slug: centaurea-calcitrapa

scientific: Centaurea calcitrapa

authorship: L.

epithet: calcitrapa

preferred: purple star-thistle

english:
purple star-thistle
red star-thistle
star-thistle

Calcitrapa angusticeps

authorship: (H.Lindb.) Holub

Calcitrapa calcitrapa

authorship: Hill

Calcitrapa cilicica

authorship: (Boiss. & Balansa) Holub

Calcitrapa hippophaestrum

authorship: G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb.

Calcitrapa hybrida

authorship: Sweet

Calcitrapa hypophaestum

authorship: Gaertn.

Calcitrapa lanceolata

authorship: Lam.

Calcitrapa myacantha

authorship: (DC.) Cass.

Calcitrapa vulgaris

authorship: Bernh.

Centaurea adulterina

authorship: Moretti ex DC.

Centaurea carduifolia

authorship: Salisb.

Centaurea cilicica

authorship: Boiss. & Balansa

Centaurea devauxii

authorship: Boreau ex Nyman

Centaurea horrida

authorship: Ten.

Centaurea hybrida

authorship: Chaix

Centaurea macroacantha

authorship: Guss.

Centaurea myacantha

authorship: DC.

Centaurea penicillata

authorship: Delile

Centaurea trichacantha

authorship: Willd. ex Spreng.

codes: ALG CNY CVI EGY MDR MOR SUD TUN CYP EAI IRN LBS SAU SIN TUR ALB AUT BAL BLT BUL COR CZE GRC HUN ITA KRI KRY YUG POR ROM SAR SIC SPA TUE UKR

Algeria

code: ALG

Canary Is.

code: CNY

Cape Verde

code: CVI

Egypt

code: EGY

Madeira

code: MDR

Morocco

code: MOR

Sudan-South Sudan

code: SUD

Tunisia

code: TUN

Iran

code: IRN

Lebanon-Syria

code: LBS

Türkiye

code: TUR

Albania

code: ALB

Austria

code: AUT

Baleares

code: BAL

Baltic States

code: BLT

Bulgaria

code: BUL

Corse

code: COR

Czechia-Slovakia

code: CZE

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1976 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

Apigenin

activities: 11B-HSD-Inhibitor AntiADD AntiHIV Antiaflatoxin Antiaggregant Antiaging Antiallergic Antiangiogenic

Naringenin

activities: 11B-HSD-Inhibitor Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor AntiHIV Antiacetylcholinesterase Antiaflatoxin Antiaggregant Antialzheimeran Antiamnesic

Quercetin

activities: 11B-HSD-Inhibitor 5-Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor ATPase-Inhibitor Aldehyde-Oxidase-Inhibitor Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor Allelochemic Allergenic Analgesic

Rutin

activities: 5-HT-Inhibitor Aldehyde-Oxidase-Inhibitor Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor Allelochemic AntiCVI Antiaggregant Antiallergic Antiapoplectic

Inulin

activities:
Alcohol-Dehydrogenase-Inhibitor
Anticolitic?
Antidiabetic
Antidiarrheic
Antiobesity?
Antiosteoporotic?
Bifidogenic
Chemopreventive (Breast Cancer)

Pectin

activities: Antiatheromic Antibacterial Antidiabetic Antidiarrheic Antienteritic Antigallstone Antigastritic Antilithic

Choline

activities: Antialzheimeran Antichoreic Anticirrhotic Anticystinuric Antidementia Antidiabetic Antidyskinetic Antihomocysteine

Beta-amyrin

activities: Analgesic Antiedemic Antiinflammatory Antinociceptive Antiulcer Gastroprotective Hepatoprotective Larvicide

Palmitic-acid

activities: 5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor Antialopecic Antiandrogenic Antifibrinolytic Antioxidant FLavor Hemolytic Hypercholesterolemic

names:
centaurée chausse-trape
Centaurée chausse-trappe

partners:
Aglais io
Amegilla
Anania funebris
Andrena amieti
Andrena denticulata
Andrena hesperia
Andrena humilis
Andrena livens

partners:
Burnsius communis
Amegilla quadrifasciata
Anthophora urbana
Apis mellifera
Battus philenor hirsuta
Bombus californicus
Bombus pascuorum
Chlorion

partners:
Anthophora urbana
Apis mellifera
Argynnis paphia
Bombus californicus
Bombus vosnesenskii
Burnsius communis
Carpocoris purpureipennis
Chlorion

partners:
Acanthiophilus helianthi
Chaetostomella cylindrica
Pieris rapae
Trupanea amoena
Adelphocoris detritus
Adscita geryon
Aethes smeathmanniana
Agapanthia villosoviridescens


slug: centaurea-calocephala

scientific: Centaurea calocephala

authorship: Willd.

genus: Centaurea

epithet: calocephala

family: Asteraceae

rank: species

taxonomic_status: accepted

accepted_according_to: World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06

Centaurea atropurpurea

authorship: Waldst. & Kit.

Centaurea calophylla

authorship: Steud.

Centaurea glauca

authorship: Desf. ex DC.

Centaurea subalpina

authorship: Schur

Colymbada atropurpurea

authorship: (Waldst. & Kit.) Holub

Cyanus atropurpureus

authorship: Baumg.

note: Full per-image metadata (photographer, licence, licence URL, attribution, derivative restrictions and image URLs) is on the per-species JSON at per_image_metadata_url. Each image is licensed individually; this bulk file omits the per-image matrix to stay small and cleanly licensed.

scheme: TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3

source: Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)

license: CC BY 3.0

excludes: introduced extinct location_doubtful

codes: ALB BUL YUG ROM

Albania

continent: EUROPE

region: Southeastern Europe

NW. Balkan Pen.

code: YUG

Romania

code: ROM

climate: temperate

mean_annual_temp_c: degrees Celsius

min_temp_coldest_month_c: degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)

max_temp_warmest_month_c: degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)

annual_precip_mm: millimetres per year

precip_driest_quarter_mm: millimetres in the driest quarter

source: CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec

citation: Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.

occurrences: iNaturalist Research-grade Observations

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 61 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

hardiness_zone_note: min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other.

model: Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)

names: Василёк красивоголовый

source: Wikidata (P1843, CC0) + GBIF vernacular names

license: CC0 / per-source

authors: Willd.

published_in: Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol. 2: 928

source: IPNI (International Plant Names Index)

license: CC-BY 4.0

note: The protologue citation: who published the name, in which work and year, and the IPNI record it resolves to. This is naming provenance, not a description.

World Flora Online Plant List

note: accepted name, authority, classification

iNaturalist

note: photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only

license: per photograph

note: native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form

field: care

reason: Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted.

field: toxicity

reason: Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready.

reason: No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page.

reason: No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name.

reason: Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all.

field: phenology

reason: Only 9 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.

data: CC BY 4.0

note: This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew).


slug: centaurea-carduiformis

scientific: Centaurea carduiformis

epithet: carduiformis

name: Centaurea thrinciifolia var. incanescens

authorship: Bornm.

name: Centaurea thrinciifolia var. thrinciifolia

Centaurea zederbaueri

authorship: Hayek

Colymbada carduiformis

authorship: (DC.) Holub

codes: IRN LBS TCS TUR

Iran

continent: ASIA-TEMPERATE

region: Western Asia

Transcaucasus

code: TCS

region: Caucasus

names:
Василек чертополоховидный
Василёк чертополоховидный

label: Growth habit

category: Form and habit

value: herb

source: GIFT

key: woodiness

label: Woodiness

value: non-woody

label: Height

category: Size

label: Life cycle

category: Life cycle

value: biennial

label: Flowering months

category: Flowers and fruit

value: May-Aug

USDA PLANTS Database

license: Public domain (US Government work)

name: GIFT (Global Inventory of Floras and Traits)

license: CC BY 4.0

EOL TraitBank (via Zenodo)

license: Per record: CC0 / CC BY 4.0 / public domain only

name: Traits mined from USDA NRCS plant guides

source: USDA PLANTS, GIFT, Wikidata, EOL TraitBank (via Zenodo) and traits mined from USDA NRCS plant guides

license: per source (public domain, CC BY 4.0, CC0)

note: Structured growth characteristics merged from four open sources (USDA PLANTS, GIFT, Wikidata, EOL TraitBank via Zenodo) plus traits mined from public-domain USDA NRCS guides. A documented record, not care advice. Each value keeps every source that reported it; a value marked extracted:true was read from prose, carries a verbatim quote and source_url, and has no structured source corroborating it.

authors: DC.

name: Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)

reason: Fewer than 30 georeferenced research-grade observations of this taxon, which is too few to state a percentile range for the conditions it grows in. We would rather show nothing than a range computed from eight points in one county.

reason: Only 6 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: centaurea-chartolepis

scientific: Centaurea chartolepis

authorship: Greuter

epithet: chartolepis

Chartolepis intermedia

authorship: Boiss.

