{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/genus-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/genus/echium/",
  "id": {
    "slug": "echium"
  },
  "genus": "Echium",
  "family": "Boraginaceae",
  "family_url": "https://botanai.app/family/boraginaceae/",
  "accepted_species": 73,
  "documented_species": 37,
  "species": [
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium acanthocarpum",
      "authorship": "Svent.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001327698",
      "slug": "echium-acanthocarpum",
      "photographs_found": 14,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echium-acanthocarpum/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium aculeatum",
      "authorship": "Poir.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662654",
      "slug": "echium-aculeatum",
      "photographs_found": 18,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echium-aculeatum/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium albicans",
      "authorship": "Lag. & Rod.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662663",
      "slug": "echium-albicans",
      "photographs_found": 4,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echium-albicans/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium amoenum",
      "authorship": "Fisch. & C.A.Mey.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662670",
      "slug": "echium-amoenum",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium anchusoides",
      "authorship": "Bacch., Brullo & Selvi",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662671",
      "slug": "echium-anchusoides",
      "photographs_found": 2,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium angustifolium",
      "authorship": "Mill.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662673",
      "slug": "echium-angustifolium",
      "photographs_found": 109,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echium-angustifolium/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium arenarium",
      "authorship": "Guss.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662682",
      "slug": "echium-arenarium",
      "photographs_found": 11,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echium-arenarium/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium asperrimum",
      "authorship": "Lam.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662689",
      "slug": "echium-asperrimum",
      "photographs_found": 49,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echium-asperrimum/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium auberianum",
      "authorship": "Webb & Berthel.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662691",
      "slug": "echium-auberianum",
      "photographs_found": 2,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium bethencourtii",
      "authorship": "A.Santos",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662701",
      "slug": "echium-bethencourtii",
      "photographs_found": 2,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium biebersteinii",
      "authorship": "Lacaita",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001215735",
      "slug": "echium-biebersteinii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium boissieri",
      "authorship": "Steud.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662704",
      "slug": "echium-boissieri",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium bonnetii",
      "authorship": "Coincy",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662708",
      "slug": "echium-bonnetii",
      "photographs_found": 12,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echium-bonnetii/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium brevirame",
      "authorship": "Sprague & Hutch.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662718",
      "slug": "echium-brevirame",
      "photographs_found": 26,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echium-brevirame/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium callithyrsum",
      "authorship": "Webb ex Bolle",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662722",
      "slug": "echium-callithyrsum",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium candicans",
      "authorship": "L.f.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662725",
      "slug": "echium-candicans",
      "photographs_found": 627,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echium-candicans/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium canum",
      "authorship": "Emb. & Maire",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662730",
      "slug": "echium-canum",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium clandestinam",
      "authorship": "Pomel",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662738",
      "slug": "echium-clandestinam",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium creticum",
      "authorship": "L.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662748",
      "slug": "echium-creticum",
      "photographs_found": 34,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echium-creticum/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium decaisnei",
      "authorship": "Webb & Berthel.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662764",
      "slug": "echium-decaisnei",
      "photographs_found": 13,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echium-decaisnei/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium fastuosum",
      "authorship": "Aiton",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001215629",
      "slug": "echium-fastuosum",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium flavum",
      "authorship": "Desf.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662801",
      "slug": "echium-flavum",
      "photographs_found": 2,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium gaditanum",
      "authorship": "Boiss.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662811",
      "slug": "echium-gaditanum",
      "photographs_found": 20,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echium-gaditanum/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium giganteum",
      "authorship": "L.f.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662814",
      "slug": "echium-giganteum",
      "photographs_found": 15,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echium-giganteum/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium glomeratum",
      "authorship": "Poir.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662824",
      "slug": "echium-glomeratum",
      "photographs_found": 2,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium handiense",
      "authorship": "Svent.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662834",
      "slug": "echium-handiense",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium hierrense",
      "authorship": "Webb ex Bolle",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662835",
      "slug": "echium-hierrense",
      "photographs_found": 6,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echium-hierrense/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium horridum",
      "authorship": "Batt.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662847",
      "slug": "echium-horridum",
      "photographs_found": 7,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echium-horridum/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium humile",
      "authorship": "Desf.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662849",
      "slug": "echium-humile",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium hypertropicum",
      "authorship": "Webb",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662854",
      "slug": "echium-hypertropicum",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium italicum",
      "authorship": "L.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662857",
      "slug": "echium-italicum",
      "photographs_found": 199,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echium-italicum/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium judaeum",
      "authorship": "Lacaita",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662874",
      "slug": "echium-judaeum",
      "photographs_found": 5,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echium-judaeum/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium khuzistanicum",
      "authorship": "Mozaff.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662876",
      "slug": "echium-khuzistanicum",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium leucophaeum",
      "authorship": "(Webb ex Christ) Webb ex Sprague & Hutch.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662890",
      "slug": "echium-leucophaeum",
      "photographs_found": 14,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echium-leucophaeum/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium longifolium",
      "authorship": "Delile",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662904",
      "slug": "echium-longifolium",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium lusitanicum",
      "authorship": "L.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662909",
      "slug": "echium-lusitanicum",
      "photographs_found": 51,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echium-lusitanicum/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium modestum",
      "authorship": "Ball",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662940",
