea/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus pinchotii",
      "authorship": "Sudw.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355801",
      "slug": "juniperus-pinchotii",
      "photographs_found": 311,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-pinchotii/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus pingii",
      "authorship": "W.C.Cheng ex Ferré",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000354969",
      "slug": "juniperus-pingii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus poblana",
      "authorship": "(Martínez) R.P.Adams",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000507479",
      "slug": "juniperus-poblana",
      "photographs_found": 7,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-poblana/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus procera",
      "authorship": "Hochst. ex Endl.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355729",
      "slug": "juniperus-procera",
      "photographs_found": 3,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-procera/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus procumbens",
      "authorship": "(Siebold ex Endl.) Miq.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355730",
      "slug": "juniperus-procumbens",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus przewalskii",
      "authorship": "Kom.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355742",
      "slug": "juniperus-przewalskii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus pseudosabina",
      "authorship": "Fisch. & C.A.Mey.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355734",
      "slug": "juniperus-pseudosabina",
      "photographs_found": 2,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus recurva",
      "authorship": "Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000354978",
      "slug": "juniperus-recurva",
      "photographs_found": 4,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-recurva/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus rigida",
      "authorship": "Siebold & Zucc.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000354956",
      "slug": "juniperus-rigida",
      "photographs_found": 9,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-rigida/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus sabina",
      "authorship": "L.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000354994",
      "slug": "juniperus-sabina",
      "photographs_found": 42,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-sabina/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus saltillensis",
      "authorship": "M.T.Hall",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355018",
      "slug": "juniperus-saltillensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus saltuaria",
      "authorship": "Rehder & E.H.Wilson",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355019",
      "slug": "juniperus-saltuaria",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus saxicola",
      "authorship": "Britton & P.Wilson",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355013",
      "slug": "juniperus-saxicola",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus scopulorum",
      "authorship": "Sarg.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000354991",
      "slug": "juniperus-scopulorum",
      "photographs_found": 1274,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-scopulorum/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus semiglobosa",
      "authorship": "Regel",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000354992",
      "slug": "juniperus-semiglobosa",
      "photographs_found": 1,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus squamata",
      "authorship": "Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000354918",
      "slug": "juniperus-squamata",
      "photographs_found": 52,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-squamata/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus standleyi",
      "authorship": "Steyerm.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000353640",
      "slug": "juniperus-standleyi",
      "photographs_found": 1,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus taxifolia",
      "authorship": "Hook. & Arn.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000353674",
      "slug": "juniperus-taxifolia",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus thurifera",
      "authorship": "L.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000353681",
      "slug": "juniperus-thurifera",
      "photographs_found": 17,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-thurifera/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus tibetica",
      "authorship": "Kom.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000353679",
      "slug": "juniperus-tibetica",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus turbinata",
      "authorship": "Guss.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000353657",
      "slug": "juniperus-turbinata",
      "photographs_found": 322,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-turbinata/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus virginiana",
      "authorship": "L.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000354923",
      "slug": "juniperus-virginiana",
      "photographs_found": 5396,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-virginiana/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus zanonii",
      "authorship": "R.P.Adams",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000916222",
      "slug": "juniperus-zanonii",
      "photographs_found": 4,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juniperus-zanonii/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus × ambigens",
      "authorship": "(Fassett) R.P.Adams",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000735635",
      "slug": "juniperus-ambigens",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus × fassettii",
      "authorship": "B.Boivin",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000355906",
      "slug": "juniperus-fassettii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus × herragudensis",
      "authorship": "J.M.Aparicio & Uribe-Ech.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000921201",
      "slug": "juniperus-herragudensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus × palanciana",
      "authorship": "J.M.Aparicio & Uribe-Ech.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000509643",
      "slug": "juniperus-palanciana",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Juniperus × pfitzeriana",
      "authorship": "(Späth) P.A.Schmidt",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000914851",
      "slug": "juniperus-pfitzeriana",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    }
  ],
  "evidence_gate": {
    "rule": "at least 3 photographs licensed for commercial use",
    "rationale": "This site is commercial, so it can only publish photographs licensed for commercial use. Roughly three quarters of the photographs on iNaturalist are CC BY-NC, which excludes them. A species below the gate is listed here rather than given a page of its own."
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted names, authorities, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/genus/juniperus/"
  }
}