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 297 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: Greuter

reason: Kew's World Checklist of Vascular Plants does not cover this taxon.

reason: No dated flowering annotations found for this taxon.


slug: centaurea-cheiranthifolia

scientific: Centaurea cheiranthifolia

epithet: cheiranthifolia

published_in: Phytographia 1: 12 (1794)

Centaurea axillaris var. ochroleuca

authorship: (Puschk. ex Willd.) Boiss.

name: Centaurea cheiranthifolia var. purpurascens

authorship: (DC.) Wagenitz

name: Centaurea fischeri subsp. cheiranthifolia

authorship: (Willd.) Sosn.

Centaurea fischeri subsp. ochroleuca

authorship: (Puschk. ex Willd.) Sosn.

Centaurea fischeri var. purpurea

authorship: (Sosn.) Grossh.

Centaurea willdenowii

authorship: Czerep.

Cyanus cheiranthifolius

authorship: (Willd.) Soják

name: Cyanus cheiranthifolius subsp. cheiranthifolius

name: Cyanus cheiranthifolius subsp. willdenowii

authorship: (Czerep.) Greuter

Cyanus willdenowii

authorship: (Czerep.) Soják

codes: IRN NCS TCS TUR

North Caucasus

code: NCS

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 431 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Василек Фишера
Василёк Фишера

value: perennial

value: Jun-Aug

published_in: Phytographia 12

reason: Only 28 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: centaurea-cineraria

scientific: Centaurea cineraria

authorship: L.

epithet: cineraria

preferred: dusty miller

source: wikidata

Acosta cineraria

authorship: (L.) Holub

Centaurea acutifolia

authorship: Schur

Centaurea candidissima

authorship: Lam.

Centaurea cineraria var. circae

authorship: Sommier

Centaurea cineraria var. sirenum

authorship: Lacaita

Centaurea dealbata

authorship: Moris ex Nyman

Centaurea elegans

authorship: Salisb.

Centaurea gymnocarpa

authorship: Moris & De Not.

Centaurea gymnocarpa var. plumosa

authorship: hort. ex E.Vilm.

Centaurea prostrata

authorship: A.Huet ex Nyman

Italy

code: ITA

lifeform: perennial or subshrub

climate: subtropical

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 94 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

source: Kew World Checklist of Useful Plant Species

note: Categories in which this species is recorded as a useful plant. A record of use, not a recommendation, a dose or a safety claim.

names:
dusty miller
Ragwort Knapweed

names:
centaurée cendrée
Centaurée Cinéraire

type: flowerVisitedBy

label: Flower-visited by

source: Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI)

license: CC-BY 4.0 (aggregate) / per-source

note: Species recorded interacting with this plant in the wild, aggregated across many source datasets by GloBI. Provenance is asserted at the GloBI aggregate level, not per partner, and partners are the most frequently recorded per interaction type.

source: USDA PLANTS

source: EOL TraitBank / USDA PLANTS

license: Public domain (U.S. Government work)

authors: L.

Wikidata

note: common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)

reason: Only 16 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: centaurea-clementei

scientific: Centaurea clementei

authorship: Boiss. ex DC.

epithet: clementei

Centaurea ragusina

authorship: Clemente ex Boiss.

Colymbada clementei

authorship: (Boiss.) Holub

codes: MOR SPA

Morocco

code: MOR

continent: AFRICA

region: Northern Africa

Spain

code: SPA

region: Southwestern Europe

authors: Boiss. ex DC.

reason: Only 1 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: centaurea-collina

scientific: Centaurea collina

epithet: collina

Acrocentron collinum

authorship: (L.) Cass.

Calcitrapa collina

authorship: (L.) Lam.

Centaurea cicutaefolia

authorship: Hornem.

Centaurea latisquama subsp. collina

authorship: Nyman

Centaurea serratulifolia

authorship: Sennen & Pau ex Hayek

Colymbada serratulifolia

authorship: (Sennen & Pau) Holub

codes: BAL COR FRA ITA POR SPA

France

code: FRA

Portugal

code: POR

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 198 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

type: visitedBy

label: Visited by

partners:
Oxythyrea funesta
Papilio machaon


slug: centaurea-cyanoides

scientific: Centaurea cyanoides

authorship: Wahlenb.

epithet: cyanoides

published_in: Resor Eur. Österland. [Berggren] 2: Bihang p.65 (1826).

codes: CYP LBS PAL

Cyprus

code: CYP

Lebanon-Syria

code: LBS

Palestine

code: PAL

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 205 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

value: annual

authors: Wahlenb.

reason: Only 8 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: centaurea-cyanus

scientific: Centaurea cyanus

authorship: L.

epithet: cyanus

preferred: Cornflower

english:
Cornflower
cornflower
garden cornflower

source: inat

Centaurea concinna

authorship: Steud.

authorship: Trautv.

Centaurea cyanocephala

authorship: Velen.

Centaurea cyanus var. denudata

authorship: Suksd.

Centaurea lanata

authorship: Roxb.

Centaurea pulcherrima

authorship: Wight ex DC.

Centaurea pulchra

authorship: DC.

Centaurea umbrosa

authorship: A.Huet ex Reut.

Cyanus arvensis

authorship: Moench

Cyanus cyanus

authorship: Hill

Cyanus dentato-folius

authorship: Gilib.

Cyanus vulgaris

authorship: Delarbre

Jacea segetum

authorship: Lam.

Leucacantha cyanus

authorship: Nieuwl. & Lunell

codes: EAI LBS TUR ALB BUL GRC ITA YUG ROM SIC TUE

East Aegean Is.

code: EAI

Türkiye

code: TUR

Albania

code: ALB

Greece

code: GRC

Sicilia

code: SIC

Türkiye-in-Europe

code: TUE

lifeform: annual

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2029 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

Luteolin

activities: Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor AntiHIV Antiallergic Antiangiogenic Antiatherogenic Antibacterial Anticarcinogenic Anticarcinomic

Chlorogenic-acid

activities: Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor Allelochemic Allergenic Analgesic AntiEBV AntiHIV AntiLegionella Antiatherosclerotic

Caffeic-acid

activities: Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor Allergenic Analgesic AntiHIV AntiLegionella Antiadenoviral Antiaggregant Antiaging

Scopoletin

activities: Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor Allelochemic Analgesic Anesthetic Antiadrenergic Antiaflatoxin Antiarrhythmic Antiasthmatic

Kaempferol

activities: 11B-HSD-Inhibitor 5-Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor Antiaflatoxin Antiaggregant Antiallergic Antibacterial Anticancer

Ferulic-acid

activities:
Allelopathic
Analgesic
Antiaggregant
Antiallergic
Antiarrhythmic
Antibacterial
Anticancer (Colon)
Anticancer (Forestomach)

Protocatechuic-acid

activities: Allergenic Alpha-Glucosidase-Inhibitor AntiLegionella Antiarrhythmic Antiasthmatic Antibacterial Anticlastogen Antihepatotoxic

Salicylic-acid

activities: Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor Analgesic Antiarthritic Antibacterial Antidandruff Antidermatotic Antieczemic Antiichthyosic

Cnicin

activities: Antibacterial Antibiotic Antifeedant Antiinflammatory Antitumor Cytotoxic Emetic Herbicide

source: Dr. Duke's Phytochemical & Ethnobotanical Database

note: A snapshot of the reported literature 1992-2016, not a current assay. An activity is attributed to the compound in that literature; it is not a claim about the plant.

names:
cornflower
garden cornflower

names: Aciano Pincel

names: 矢车菊 蓝花矢车菊

names: قنطريون عنبري

names: Centáurea Lóio-de-Jardim

names:
Василёк синий
vasiljok posevnoj

names: Kornblume Korn-Flockenblume

names:
Bleuet des champs
centaurée bleuet

names:
Fiordaliso
Fiordaliso vero

names:
Mavi kantaron
Gökbaş

names: Волошка синя

names: คอร์นฟลาวเวอร์

names: Blåklint Gräsvial

type: pollinatedBy

label: Pollinated by

partners:
Andrena flavipes
Apis mellifera
Bombus
Bombus confusus
Bombus distinguendus
Bombus hortorum
Bombus hypnorum
Bombus jonellus

partners:
Apis mellifera
Bombus hypnorum
Bombus lucorum
Bombus pratorum
Eupeodes corollae
Pieris rapae
Bombus lapidarius
Bombus pascuorum

partners:
Apis mellifera
Aporia crataegi
Bombus centralis
Bombus flavifrons
Bombus lapidarius
Bombus melanopygus
Bombus rufocinctus
Bombus ternarius

type: eatenBy

label: Eaten by

partners:
Acanthiophilus helianthi
Chaetostomella cylindrica
Coccinella septempunctata
Ophiomyia curvipalpis
Trupanea stellata
Adscita geryon
Aethes smeathmanniana
Agapanthia villosoviridescens

type: hasParasite

label: Parasites

partners:
Puccinia cyani
Bremia lactucae
Golovinomyces cichoracearum

type: hasPathogen

label: Pathogens

type: hasHost

label: Hosts

iNaturalist

note: photographs, flowering annotations and the common name, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only


slug: centaurea-debeauxii

scientific: Centaurea debeauxii

authorship: Godr. & Gren.

epithet: debeauxii

preferred: meadow knapweed

Centaurea jacea subsp. debeauxii

authorship: (Godr. & Gren.) R.C.V.Douin

Centaurea nigra subsp. debeauxii

authorship: (Godr. & Gren.) Malag.