      "slug": "echium-modestum",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium nervosum",
      "authorship": "W.T.Aiton",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001327706",
      "slug": "echium-nervosum-w-t-aiton",
      "photographs_found": 349,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echium-nervosum-w-t-aiton/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium nervosum",
      "authorship": "Dryand.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662948",
      "slug": "echium-nervosum-dryand",
      "photographs_found": 349,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echium-nervosum-dryand/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium onosmifolium",
      "authorship": "Webb & Berthel.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662955",
      "slug": "echium-onosmifolium",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium orientale",
      "authorship": "L.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662958",
      "slug": "echium-orientale",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium pabotii",
      "authorship": "Mouterde",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662963",
      "slug": "echium-pabotii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium parviflorum",
      "authorship": "Moench",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662973",
      "slug": "echium-parviflorum",
      "photographs_found": 83,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echium-parviflorum/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium petiolatum",
      "authorship": "Barratte & Coincy",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662982",
      "slug": "echium-petiolatum",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium pininana",
      "authorship": "Webb & Berthel.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662987",
      "slug": "echium-pininana",
      "photographs_found": 232,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echium-pininana/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium pitardii",
      "authorship": "A.Chev.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662989",
      "slug": "echium-pitardii",
      "photographs_found": 9,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echium-pitardii/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium plantagineum",
      "authorship": "L.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662991",
      "slug": "echium-plantagineum",
      "photographs_found": 2223,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echium-plantagineum/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium portosanctense",
      "authorship": "J.A.Carvalho, Pontes, Bat.-Marques & R.Jardim",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000748460",
      "slug": "echium-portosanctense",
      "photographs_found": 7,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echium-portosanctense/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium rauwolfii",
      "authorship": "Delile",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000663031",
      "slug": "echium-rauwolfii",
      "photographs_found": 2,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium rosulatum",
      "authorship": "Lange",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000663038",
      "slug": "echium-rosulatum",
      "photographs_found": 41,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echium-rosulatum/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium rubrum",
      "authorship": "Forssk.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000663042",
      "slug": "echium-rubrum",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium sabulicola",
      "authorship": "Pomel",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000663049",
      "slug": "echium-sabulicola",
      "photographs_found": 46,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echium-sabulicola/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium salmanticum",
      "authorship": "Lag.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000663053",
      "slug": "echium-salmanticum",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium simplex",
      "authorship": "DC.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000663070",
      "slug": "echium-simplex",
      "photographs_found": 9,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echium-simplex/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium spurium",
      "authorship": "Lojac.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000663082",
      "slug": "echium-spurium",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium stenosiphon",
      "authorship": "Webb",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000663084",
      "slug": "echium-stenosiphon",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium strictum",
      "authorship": "L.f.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000663088",
      "slug": "echium-strictum",
      "photographs_found": 5,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echium-strictum/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium suffruticosum",
      "authorship": "Barratte",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000663093",
      "slug": "echium-suffruticosum",
      "photographs_found": 4,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echium-suffruticosum/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium sventenii",
      "authorship": "Bramwell",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000663094",
      "slug": "echium-sventenii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium tenue",
      "authorship": "Roth",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000663099",
      "slug": "echium-tenue",
      "photographs_found": 1,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium thyrsiflorum",
      "authorship": "Masson ex Link",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000663103",
      "slug": "echium-thyrsiflorum",
      "photographs_found": 25,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echium-thyrsiflorum/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium triste",
      "authorship": "Svent.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000663109",
      "slug": "echium-triste",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium trygorrhizum",
      "authorship": "Pomel",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000663113",
      "slug": "echium-trygorrhizum",
      "photographs_found": 2,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium tuberculatum",
      "authorship": "Hoffmanns. & Link",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000663115",
      "slug": "echium-tuberculatum",
      "photographs_found": 12,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echium-tuberculatum/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium velutinum",
      "authorship": "Coincy",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000663125",
      "slug": "echium-velutinum",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium virescens",
      "authorship": "DC.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000663137",
      "slug": "echium-virescens",
      "photographs_found": 24,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echium-virescens/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium vulcanorum",
      "authorship": "A.Chev.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000663144",
      "slug": "echium-vulcanorum",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium vulgare",
      "authorship": "L.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000663145",
      "slug": "echium-vulgare",
      "photographs_found": 6194,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echium-vulgare/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium webbii",
      "authorship": "Coincy",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000663156",
      "slug": "echium-webbii",
      "photographs_found": 20,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echium-webbii/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium wildpretii",
      "authorship": "H.Pearson ex Hook.f.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000663158",
      "slug": "echium-wildpretii",
      "photographs_found": 93,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echium-wildpretii/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium × lemsii",
      "authorship": "G.Kunkel",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662889",
      "slug": "echium-lemsii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium × lidii",
      "authorship": "G.Kunkel",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000662892",
      "slug": "echium-lidii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Echium × taibiquense",
      "authorship": "P.Wolff & Rosinski",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000663096",
      "slug": "echium-taibiquense",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    }
  ],
  "evidence_gate": {
    "rule": "at least 3 photographs licensed for commercial use",
    "rationale": "This site is commercial, so it can only publish photographs licensed for commercial use. Roughly three quarters of the photographs on iNaturalist are CC BY-NC, which excludes them. A species below the gate is listed here rather than given a page of its own."
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted names, authorities, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/genus/echium/"
  }
}