{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/genus-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/genus/frangula/",
  "id": {
    "slug": "frangula"
  },
  "genus": "Frangula",
  "family": "Rhamnaceae",
  "family_url": "https://botanai.app/family/rhamnaceae/",
  "accepted_species": 56,
  "documented_species": 13,
  "species": [
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula acuminata",
      "authorship": "(Maguire & Steyerm.) A.Pool",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001338792",
      "slug": "frangula-acuminata",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula alnus",
      "authorship": "Mill.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000691852",
      "slug": "frangula-alnus",
      "photographs_found": 3093,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/frangula-alnus/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula austrosinensis",
      "authorship": "Hatus.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000691865",
      "slug": "frangula-austrosinensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula azorica",
      "authorship": "Grubov",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000691866",
      "slug": "frangula-azorica",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula betulifolia",
      "authorship": "(Greene) Grubov",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000691868",
      "slug": "frangula-betulifolia",
      "photographs_found": 7,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/frangula-betulifolia/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula breedlovei",
      "authorship": "(L.A.Johnst. & M.C.Johnst.) A.Pool",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001338793",
      "slug": "frangula-breedlovei",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula californica",
      "authorship": "(Eschsch.) A.Gray",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000691873",
      "slug": "frangula-californica",
      "photographs_found": 1286,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/frangula-californica/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula capreifolia",
      "authorship": "(Schltdl.) Grubov",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000691881",
      "slug": "frangula-capreifolia",
      "photographs_found": 10,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/frangula-capreifolia/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula caroliniana",
      "authorship": "(Walter) A.Gray",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000691882",
      "slug": "frangula-caroliniana",
      "photographs_found": 805,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/frangula-caroliniana/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula chimalapensis",
      "authorship": "(R.Fernández) A.Pool",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001338794",
      "slug": "frangula-chimalapensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula chrysophylla",
      "authorship": "Reissek",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000691884",
      "slug": "frangula-chrysophylla",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula circumscissa",
      "authorship": "A.Pool",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001338796",
      "slug": "frangula-circumscissa",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula crenata",
      "authorship": "Miq.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000691886",
      "slug": "frangula-crenata",
      "photographs_found": 5,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/frangula-crenata/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula darienensis",
      "authorship": "A.Pool",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001338797",
      "slug": "frangula-darienensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula dianthes",
      "authorship": "(L.Riley) Grubov",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000691887",
      "slug": "frangula-dianthes",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula discolor",
      "authorship": "(Donn.Sm.) Grubov",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000691888",
      "slug": "frangula-discolor",
      "photographs_found": 2,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula glaberrima",
      "authorship": "(Peyr.) Grubov",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000691894",
      "slug": "frangula-glaberrima",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula goudotiana",
      "authorship": "(Triana) Grubov",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000691895",
      "slug": "frangula-goudotiana",
      "photographs_found": 10,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/frangula-goudotiana/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula grandiflora",
      "authorship": "A.Pool",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001131279",
      "slug": "frangula-grandiflora",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula grandifolia",
      "authorship": "(Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Grubov",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000691896",
      "slug": "frangula-grandifolia",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula granulosa",
      "authorship": "(Ruiz & Pav.) Grubov",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000691897",
      "slug": "frangula-granulosa",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula grisea",
      "authorship": "(Merr.) Grubov",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000691898",
      "slug": "frangula-grisea",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula henryi",
      "authorship": "(C.K.Schneid.) Grubov",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000691899",
      "slug": "frangula-henryi",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula hintonii",
      "authorship": "(M.C.Johnst. & L.A.Johnst.) A.Pool",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001338798",
      "slug": "frangula-hintonii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula inconspicua",
      "authorship": "A.Pool",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001338799",
      "slug": "frangula-inconspicua",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula lindeniana",
      "authorship": "(Triana) Grubov",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000691901",
      "slug": "frangula-lindeniana",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula longipedicellata",
      "authorship": "A.Pool",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001338800",
      "slug": "frangula-longipedicellata",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula longipes",
      "authorship": "(Merr. & Chun) Grubov",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000691902",
      "slug": "frangula-longipes",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula longistyla",