Centaurea vulgaris

authorship: Godr.

Jacea abbreviata subsp. debeauxii

authorship: (Gren. & Godr.) Dostál

Jacea debeauxii

authorship: (Godr. & Gren.) Holub

codes: FRA SPA

lifeform: perennial

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 136 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
meadow knapweed
Chalk Knapweed

names: Василёк Дебо

partners:
Bombus humilis
Bombus lapidarius
Bombus lucorum
Bombus pascuorum
Bombus pratorum
Bombus rupestris
Bombus soroeensis
Bombus sylvarum

partners:
Chaetorellia jaceae
Chaetostomella cylindrica
Uroleucon jaceae
Urophora jaceana

label: Photosynthetic pathway

category: Physiology

authors: Godr. & Gren.

published_in: Fl. France Corse 2: 243

reason: Only 19 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: centaurea-decipiens

scientific: Centaurea decipiens

authorship: Thuill.

epithet: decipiens

Centaurea gradata

authorship: (Rouy) Soest

Centaurea jacea subsp. ruscinonensis

authorship: (Boiss.) P.Fourn.

Centaurea jacea var. ruscinonensis

authorship: (Boiss.) O.Bolòs & Vigo

Centaurea nigra subsp. decipiens

authorship: (Thuillier) H.P.Fuchs

Centaurea nigrescens subsp. serotina

authorship: Nyman

Centaurea queyrasensis

authorship: Arènes

Centaurea ruscinonensis

authorship: Boiss.

Jacea decipiens

authorship: (Thuill.) Holub

Rhaponticum serotinum

authorship: Dubois

codes: BGM COR DEN FRA GER GRB ITA NET NOR SPA SWE SWI

Belgium

code: BGM

region: Middle Europe

Corse

code: COR

Denmark

code: DEN

region: Northern Europe

Germany

code: GER

Great Britain

code: GRB

Netherlands

code: NET

Norway

code: NOR

Sweden

code: SWE

Switzerland

code: SWI

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 486 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Kleinfedrige Flockenblume
Taeuschende Flockenblume

names:
Centauree tardive
Centaurée de Debeaux

partners:
Aglais io
Anania funebris
Andrena amieti
Andrena denticulata
Andrena hesperia
Andrena humilis
Andrena livens
Andrena nigroolivacea

partners:
Bombus pascuorum
Argynnis paphia
Bombus lapidarius
Halictus scabiosae
Megachile lagopoda
Ochlodes venata faunus
Sicus
Trichius gallicus

partners:
Adelphocoris detritus
Adscita geryon
Aethes smeathmanniana
Agapanthia villosoviridescens
Agapeta zoegana
Agonopterix arenella
Agonopterix carduella
Agonopterix kaekeritziana

authors: Thuill.

published_in: Fl. Env. Paris, ed. 2. 445


slug: centaurea-depressa

scientific: Centaurea depressa

epithet: depressa

preferred: Iranian knapweed

Centaurea anatolica

authorship: Griseb.

Centaurea depressa var. amasiana

authorship: Bornm.

Centaurea pygmaea

authorship: Hoffm.

Cyanus depressus

authorship: (M.Bieb.) Soják

licences: CC0 CC-BY CC-BY-SA

codes: AFG EAI IRN IRQ KAZ KGZ NCS TZK TCS TKM TUR UZB PAK WHM BLR TUE UKR

Afghanistan

code: AFG

Iran

code: IRN

Iraq

code: IRQ

Kazakhstan

code: KAZ

region: Central Asia

Kirgizstan

code: KGZ

North Caucasus

code: NCS

Tadzhikistan

code: TZK

Transcaucasus

code: TCS

Turkmenistan

code: TKM

Uzbekistan

code: UZB

Pakistan

code: PAK

continent: ASIA-TROPICAL

region: Indian Subcontinent

West Himalaya

code: WHM

Belarus

code: BLR

region: Eastern Europe

Ukraine

code: UKR

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 273 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Iranian knapweed
low cornflower

names: قنطريون منخفض

names: Василёк прижатый

names: Acımık Gökbaş

names: گل گندم ایرانی، گل گندم

names: Волошка низька

label: Life form

value: therophyte


slug: centaurea-derventana

scientific: Centaurea derventana

authorship: Vis. & Pančić

epithet: derventana

published_in: Mem. Reale Ist. Veneto Sci. xii. (1864) 472.

Acosta derventana

authorship: (Vis. & Pančić) Holub

Centaurea incompta subsp. derventana

authorship: (Vis. & Pančić) Dostál

NW. Balkan Pen.

code: YUG

authors: Vis. & Pančić

published_in: Mem. Reale Ist. Veneto Sci. 12: 472


slug: centaurea-deusta

scientific: Centaurea deusta

authorship: Ten.

epithet: deusta

published_in: Fl. Napol. 1(Prodr.): LI (1812)

Centaurea alba subsp. calva

authorship: (Cesati & al.) Arcang.

Centaurea alba subsp. deusta

authorship: (Ten.) Nyman

Centaurea alba subsp. divaricata

authorship: Arcang.

Centaurea alba var. calva

authorship: Cesati & al.

Centaurea alba var. concolor

authorship: DC.

Centaurea concolor

authorship: (DC.) A.W.Hill

Centaurea deusta subsp. concolor

authorship: (DC.) Hayek

Centaurea deusta subsp. divaricata

authorship: (Guss.) Matthäs & Pignatti

Centaurea pseudodeusta

authorship: (Hayek) Grossh.

licences: CC-BY CC-BY-SA

codes: ALB BUL GRC ITA YUG SIC SWI

Albania

code: ALB

Bulgaria

code: BUL

Greece

code: GRC

Italy

code: ITA

Sicilia

code: SIC

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 261 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Василёк опалённый

partners:
Bombus lapidarius
Halictus scabiosae
Megachile apicalis
Megachile pilicrus

value: hemicryptophyte

authors: Ten.

published_in: Fl. Napol. Prodr. p. li


slug: centaurea-diffusa

scientific: Centaurea diffusa

authorship: Lam.

epithet: diffusa

preferred: diffuse knapweed

Acosta diffusa

authorship: (Lam.) Soják

Acrolophus diffusus

authorship: (Lam.) Á.Löve & D.Löve

Centaurea ammophila

authorship: Besser ex DC.

Centaurea comperiana

authorship: Steven

name: Centaurea myriocephala var. myriocephala

Centaurea ovina

authorship: hort. ex Steud.

Centaurea parviflora

authorship: Besser

Centaurea sabulosa

authorship: Ledeb. ex Spreng.

Centaurea spinosa

authorship: Griseb.

codes: ALT NCS TCS TUR AUT BLT BLR BGM BUL RUC CZE RUE FRA GRC HUN ITA KRY YUG RUN RUW ROM RUS SPA TUE UKR

Altay

code: ALT

region: Siberia

Türkiye

code: TUR

Austria

code: AUT

Baltic States

code: BLT

Belgium

code: BGM

Central European Russia

code: RUC

Czechia-Slovakia

code: CZE

East European Russia

code: RUE

France

code: FRA

Hungary

code: HUN

Krym

code: KRY

North European Russia

code: RUN

Northwest European Russia

code: RUW

Romania

code: ROM

South European Russia

code: RUS

Spain

code: SPA

Türkiye-in-Europe

code: TUE

lifeform: biennial

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1997 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
diffuse knapweed
Small-flowered Star-thistle

names:
Abrepuño blanco del Mediterráneo
Cardo del Mediterráneo

names: قنطريون منتشر

names: Василёк раскидистый

names: Волошка розлога

source: EOL TraitBank / Fire Effects Information System (USDA)


slug: centaurea-diluta-dryand

scientific: Centaurea diluta

authorship: Dryand.

epithet: diluta

published_in: Hortus Kew. (W. Aiton) 3: 261 1789

preferred: North African knapweed

source: usda

Calcitrapa diluta

authorship: (Aiton) Holub

Calcitrapa subspinosa

authorship: Moench

Centaurea elongata

authorship: Schousb.

