{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/genus-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/genus/betula/",
  "id": {
    "slug": "betula"
  },
  "genus": "Betula",
  "family": "Betulaceae",
  "family_url": "https://botanai.app/family/betulaceae/",
  "accepted_species": 88,
  "documented_species": 24,
  "species": [
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula alleghaniensis",
      "authorship": "Britton",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000330900",
      "slug": "betula-alleghaniensis",
      "photographs_found": 5167,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/betula-alleghaniensis/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula alnoides",
      "authorship": "Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000330941",
      "slug": "betula-alnoides",
      "photographs_found": 17,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/betula-alnoides/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula apoiensis",
      "authorship": "Nakai",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000331160",
      "slug": "betula-apoiensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula ashburneri",
      "authorship": "McAll. & Rushforth",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000922955",
      "slug": "betula-ashburneri",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula aurata",
      "authorship": "Borkh.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000331222",
      "slug": "betula-aurata",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula avatshensis",
      "authorship": "Kom.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000331267",
      "slug": "betula-avatshensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula baschkirica",
      "authorship": "Tzvelev",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000341097",
      "slug": "betula-baschkirica",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula bomiensis",
      "authorship": "P.C.Li",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000331416",
      "slug": "betula-bomiensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula calcicola",
      "authorship": "(W.W.Sm.) P.C.Li",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000331591",
      "slug": "betula-calcicola",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula celtiberica",
      "authorship": "Rothm. & Vasc.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000331707",
      "slug": "betula-celtiberica",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula chichibuensis",
      "authorship": "H.Hara",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000331729",
      "slug": "betula-chichibuensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula chinensis",
      "authorship": "Maxim.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000331740",
      "slug": "betula-chinensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula cordifolia",
      "authorship": "Regel",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000331884",
      "slug": "betula-cordifolia",
      "photographs_found": 240,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/betula-cordifolia/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula coriaceifolia",
      "authorship": "V.N.Vassil.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000331918",
      "slug": "betula-coriaceifolia",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula corylifolia",
      "authorship": "Regel & Maxim.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000331951",
      "slug": "betula-corylifolia",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula costata",
      "authorship": "Trautv.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000331962",
      "slug": "betula-costata",
      "photographs_found": 11,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/betula-costata/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula cylindrostachya",
      "authorship": "Wall.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000332060",
      "slug": "betula-cylindrostachya",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula dahurica",
      "authorship": "Pall.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000332124",
      "slug": "betula-dahurica",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula davurica",
      "authorship": "Pall.",
      "wfo": "wfo-1000052197",
      "slug": "betula-davurica",
      "photographs_found": 22,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/betula-davurica/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula delavayi",
      "authorship": "Franch.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000332264",
      "slug": "betula-delavayi",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula ermanii",
      "authorship": "Cham.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000332440",
      "slug": "betula-ermanii",
      "photographs_found": 78,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/betula-ermanii/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula falcata",
      "authorship": "V.N.Vassil.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000332658",
      "slug": "betula-falcata",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula fargesii",
      "authorship": "Franch.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000332665",
      "slug": "betula-fargesii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula fruticosa",
      "authorship": "Pall.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000804735",
      "slug": "betula-fruticosa",
      "photographs_found": 28,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/betula-fruticosa/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula glandulosa",
      "authorship": "Michx.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000332964",
      "slug": "betula-glandulosa",
      "photographs_found": 176,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/betula-glandulosa/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula globispica",
      "authorship": "Shirai",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000333041",
      "slug": "betula-globispica",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula gmelinii",
      "authorship": "Bunge",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000333083",
      "slug": "betula-gmelinii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula grossa",
      "authorship": "Siebold & Zucc.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000333192",
      "slug": "betula-grossa",
      "photographs_found": 3,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/betula-grossa/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula gynoterminalis",
      "authorship": "Y.C.Hsu & C.J.Wang",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000333236",