      "authorship": "(C.B.Wolf) A.Pool",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001338801",
      "slug": "frangula-longistyla",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula macrocarpa",
      "authorship": "(Standl.) Grubov",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000691903",
      "slug": "frangula-macrocarpa",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula marahuacensis",
      "authorship": "(Steyerm. & Maguire) A.Pool",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001338802",
      "slug": "frangula-marahuacensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula mcvaughii",
      "authorship": "(L.A.Johnst. & M.C.Johnst.) A.Pool",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001338803",
      "slug": "frangula-mcvaughii",
      "photographs_found": 5,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/frangula-mcvaughii/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula microphylla",
      "authorship": "(Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) Grubov",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000691905",
      "slug": "frangula-microphylla",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula mucronata",
      "authorship": "(Schltdl.) Grubov",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000691906",
      "slug": "frangula-mucronata",
      "photographs_found": 25,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/frangula-mucronata/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula neblinensis",
      "authorship": "(Maguire & Steyerm.) A.Pool",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001338804",
      "slug": "frangula-neblinensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula obovata",
      "authorship": "(Kearney & Peebles) G.L.Nesom & Sawyer",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000743910",
      "slug": "frangula-obovata",
      "photographs_found": 32,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/frangula-obovata/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula oreodendron",
      "authorship": "(L.O.Williams) A.Pool",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001338805",
      "slug": "frangula-oreodendron",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula palmeri",
      "authorship": "(S.Watson) Grubov",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000691912",
      "slug": "frangula-palmeri",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula pedunculata",
      "authorship": "F.K.Mey.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000749309",
      "slug": "frangula-pedunculata",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula pendula",
      "authorship": "A.Pool",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001338806",
      "slug": "frangula-pendula",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula pinetorum",
      "authorship": "(Standl.) Grubov",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000691916",
      "slug": "frangula-pinetorum",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula polymorpha",
      "authorship": "Reissek",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000691917",
      "slug": "frangula-polymorpha",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula pringlei",
      "authorship": "(Rose) Grubov",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000691923",
      "slug": "frangula-pringlei",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula pubescens",
      "authorship": "(Ruiz & Pav.) Grubov",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000691924",
      "slug": "frangula-pubescens",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula purshiana",
      "authorship": "(DC.) A.Gray ex J.G.Cooper",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000691925",
      "slug": "frangula-purshiana",
      "photographs_found": 592,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/frangula-purshiana/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula revoluta",
      "authorship": "Grubov",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000691928",
      "slug": "frangula-revoluta",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula rhododendriphylla",
      "authorship": "(Y.L.Chen & P.K.Chou) H.Yu, H.G.Ye & N.H.Xia",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000509276",
      "slug": "frangula-rhododendriphylla",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula riojae",
      "authorship": "(Perkins) Grubov",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000691929",
      "slug": "frangula-riojae",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula rubra",
      "authorship": "(Greene) Grubov",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000691931",
      "slug": "frangula-rubra",
      "photographs_found": 1,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula rupestris",
      "authorship": "(Scop.) Schur",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000691936",
      "slug": "frangula-rupestris",
      "photographs_found": 24,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/frangula-rupestris/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula scopulorum",
      "authorship": "(M.E.Jones) A.Pool",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001338807",
      "slug": "frangula-scopulorum",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula sphaerosperma",
      "authorship": "(Sw.) Kartesz & Gandhi",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000691940",
      "slug": "frangula-sphaerosperma",
      "photographs_found": 8,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/frangula-sphaerosperma/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula surotatensis",
      "authorship": "(Gentry) A.Pool",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001338808",
      "slug": "frangula-surotatensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula ulei",
      "authorship": "(Pilg.) Grubov",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000691944",
      "slug": "frangula-ulei",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula wendtii",
      "authorship": "(Ishiki) A.Pool",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001338809",
      "slug": "frangula-wendtii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Frangula × blumeri",
      "authorship": "(Greene) Kartesz & Gandhi",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000691870",
      "slug": "frangula-blumeri",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    }
  ],
  "evidence_gate": {
    "rule": "at least 3 photographs licensed for commercial use",
    "rationale": "This site is commercial, so it can only publish photographs licensed for commercial use. Roughly three quarters of the photographs on iNaturalist are CC BY-NC, which excludes them. A species below the gate is listed here rather than given a page of its own."
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted names, authorities, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/genus/frangula/"
  }
}