Centaurea raphanifolia

authorship: Salzm. ex DC.

Centaurea subspinosa

authorship: Steud.

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 109 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Lesser Star-Thistle
North African knapweed

names:
Blasse Flockenblume
Helle/Gebleichte Flockenblume

names:
Centaurée décolorée
Centaurée décolorée, Centaurée pâle

names:
Y Bengaled Seraidd Fach
Ysgallen Seraidd Leiaf

authors: Aiton

published_in: Hort. Kew. [W. Aiton] 3: 261

USDA PLANTS Database

note: common name, checklist symbol CEDI4

license: public domain

reason: Only 18 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: centaurea-diluta-aiton

authorship: Aiton

Centaurea diluta var. micracantha

authorship: Maire

codes: ALG AZO CNY MDR MOR TUN SPA

Algeria

code: ALG

Azores

code: AZO

region: Macaronesia

Canary Is.

code: CNY

Madeira

code: MDR

Morocco

code: MOR

Tunisia

code: TUN

names:
North African knapweed
Lesser Star-Thistle

names:
y bengaled seraidd fach
Ysgallen Seraidd Leiaf


slug: centaurea-eriophora

scientific: Centaurea eriophora

authorship: L.

epithet: eriophora

preferred: wild sandheath

Calcitrapa eriophora

authorship: (L.) Moench

Cyanus eriophorus

authorship: (L.) Gaertn.

Eriopha eriopha

authorship: Hill

codes: ALG CNY MOR TUN PAL POR SPA

Palestine

code: PAL

Portugal

code: POR

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 39 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
wild sandheath
Woolly Star-thistle

names:
Dardar lavid
דרדר לביד

label: Flower colour

value: yellow

value: Apr-May

label: Fruit type

value: achene


slug: centaurea-fuscomarginata

scientific: Centaurea fuscomarginata

authorship: (K.Koch) Juz.

epithet: fuscomarginata

published_in: Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 14: 41 (1951)

Cyanus fuscomarginatus

authorship: (K.Koch) Greuter

codes: NCS KRY UKR

North Caucasus

code: NCS

Ukraine

code: UKR

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 225 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Василёк буроотороченный

names: Волошка темнооблямована

authors: (K.Koch) Juz.

reason: Only 23 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: centaurea-graminifolia

scientific: Centaurea graminifolia

authorship: (Lam.) Muñoz Rodr. & Devesa

epithet: graminifolia

codes: MOR FRA ITA POR SPA

France

code: FRA

Italy

code: ITA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 208 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: (Lam.) Muñoz Rodr. & Devesa

published_in: Acta Bot. Malac. 35: 36 (38)

reason: Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted.


slug: centaurea-horrida

scientific: Centaurea horrida

authorship: Badarò

epithet: horrida

published_in: Giorn. Fis. Chim. Storia Nat. Med. Arti Dec. 2, 7: 363 (1824)

Sardegna

code: SAR

lifeform: subshrub

iucn_category: EN

label: Endangered

source: IUCN Red List category via Wikidata (P141)

license: CC0 (Wikidata); IUCN category is a factual label

authors: Badarò

reason: Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready.

reason: Only 4 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: centaurea-hyalolepis

scientific: Centaurea hyalolepis

authorship: Boiss.

epithet: hyalolepis

Calcitrapa hyalolepis

authorship: (Boiss.) Holub

Centaurea pallescens

authorship: Bové ex DC.

Centaurea pallescens f. hyalolepis

authorship: (Boiss.) Gugler

Centaurea pallescens subsp. hyalolepis

authorship: (Boiss.) Holmboe

Centaurea pallescens var. australis

authorship: Plitmann

Centaurea pallescens var. hyalolepis

authorship: (Boiss.) Boiss.

codes: ALG MOR CYP IRN IRQ LBS PAL SAU TUR YEM GRC

Cyprus

code: CYP

Iran

code: IRN

Iraq

code: IRQ

Lebanon-Syria

code: LBS

Saudi Arabia

code: SAU

region: Arabian Peninsula

Türkiye

code: TUR

Yemen

code: YEM

Greece

code: GRC

lifeform: annual or biennial

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 116 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
شوك النجم الشرقي
قنطريون شفاف القنابات

names: Василек прозрачночешуйный

partners:
Adontomerus centaurei
Adontomerus trjapitzini
Idiomacromerus pulcher
Ormyrus nitens

authors: Boiss.

published_in: Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1, 6: 133

reason: No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page.

reason: No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name.


slug: centaurea-iberica

scientific: Centaurea iberica

authorship: Trevir. ex Spreng.

epithet: iberica

preferred: Iberian knapweed

Calcitrapa iberica

authorship: (Trevir. ex Spreng.) Schur

Centaurea aegyptiaca

authorship: Sm.

Centaurea macracantha

authorship: Heldr. ex Boiss.

Centaurea meryonis

authorship: DC.

Centaurea pallescens var. iberica

authorship: (Trevir. ex Spreng.) Gugler & Thell.

Leucantha iberica

authorship: (Trev. ex Spreng.) Á.Löve & D.Löve

codes: AFG CYP EAI IRN IRQ KAZ KGZ LBS NCS PAL TZK TCS TKM TUR UZB CHX PAK WHM BLT BLR BUL RUC RUE GRC KRY YUG ROM TUE UKR

Afghanistan

code: AFG

East Aegean Is.

code: EAI

Kazakhstan

code: KAZ

Kirgizstan

code: KGZ

Tadzhikistan

code: TZK

Transcaucasus

code: TCS

Turkmenistan

code: TKM

Uzbekistan

code: UZB

Xinjiang

code: CHX

region: China

Pakistan

code: PAK

West Himalaya

code: WHM

Baltic States

code: BLT

Belarus

code: BLR

Bulgaria

code: BUL

Central European Russia

code: RUC

East European Russia

code: RUE

Krym

code: KRY

NW. Balkan Pen.

code: YUG

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 704 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: قنطريون أيبيري

names: Василёк иберийский

partners:
Eurytoma compressa
Eurytoma strigifrons
Idiomacromerus pulcher
Sycophila robusta

reason: Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all.


slug: centaurea-idaea

scientific: Centaurea idaea

authorship: Boiss. & Heldr.

epithet: idaea

Calcitrapa idaea

authorship: (Boiss. & Heldr.) Soják

Kriti

code: KRI

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 46 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Василёк идский

authors: Boiss. & Heldr.

published_in: Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1, 10: 119


slug: centaurea-jacea

scientific: Centaurea jacea

authorship: L.

epithet: jacea

preferred: Brown Knapweed

english:
Brown Knapweed
brown knapweed
brown-ray knapweed
brown-rayed knapweed
brownray knapweed
common knapweed
hardheads

Behen jacea

authorship: (L.) Hill

Calcitrapa jacea

authorship: (L.) Peterm.

Centaurea alba

authorship: Suter

Centaurea amara subsp. angustifolia

authorship: Gremli

Centaurea amara subsp. timbalii

authorship: (Martrin-Donos) Braun-Blanq. & al.

Centaurea amara subsp. weldeniana

authorship: (Rchb.) Kušan

Centaurea amara var. approximata

authorship: Rouy

Centaurea amara var. mairei

authorship: Arènes

Centaurea angustifolia

authorship: Schrank

Centaurea approximata

authorship: (Rouy) Rouy

Centaurea bracteata

authorship: Scop.

Centaurea commutata

authorship: (Koch) Stankov

Centaurea consimilis

authorship: Boreau

Centaurea croatica

authorship: (Hayek) Soest

Centaurea decumbens

authorship: Dubois ex Pers.

Centaurea dracunculifolia

authorship: Dufour

Centaurea forojuliensis

authorship: Poldini

Centaurea gaudinii

authorship: Boiss. & Reut.

Centaurea gracilior

authorship: Reut. ex Nyman

Centaurea hastata

authorship: Gugler

Centaurea haynaldii

authorship: Borbás ex Hayek

Centaurea haynaldii subsp. julica

authorship: (Hayek) E.Mayer

Centaurea haynaldii var. julica

authorship: Hayek

Centaurea humifusa

authorship: Gueldenst. ex Ledeb.