      "slug": "betula-gynoterminalis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula hainanensis",
      "authorship": "J.Zeng, B.Q.Ren, J.Y.Zhu & Z.D.Chen",
      "wfo": "wfo-1000001163",
      "slug": "betula-hainanensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula heptopotamica",
      "authorship": "V.N.Vassil.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000333311",
      "slug": "betula-heptopotamica",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula honanensis",
      "authorship": "S.Y.Wang & C.L.Chang",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000333343",
      "slug": "betula-honanensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula hornei",
      "authorship": "B.T.Butler",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001214734",
      "slug": "betula-hornei-0001214734",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula humilis",
      "authorship": "Schrank",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000333388",
      "slug": "betula-humilis",
      "photographs_found": 45,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/betula-humilis/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula intermedia",
      "authorship": "(Hartm.) E.Thomas ex Gaudin",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000333627",
      "slug": "betula-intermedia",
      "photographs_found": 5,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/betula-intermedia/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula karagandensis",
      "authorship": "V.N.Vassil.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000333832",
      "slug": "betula-karagandensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula klokovii",
      "authorship": "Zaver.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000333873",
      "slug": "betula-klokovii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula kweichowensis",
      "authorship": "Hu",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000333977",
      "slug": "betula-kweichowensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula lenta",
      "authorship": "L.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000334091",
      "slug": "betula-lenta",
      "photographs_found": 1018,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/betula-lenta/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula luminifera",
      "authorship": "H.J.P.Winkl.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000334281",
      "slug": "betula-luminifera",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula maximowicziana",
      "authorship": "Regel",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000334427",
      "slug": "betula-maximowicziana",
      "photographs_found": 4,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/betula-maximowicziana/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula medwediewii",
      "authorship": "Regel",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000334470",
      "slug": "betula-medwediewii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula megrelica",
      "authorship": "Sosn.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000334496",
      "slug": "betula-megrelica",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula michauxii",
      "authorship": "Spach",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000334503",
      "slug": "betula-michauxii",
      "photographs_found": 15,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/betula-michauxii/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula microphylla",
      "authorship": "Bunge",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000334543",
      "slug": "betula-microphylla",
      "photographs_found": 4,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/betula-microphylla/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula minor",
      "authorship": "(Tuck.) Fernald",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000334575",
      "slug": "betula-minor-tuck-fernald",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula minor",
      "authorship": "Auth.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001214790",
      "slug": "betula-minor-auth",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula nana",
      "authorship": "L.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000334679",
      "slug": "betula-nana",
      "photographs_found": 366,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/betula-nana/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula nigra",
      "authorship": "L.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000334917",
      "slug": "betula-nigra",
      "photographs_found": 908,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/betula-nigra/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula occidentalis",
      "authorship": "Hook.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000334989",
      "slug": "betula-occidentalis",
      "photographs_found": 238,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/betula-occidentalis/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula papyrifera",
      "authorship": "Marshall",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000335192",
      "slug": "betula-papyrifera",
      "photographs_found": 3014,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/betula-papyrifera/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula paramushirensis",
      "authorship": "Barkalov",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000335422",
      "slug": "betula-paramushirensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula pendula",
      "authorship": "Roth",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000335449",
      "slug": "betula-pendula",
      "photographs_found": 5558,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/betula-pendula/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula plettkei",
      "authorship": "Junge",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000335789",
      "slug": "betula-plettkei",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula populifolia",
      "authorship": "Marshall",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000335831",
      "slug": "betula-populifolia",
      "photographs_found": 1091,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/betula-populifolia/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula potamophila",
      "authorship": "V.N.Vassil.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000335838",
      "slug": "betula-potamophila",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula potaninii",
      "authorship": "Batalin",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000335849",
      "slug": "betula-potaninii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula psammophila",
      "authorship": "V.N.Vassil.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000335909",