Centaurea jacea subsp. amara

authorship: (L.) Rouy

Centaurea jacea subsp. bracteata

authorship: (Scop.) Hayek

Centaurea jacea subsp. pannonica

authorship: (Heuff.) Hayek

Centaurea jacea var. vinyalsii

authorship: (Sennen) O.Bolòs & Vigo

Centaurea lacera

authorship: Simonk.

Centaurea majuscula

authorship: (Rouy) Soest

Centaurea mollis

authorship: Schleich.

Centaurea nana

authorship: Chesn. ex Steud.

Centaurea nemophila

authorship: Jord. ex Nyman

Centaurea nigrescens

authorship: Gren. & Godr.

Centaurea pannonica

authorship: (Heuff.) Simonk.

Centaurea pannonica subsp. substituta

authorship: (Czerep.) Dostál

Centaurea platylepis

authorship: Peterm.

Centaurea pratensis

authorship: (Lam.) Salisb.

Centaurea pygmaea

authorship: Chesn. ex DC.

Centaurea rocheliana

authorship: (Heuff.) Dostál

Centaurea saxatilis subsp. gaudinii

authorship: (Boiss. & Reut.) Lovrić

Centaurea substituta

authorship: Czerep.

Centaurea vinyalsii

authorship: Sennen

Centaurea weldeniana

authorship: Rchb.

Cyanus collinus

authorship: G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb.

Cyanus jacea

authorship: (L.) G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb.

Jacea banatica

authorship: (Roch. ex Reichb.) Soják

Jacea bracteata

authorship: (Scop.) Soják

Jacea gaudinii

authorship: (Boiss. & Reut.) Holub

Jacea pannonica

authorship: (Heuff.) Soják

Jacea pratensis

authorship: Lam.

Jacea substituta

authorship: (Czerep.) Soják

Jacea thrinciifolia

authorship: (Dufour) Holub

Jacea tomentosa

authorship: Gilib.

Jacea weldeniana

authorship: (Rchb.) Holub

codes: ALG MOR ALT NCS TCS TUR WSB ALB AUT BLT BLR BGM BUL RUC COR CZE DEN RUE FIN FRA GER GRC HUN ITA KRY YUG NET RUN RUW NOR POL POR ROM SIC RUS SPA SWE SWI TUE UKR

Algeria

code: ALG

Morocco

code: MOR

Altay

code: ALT

North Caucasus

code: NCS

Türkiye

code: TUR

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2060 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Василек луговой
Василёк луговой

names: Волошка лучна

partners:
Acanthiophilus helianthi
Acinia corniculata
Chaetorellia jaceae
Chaetostomella cylindrica
Formicidae
Melanagromyza dettmeri
Nodulosphaeria jaceae

partners:
Puccinia calcitrapae
Puccinia hieracii var. hieracii


slug: centaurea-kartschiana

scientific: Centaurea kartschiana

authorship: Scop.

epithet: kartschiana

Acosta dalmatica

authorship: (A.Kern.) Holub

Centaurea carstiana

authorship: Host

Centaurea cristata subsp. curictana

authorship: Lovrić

codes: ITA YUG

Italy

code: ITA

iucn_category: DD

label: Data Deficient

authors: Scop.

reason: Fewer than 30 georeferenced research-grade observations of this taxon, which is too few to state a percentile range for the conditions it grows in. We would rather show nothing than a range computed from eight points in one county.


slug: centaurea-kotschyana

scientific: Centaurea kotschyana

authorship: Heuff.

epithet: kotschyana

Acrocentron kotschyanum

authorship: (Heuff.) Á.Löve & D.Löve

Colymbada kotschyana

authorship: (Heuff.) Holub

codes: ALB BUL YUG POL ROM UKR

Albania

code: ALB

Poland

code: POL

Romania

code: ROM

Ukraine

code: UKR

names: Василек Кочи

names: Волошка східнокарпатська

label: Growth habit

label: Woodiness

value: 1 m

authors: Heuff.

published_in: in Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. 437

reason: Only 0 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: centaurea-limbata

scientific: Centaurea limbata

authorship: Hoffmanns. & Link

epithet: limbata

Acosta limbata

authorship: (Hoffmanns. & Link) Holub

Centaurea aristata subsp. geresensis

authorship: (Arènes) Dostál

Centaurea herminii subsp. lusitana

authorship: (Arènes) Franco

Centaurea langei subsp. geresensis

authorship: (Arènes) E.López, Devesa & Arnelas

Centaurea paniculata subsp. aristata

authorship: (Hoffmanns. & Link) Cout.

Centaurea paniculata var. lusitana

authorship: Arènes

codes: POR SPA

Portugal

code: POR

Spain

code: SPA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 43 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: Hoffmanns. & Link

published_in: Fl. Portug. [Hoffmannsegg] 2: 221


slug: centaurea-linifolia

scientific: Centaurea linifolia

authorship: L.

epithet: linifolia

Centaurea linarifolia

authorship: Steud.

Centaurea linearifolia

authorship: Lam.

Jacea linifolia

authorship: (L.) Holub

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 107 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

label: Life cycle

published_in: Mant. Pl. 117


slug: centaurea-macrocephala

scientific: Centaurea macrocephala

authorship: Muss.Puschk. ex Willd.

epithet: macrocephala

preferred: bighead knapweed

Grossheimia macrocephala

authorship: (Muss.Puschk. ex Willd.) Sosn. & Takht.

codes: IRN TCS TUR

Iran

code: IRN

Transcaucasus

code: TCS

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 207 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
bighead knapweed
Large-headed Star-thistle

names: 大头矢车菊 大花矢车菊

names: Василёк крупноголовый

names:
Centaurée à grosse tête
centaurée à gros capitules

names:
Chaber wielkogłówkowy
Chaber wielkoglówkowy

names: Kæmpe-knopurt kæmpeknopurt

partners:
Bombus fervidus
Bombus impatiens
Bombus lapidarius
Bombus sylvestris
Bombus vestalis
Augochlora pura
Bombus appositus
Bombus bimaculatus

partners:
Bombus fervidus
Bombus impatiens
Larinus obtusus
Oxythyrea funesta

partners:
Bombus griseocollis
Bombus vosnesenskii
Ibidoecus longiclypeatus
Philaenus spumarius

label: Height

label: Flowering months

value: Dec-Sep

authors: Muss.Puschk. ex Willd.

reason: Only 26 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: centaurea-margarita-alba

scientific: Centaurea margarita-alba

authorship: Klokov

epithet: margarita-alba

published_in: Trav. Inst. Bot., Univ. Kharkov, ed. Med. 1: 81, 100. 1936

name: Centaurea margaritacea subsp. margaritalba

authorship: (Klokov) Dostál

value: Jul-Sep

authors: Klokov

reason: No dated flowering annotations found for this taxon.


slug: centaurea-margaritacea

scientific: Centaurea margaritacea

authorship: Ten.

epithet: margaritacea

published_in: Syll. Pl. Fl. Neapol. : 628 (1831)

Centaurea alba subsp. splendens

authorship: (L.) Arcang.

Centaurea leucolepis

authorship: DC.

Centaurea splendens subsp. margaritacea

authorship: (Ten.) Nyman

Jacea margaritacea

authorship: (Ten.) Soják

Jacea splendens

authorship: (L.) Soják

codes: BUL UKR

Bulgaria

code: BUL

names:
Glaenzende Flockenblume
Glänzende Flockenblume

names:
Centauree luisante
Centaurée luisante

published_in: Syll. Pl. Fl. Neapol. 628


slug: centaurea-melitensis

scientific: Centaurea melitensis

epithet: melitensis

preferred: Maltese star-thistle

Calcitrapa conferta

authorship: Moench

Calcitrapa patibilcensis

authorship: Kunth

Calcitrapa sessiliflora

authorship: Lam

Centaurea americana

authorship: Spreng.

Centaurea congesta

authorship: Willd. ex DC.

Centaurea glomerata

authorship: Webb & Berthel.

Centaurea patibilcensis

authorship: (Kunth) DC.

Centaurea reuteriana var. pinnatisecta

authorship: Parsa

Cyanus melitensis

authorship: Gaertn.

codes: ALG AZO CNY CVI EGY LBY MDR MOR SEL TUN BAL COR FRA GRC ITA KRI YUG POR SAR SIC SPA

Azores

code: AZO

Canary Is.

code: CNY

Cape Verde

code: CVI

Egypt

code: EGY

Libya

code: LBY

Madeira

code: MDR

Selvagens

code: SEL

Tunisia

code: TUN

Baleares

code: BAL

Corse

code: COR

France

code: FRA

Greece

code: GRC

NW. Balkan Pen.

code: YUG

Sardegna

code: SAR

Sicilia

code: SIC

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2046 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Maltese star-thistle
Malta Centaurea

names:
Cizaña
Hierba de cristo

names: 大矢车菊 马耳他岛矢车菊

names: قنطريون مالطي

names: Beija-mão cardo-amarelo

names: Василёк мальтийский

names:
Centaurée de Malte
croix de Malte

names:
Maltezer centauri
Maltezer centaurie

partners:
Megachile apicalis
Acamptopoeum submetallicum
Agapostemon texanus
Anthrenus lepidus
Apodemia virgulti
Augochlorella pomoniella
Colias eurytheme
Echinargus isola

partners:
Anthrenus lepidus
Eresia aveyrona mylitta
Euchaetes bolteri

partners:
Spinus psaltria
Apis mellifera
Apodemia virgulti
Bombus crotchii
Callipepla californica
Colias eurytheme
Eresia aveyrona mylitta
Erynnis funeralis

partners:
Adontomerus crassipes
Aprostocetus
Baryscapus
Eupelmus microzonus
Eurytoma strigifrons
Ormyrus gratiosus
Sycophila submutica


slug: centaurea-montana

scientific: Centaurea montana

authorship: L.

epithet: montana

preferred: Perennial Cornflower

english:
Perennial Cornflower
perennial cornflower

Centaurea angustifolia

authorship: Mill.

Cyanus angustifolius

authorship: (Mill.) Soják

Cyanus montanus

authorship: (L.) Hill

codes: AUT BLT BGM CZE FRA GER ITA YUG NET RUW POL SPA SWI

Austria

code: AUT

Baltic States

code: BLT

Belgium

code: BGM

Czechia-Slovakia

code: CZE

Germany

code: GER

Italy

code: ITA

Netherlands

code: NET

Northwest European Russia

code: RUW

Poland

code: POL

Spain

code: SPA

Switzerland

code: SWI

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2006 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Mountain Cornflower
Mountain Knapweed

names:
Centauree des montagnes
Centaurée des montagnes

names: Dvärgsötväppling Mellanlusern

names:
Bjerg-knopurt
Hvid Stenkløver

names: Intianmesikkä Isomesikkä

names: Kvitsteinkløver Orientsteinkløver

names:
Penlas Fythol
Y Benlas Luosflwydd

partners:
Anania funebris
Andrena amieti
Andrena denticulata
Andrena hesperia
Andrena humilis
Andrena livens
Andrena nigroolivacea
Andrena pellucens

label: Flower-visited by

partners:
Apis mellifera
Bombus lucorum
Bombus pascuorum
Antophila
Bombus
Bombus cryptarum
Bombus fervidus
Bombus hypnorum

partners:
Chaetostomella cylindrica
Trupanea stellata
Acanthis flammea
Adelphocoris detritus
Adscita geryon
Aethes decimana
Aethes smeathmanniana
Agapanthia villosoviridescens

partners:
Erysiphe depressa
Golovinomyces cichoracearum


slug: centaurea-napifolia

scientific: Centaurea napifolia

epithet: napifolia

Calcitrapa napifolia

authorship: (L.) Moench

Calcitrapoides napifolia

authorship: (L.) Holub

Centaurea zanonii

authorship: Sebast. & Maur.

Cistrum napifolium

authorship: Hill

codes: ALG MOR TUN BAL COR FRA ITA SAR SIC

Algeria

code: ALG

Morocco

code: MOR

Tunisia

code: TUN

Baleares

code: BAL

Corse

code: COR

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 89 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: L.


slug: centaurea-napulifera

scientific: Centaurea napulifera

authorship: Rochel

epithet: napulifera

published_in: Act. Hungar. Evhony. t. 3. 1834

Centaurea carlovensis

authorship: Friv. ex Gugler

Centaurea karlowensis

authorship: Friv. ex Hampe

Centaurea nyssana subsp. velenovskyi

authorship: (Adamović) Hayek

Centaurea tuberosa

authorship: Vis.

Centaurea velenovskyi

authorship: Adamović

Cyanus napulifer

authorship: (Rochel) Soják

Cyanus tuberosus

authorship: (Vis.) Soják

authorship: (Vis.) Bancheva & Raimondo

Cyanus velenovskyi

authorship: (Adamović) Wagenitz & Greuter

codes: ALB BUL GRC YUG

Albania

code: ALB

Bulgaria

code: BUL

Greece

code: GRC

NW. Balkan Pen.

code: YUG

names: Василёк репчатый

partners:
Issoria lathonia
Lycaena phlaeas
Vanessa cardui

authors: Rochel

published_in: Magyar Tud. Társ. Évk. 2: 260

reason: Only 7 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: centaurea-nervosa

scientific: Centaurea nervosa

authorship: Willd.

epithet: nervosa

Centaurea austriaca subsp. cirrata

authorship: (Rchb.) Nyman

Centaurea cirrata

authorship: Rchb.

Centaurea davidovii

authorship: Urum.

Centaurea uniflora subsp. davidovii

authorship: (Urum.) Dostál

Centaurea uniflora subsp. nervosa

authorship: (Willd.) Bonnier & Layens

Jacea cirrata

authorship: (Rchb.) Soják

Jacea davidovii

authorship: (Urum.) Holub

codes: ALB AUT BUL FRA GRC ITA YUG ROM SWI

Austria

code: AUT

France

code: FRA

Romania

code: ROM

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 643 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Centauree nervee
Centaurée de Ferdinand

label: Pollinated by

partners:
Aglais io
Anania funebris
Andrena amieti
Andrena denticulata
Andrena hesperia
Andrena humilis
Andrena livens
Andrena nigroolivacea

partners:
Anania funebris
Andrena livens
Andrena nigroolivacea
Aricia agestis
Bombus flavidus
Bombus mesomelas
Bombus norvegicus
Bombus pascuorum

partners:
Acanthis flammea
Adelphocoris detritus
Adscita geryon
Aethes smeathmanniana
Agapanthia villosoviridescens
Agapeta zoegana
Agonopterix arenella
Agonopterix carduella

value: Jul-Aug

authors: Willd.

published_in: Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol. 2: 925


slug: centaurea-nigra

scientific: Centaurea nigra

authorship: L.

epithet: nigra

preferred: Common Knapweed

english:
Common Knapweed
lesser knapweed

Centaurea aterrima

authorship: Hayek

Centaurea babingtonii

authorship: Lacaita ex Hayek

Centaurea carpetana

authorship: Boiss. & Reut.

Centaurea commutata

authorship: Timb.-Lagr. ex Nyman

Centaurea jacea subsp. nigra

authorship: (L.) Bonnier & Layens

Centaurea leucocephala

authorship: Schur

name: Centaurea microptilon subsp. microptilon

Centaurea moritziana

authorship: Hegetschw.

Centaurea nervosa

authorship: Rchb. ex Steud.

Centaurea nigra var. decipiens

authorship: Bab.

Centaurea nigra var. mairei

authorship: Arènes

Centaurea nigrescens

authorship: DC.

Centaurea nigricans

authorship: Link ex Spreng.

Centaurea obscura

authorship: Jord.

Centaurea pectinata var. fuscata

authorship: Rouy

Centaurea phrygia

authorship: Lapeyr. ex Willk. & Lange

Centaurea rivularis

authorship: Brot.

Centaurea rufescens

authorship: Noulet ex Nyman

Cyanus niger

authorship: Gaertn.

Cyanus phrygius

authorship: G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb.

Cyanus plumosus

authorship: Gilib.

Cyanus pumilus

authorship: Baumg.

Jacea aterrima

authorship: (Hayek) Holub

Jacea carpetana

authorship: (Boiss. & Reut.) Holub

Jacea nigra

authorship: Hill

Jacea rivularis

authorship: (Brot.) Soják

Phrygia nigra

authorship: (L.) Gray

codes: MOR AUT BGM DEN FRA GER GRB IRE ITA YUG NET NOR POL POR SPA SWE

Belgium

code: BGM

Denmark

code: DEN

Germany

code: GER

Great Britain

code: GRB

Ireland

code: IRE

Italy

code: ITA

Netherlands

code: NET

Norway

code: NOR

Portugal

code: POR

Sweden

code: SWE

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1929 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Common Knapweed
Black Knapweed

names:
Schwarze Flockenblume
Artengruppe Schwarze Flockenblume

names: mustakaunokki svartklint

names:
chrpa černá
chrpa

names: mørkknoppurt svartknoppurt

partners:
Aglais io
Andrena dorsata
Andrena flavipes
Andrena minutula
Apis mellifera
Bombus
Bombus barbutellus
Bombus bohemicus

partners:
Bombus terrestris
Abraxas grossulariata
Aglais io
Aglais urticae
Agriopis marginaria
Agriphila spp.
Agrochola lychnidis
Agrotis exclamationis


slug: centaurea-nigrescens

scientific: Centaurea nigrescens

authorship: Willd.

epithet: nigrescens

preferred: Black knapweed

english:
Black knapweed
Tyrol knapweed
Tyrol thistle
short-fringed knapweed

Centaurea bracteata

authorship: Balb. ex Steud.