      "slug": "betula-psammophila",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula pubescens",
      "authorship": "Ehrh.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000335985",
      "slug": "betula-pubescens",
      "photographs_found": 1054,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/betula-pubescens/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula pumila",
      "authorship": "L.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000336350",
      "slug": "betula-pumila",
      "photographs_found": 218,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/betula-pumila/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula raddeana",
      "authorship": "Trautv.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000336516",
      "slug": "betula-raddeana",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula saksarensis",
      "authorship": "Polozhij & A.T.Malzeva",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000336777",
      "slug": "betula-saksarensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula saviczii",
      "authorship": "V.N.Vassil.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000336851",
      "slug": "betula-saviczii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula schmidtii",
      "authorship": "Regel",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000336873",
      "slug": "betula-schmidtii",
      "photographs_found": 2,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula skvortsovii",
      "authorship": "McAll. & Ashburner",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001335860",
      "slug": "betula-skvortsovii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula sunanensis",
      "authorship": "Y.J.Zhang",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000337142",
      "slug": "betula-sunanensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula tianschanica",
      "authorship": "Rupr.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000337238",
      "slug": "betula-tianschanica",
      "photographs_found": 2,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula utilis",
      "authorship": "D.Don",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000337574",
      "slug": "betula-utilis",
      "photographs_found": 11,
      "documented": true,
      "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/betula-utilis/"
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula wuyiensis",
      "authorship": "J.B.Xiao",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000807848",
      "slug": "betula-wuyiensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula zabelii",
      "authorship": "(Dippel) Dippel & Schelle",
      "wfo": "wfo-1000043058",
      "slug": "betula-zabelii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula zinserlingii",
      "authorship": "V.N.Vassil.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000338039",
      "slug": "betula-zinserlingii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula × bottnica",
      "authorship": "Mela",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000331472",
      "slug": "betula-bottnica",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula × caerulea",
      "authorship": "Blanch.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000331516",
      "slug": "betula-caerulea",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula × dosmannii",
      "authorship": "McAll.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001335859",
      "slug": "betula-dosmannii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula × dugleana",
      "authorship": "Lepage",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000332375",
      "slug": "betula-dugleana",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula × dutillyi",
      "authorship": "Lepage",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000332386",
      "slug": "betula-dutillyi",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula × eastwoodiae",
      "authorship": "Sarg.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000332397",
      "slug": "betula-eastwoodiae",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula × hornei",
      "authorship": "E.J.Butler",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000333355",
      "slug": "betula-hornei-0000333355",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula × jackii",
      "authorship": "C.K.Schneid.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000333657",
      "slug": "betula-jackii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula × purpusii",
      "authorship": "C.K.Schneid.",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000336488",
      "slug": "betula-purpusii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula × raymundii",
      "authorship": "Lepage",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000336525",
      "slug": "betula-raymundii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula × sandbergii",
      "authorship": "Britton",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000336785",
      "slug": "betula-sandbergii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula × sargentii",
      "authorship": "Dugle",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000336840",
      "slug": "betula-sargentii",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula × uliginosa",
      "authorship": "Dugle",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000337447",
      "slug": "betula-uliginosa",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula × utahensis",
      "authorship": "Dugle",
      "wfo": "wfo-0001214745",
      "slug": "betula-utahensis-dugle",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula × utahensis",
      "authorship": "Britton",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000337563",
      "slug": "betula-utahensis-britton",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula × vologdensis",
      "authorship": "Tzvelev",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000341107",
      "slug": "betula-vologdensis",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    },
    {
      "scientific_name": "Betula × winteri",
      "authorship": "Dugle",
      "wfo": "wfo-0000338000",
      "slug": "betula-winteri",
      "photographs_found": 0,
      "documented": false,
      "url": null
    }
  ],
  "evidence_gate": {
    "rule": "at least 3 photographs licensed for commercial use",
    "rationale": "This site is commercial, so it can only publish photographs licensed for commercial use. Roughly three quarters of the photographs on iNaturalist are CC BY-NC, which excludes them. A species below the gate is listed here rather than given a page of its own."
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted names, authorities, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/genus/betula/"
  }
}