Centaurea brevipappa

authorship: Boiss. & Reut.

Centaurea carniolica

authorship: Host

Centaurea denticulata

authorship: Lej.

Centaurea dubia subsp. nigrescens

authorship: (Willd.) Hayek

Centaurea dubia subsp. smolinensis

authorship: (Hayek) Hayek

Centaurea dubia subsp. vochinensis

authorship: (Bernh. ex Rchb.) Hayek

authorship: (Bernh. ex Rchb.) Hayek ex Hegi

Centaurea jacea subsp. nigrescens

authorship: (Willd.) Čelak.

Centaurea jacea subsp. transalpina

authorship: (DC.) R.C.V.Douin

Centaurea kochii

authorship: F.Schultz ex Nyman

Centaurea neapolitana

authorship: Boiss.

name: Centaurea nigrescens subsp. pinnatipartita

authorship: (Fiori) Dostál

Centaurea nigrescens var. rotundifolia

authorship: Bartl.

Centaurea ramosa

authorship: (Gugler) Hayek

Centaurea rotundifolia

authorship: (Bartl.) Hayek

Centaurea schemnitzensis

authorship: hort. ex Steud.

Centaurea sciaphila

authorship: Vuk.

Centaurea serotina

authorship: Boreau

Centaurea smolinensis

authorship: Hayek

Centaurea spathulata

authorship: Ten.

Centaurea subcordata

authorship: Freyn & Sint.

Centaurea transalpina

authorship: Schleich. ex DC.

Centaurea tubulosa

authorship: Chab. ex Nyman

Centaurea vochinensis

authorship: Bernh. ex Rchb.

Centaurea vochinensis f. pinnatifida

authorship: Fiori

Cyanus nigrescens

authorship: J.Presl & C.Presl

Jacea carniolica

authorship: (Host) Holub

Jacea neapolitana

authorship: (Boiss.) Holub

Jacea nigrescens

authorship: (Willd.) Soják

Jacea nigrescens subsp. transalpina

authorship: (Schlech. ex De Candolle) Soják

codes: AUT BUL FRA GER HUN ITA YUG POL ROM SWI

Hungary

code: HUN

Poland

code: POL

Switzerland

code: SWI

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1792 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Black knapweed
short-fringed knapweed

names: 繸裂矢车菊 繐裂矢车菊

names:
Schwärzliche Flockenblume
Ennetbirgische Flockenblume

names:
Centauree noiratre
Centaurée noircissante

names:
chrpa černající
chrpa

partners:
Bombus terrestris
Helophilus trivittatus
Lasioglossum calceatum
Aglais io
Amata phegea
Anania funebris
Andrena amieti
Andrena denticulata

partners:
Cynthia cardui
Divales bipustulatus
Halictus scabiosae
Issoria lathonia
Pieris rapae

label: Eaten by

partners:
Acanthiophilus helianthi
Acanthis flammea
Adelphocoris detritus
Adscita geryon
Aethes smeathmanniana
Agapanthia villosoviridescens
Agapeta zoegana
Agonopterix arenella


slug: centaurea-occasus

scientific: Centaurea occasus

epithet: occasus

names: CENTÁUREA-DO-BARROCAL Cardeleja

published_in: Fontqueria 48: 221


slug: centaurea-odessana

scientific: Centaurea odessana

authorship: Prodan

epithet: odessana

published_in: Contr. Bot. Univ. Babes-Bolyai Cluj-Napoca 1(Fasc. 17): 10. 1930

Acosta odessana

authorship: (Prodan) Soják

Centaurea arenaria subsp. odessana

authorship: (Prodan) Dostál

codes: NCS KRY ROM UKR

North Caucasus

code: NCS

Krym

code: KRY

Ukraine

code: UKR

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 56 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Василёк одесский

names: Волошка одеська

authors: Prodan

published_in: Contr. Bot. Univ. 'Babes-Bolyai' Cluj-Napoca 1(Fasc. 17): 10

reason: Only 9 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: centaurea-orientalis

scientific: Centaurea orientalis

authorship: L.

epithet: orientalis

Acrocentron orientale

authorship: (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve

Centaurea neglecta

authorship: Schott ex Spreng.

Centaurea rigidifolia

authorship: Besser ex DC.

Colymbada orientalis

authorship: (L.) Holub

Cyanus orientalis

authorship: Baumg.

codes: NCS TCS BUL RUC KRY YUG ROM RUS UKR

Transcaucasus

code: TCS

Bulgaria

code: BUL

Central European Russia

code: RUC

NW. Balkan Pen.

code: YUG

Romania

code: ROM

South European Russia

code: RUS

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 703 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Василёк восточный

names: Волошка східна

label: Parasites

value: Jun-Sep


slug: centaurea-ornata

scientific: Centaurea ornata

authorship: Willd.

epithet: ornata

Acosta coerulescens

authorship: (Willd.) Holub

Acrocentron ornatum

authorship: (Willd.) Webb

name: Centaurea caerulescens subsp. caerulescens

Centaurea galianoi

authorship: Fern.Casas & Susanna

Centaurea interrupta

authorship: Hoffmanns. & Link

Centaurea ornata var. galianoi

authorship: (Fern.Casas & Susanna) Fern.Casas

name: Centaurea paniculata subsp. coerulescens

authorship: (Willd.) Rouy

Centaurea virgata

authorship: Cav.

Spain

code: SPA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 307 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Cristas-de-galo cardazol

partners:
Aricia cramera
Carpocoris mediterraneus atlanticus
Euceratina
Melanargia lachesis
Mylabris variabilis

label: Visited by

partners:
Carpocoris mediterraneus atlanticus
Euceratina
Mylabris variabilis
Rhodanthidium infuscatum

partners:
Dasytes nigropilosus
Ibidoecus longiclypeatus
Pelochrus pallidulus
Philaenus spumarius

partners:
Adontomerus crassipes
Sycophila mayri

value: herb


slug: centaurea-paniculata

scientific: Centaurea paniculata

epithet: paniculata

preferred: Jersey knapweed

Acosta polycephala

authorship: (Jord.) Holub

Acrolophus mierghii

authorship: (Jord.) Fourr.

Acrolophus paniculatus

authorship: (L.) Cass.

Centaurea abrotanifolia

authorship: Lam.

Centaurea cadevallii

authorship: Pau

authorship: Cadevall

Centaurea gallica

authorship: Gugler

Centaurea maculosa subsp. incisa

authorship: Arcang.

Centaurea paniculata var. cossoniana

authorship: Arènes

Centaurea paniculata var. esterellensis

authorship: Burnat ex Briq.

Centaurea paniculata var. thuretii

authorship: Briq. & Cavill.

Centaurea polycephala

authorship: Jord.

Cyanus paniculatus

authorship: Moench

codes: COR FRA ITA SPA SWI

Corse

code: COR

France

code: FRA

Italy

code: ITA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 183 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Jersey knapweed
Panicled knapweed

names: Centaurée en panicule, Centaurée paniculée

partners:
Aglais io
Andrena amieti
Andrena hesperia
Andrena livens
Andrena nigroolivacea
Andrena pellucens
Andrena rhenana
Andrena taraxaci

value: non-woody


slug: centaurea-panormitana

scientific: Centaurea panormitana

authorship: Lojac.

epithet: panormitana

Centaurea tyrrhena

authorship: C.Brullo, Brullo & Giusso

Centaurea ucriae subsp. todaroi

authorship: (Lacaita) Cela Renz. & Viegi

Centaurea umbrosa

authorship: Lacaita

Sicilia

code: SIC

authors: Lojac.

published_in: Fl. Sicul. (Lojacono) 2(1): 137

reason: Only 2 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: centaurea-parviflora-sibth-sm-non-lam

scientific: Centaurea parviflora

authorship: Sibth. & Sm.non Lam.

epithet: parviflora

reason: Kew's World Checklist of Vascular Plants does not cover this taxon.

reason: Only 5 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: centaurea-parviflora-desf

authorship: Desf.

codes: ALG TUN

Algeria

code: ALG

Tunisia

code: TUN

authors: Desf.

published_in: Fl. Atlant. 2: 301


slug: centaurea-pectinata

scientific: Centaurea pectinata

authorship: L.

epithet: pectinata

Jacea acutifolia

authorship: (Jord.) Holub

Jacea pectinata

authorship: (L.) Soják

codes: FRA SPA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 396 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Anthidium punctatum
Apis mellifera
Bombus pascuorum
Bombus sylvarum
Bombus terrestris
Bombus vestalis
Ceratina chalybea
Ceratina cyanea

partners:
Apis mellifera
Fabriciana adippe
Hadrodemus m-flavum
Iphiclides feisthamelii
Lasiommata megera
Vanessa cardui


slug: centaurea-phrygia

scientific: Centaurea phrygia

epithet: phrygia

preferred: wig knapweed

Centaurea abbreviata

authorship: (K.Koch) Hand.-Mazz.

Centaurea abnormis

authorship: Czerep.

Centaurea alutacea

authorship: Dobrocz.

Centaurea austriaca

authorship: Willd.

Centaurea bosniaca

authorship: Hayek

authorship: Murb

Centaurea bulgarica

authorship: Urum. & J.Wagner

Centaurea carpatica

authorship: (Porcius) Porcius

Centaurea elatior

authorship: (Gaud.) Hayek

Centaurea indurata

authorship: Janka

Centaurea jacea subsp. razgradiensis

authorship: (Velen.) Stoj. & Acht.

Centaurea melanocalathia

authorship: Borbás

Centaurea nigra subsp. salicifolia

authorship: (Willd.) Nyman

Centaurea phrygia subsp. austriaca

authorship: (Willd.) Gugler

Centaurea phrygia subsp. capitata

authorship: (Koch) Arcang.

Centaurea phrygia subsp. nigriceps

authorship: (Dobrocz.) Dostál

Centaurea phrygia var. elatior

authorship: Gaudin

Centaurea plumosa var. carpatica

authorship: Porcius

Centaurea pseudophrygia subsp. abnormis

authorship: (Czerep.) Mikheev

Centaurea pseudophrygia subsp. alutacea

authorship: (Dobrocz.) Mikheev

Centaurea pseudophrygia subsp. bosniaca

authorship: Murb.

name: Centaurea pseudophrygia subsp. pseudophrygia

name: Centaurea pseudophrygia subsp. ratezatensis

authorship: (Prodan) Soó

Centaurea rarauensis

authorship: Prodan

Centaurea razgradensis

authorship: Velen.

Centaurea rodensis

authorship: Simonk.

Centaurea salicifolia

authorship: M.Bieb. ex Willd.

Centaurea stenolepis subsp. bansagensis

authorship: (H.Wagner) Soó

Centaurea stenolepis subsp. bosniaca

authorship: (Murb.) Dostál

Centaurea stenolepis subsp. joannis

authorship: Kárpáti

Jacea abbreviata

authorship: (K.Koch) Soják

Jacea alutacea

authorship: (Dobrocz.) Soják

Jacea bosniaca

authorship: (Murb.) Holub

Jacea carpatica

authorship: (Porc.) Soják

Jacea elatior

authorship: (Gaud.) Soják

Jacea indurata

authorship: (Janka) Soják

Jacea melanocalathia

authorship: (Czako) Holub

Jacea phrygia subsp. carpatica

authorship: (Portius) Dostál

Jacea phrygia subsp. elatior

authorship: (Gaud.) Dostál

Jacea phrygia subsp. melanocalathia

authorship: (Borb. ex Czako) Soják

Jacea pseudophrygia

authorship: (C.A.Mey.) Holub

Jacea ratezatensis

authorship: (Prodan) Holub

Jacea razgradensis

authorship: (Velen.) Holub

Jacea salicifolia

authorship: (M.Bieb.) Soják

codes: IRN NCS TCS TUR WSB ALB AUT BLT BLR BUL RUC CZE DEN RUE FIN GER GRC HUN ITA KRY YUG RUN RUW NOR POL ROM RUS SWI TUE UKR

Iran

code: IRN

Türkiye

code: TUR

West Siberia

code: WSB

Albania

code: ALB

Austria

code: AUT

Baltic States

code: BLT

Belarus

code: BLR

Czechia-Slovakia

code: CZE

Denmark

code: DEN

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2030 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Волошка фрігійська

partners:
Aglais io
Aphantopus hyperantus
Apis mellifera
Autographa gamma
Bellardia viarum
Blaesoxipha
Bombus confusus
Bombus cryptarum


slug: centaurea-pomeliana

scientific: Centaurea pomeliana

authorship: Batt.

epithet: pomeliana

published_in: Bull. Soc. Bot. France 35: 389 1889

Acosta pomeliana

authorship: (Batt.) Holub

Centaurea boissieri subsp. pomeliana

authorship: (Batt. & Trab.) Dostál

Centaurea pomeliana var. rouxiana

authorship: Maire

codes: ALG MOR SPA

Morocco

code: MOR

authors: Batt.

published_in: Bull. Soc. Bot. France 35: 389

reason: Only 10 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: centaurea-procurrens

scientific: Centaurea procurrens

authorship: Sieber ex Spreng.

epithet: procurrens

Calcitrapa araneosa

authorship: (Boiss.) Holub

Centaurea araneosa

authorship: Boiss.

Centaurea procurrens subsp. sharonensis

authorship: Plitmann

codes: LBS PAL SIN

Lebanon-Syria

code: LBS

Palestine

code: PAL

Sinai

code: SIN

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 156 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

value: shrub

value: subshrub

value: woody

authors: Sieber ex Spreng.

published_in: Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 3: 407


slug: centaurea-pseudomaculosa

scientific: Centaurea pseudomaculosa

authorship: Dobrocz.

epithet: pseudomaculosa

Acosta pseudomaculosa

authorship: (Dobrocz.) Soják

Centaurea rhenana subsp. pseudomaculosa

authorship: (Dobrocz.) Dostál

codes: KAZ NCS WSB BLR RUC RUE KRY RUN RUW RUS UKR

Kazakhstan

code: KAZ

North Caucasus

code: NCS

Central European Russia

code: RUC

East European Russia

code: RUE

Krym

code: KRY

North European Russia

code: RUN

Northwest European Russia

code: RUW

South European Russia

code: RUS

Ukraine

code: UKR

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 54 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Василёк ложнопятнистый

names: Волошка несправжньоплямиста

value: biennial

authors: Dobrocz.

published_in: Bot. Zhurn. (Kiev) 6(2): 73


slug: centaurea-pubescens

scientific: Centaurea pubescens

authorship: Willd.

epithet: pubescens

Calcitrapa pubescens

authorship: (Willd.) Sweet

Centaurea abdelkaderi

authorship: Sennen & Mauricio

Centaurea abdelkaridi

authorship: Sennen

Centaurea incana

authorship: Desf.

Centaurea incana subsp. ornata

authorship: (Willd.) Maire

Centaurea incana var. amourensis

authorship: (Pomel) Sennen & Pau

Centaurea incana var. antiatlantica

authorship: Emb. & Maire

Centaurea incana var. battandieri

authorship: (Sennen) Maire

Centaurea incana var. hookeriana

authorship: Ball

Centaurea incana var. leucophylla

authorship: Alleiz.

Centaurea incana var. monocephala

authorship: Hochr.

Centaurea incana var. rupicola

authorship: (Pomel) Maire

Centaurea incana var. saharae

authorship: (Pomel) Hochr.

Centaurea incana var. virens

authorship: Pau

Centaurea reflexa subsp. pubescens

authorship: (Willd.) Ball

Centaurea rupicola

authorship: Pomel

Colymbada incana

authorship: (Desf.) Holub

codes: ALG MOR TUN SPA

Algeria

code: ALG

Tunisia

code: TUN

Spain

code: SPA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 31 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

reason: Only 17 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: centaurea-pulchella

scientific: Centaurea pulchella

authorship: Ledeb.

epithet: pulchella

Centaurea filiformis

authorship: M.Bieb. ex DC.

Centaurea hyalina

authorship: L'Hér. ex DC.

Centaurea pulchella var. viminea

authorship: (Less.) DC.

Centaurea viminea

authorship: Less.

Eremopappus pulchellus

authorship: (Ledeb.) Takht.

Hyalea pulchella

authorship: (Ledeb.) K.Koch

codes: AFG IRN KAZ KGZ MON TZK TCS TKM TUR UZB CHX PAK RUS

Afghanistan

code: AFG

Iran

code: IRN

Kirgizstan

code: KGZ

Mongolia

code: MON

region: Mongolia

Tadzhikistan

code: TZK

Transcaucasus

code: TCS

Turkmenistan

code: TKM

Türkiye

code: TUR

Uzbekistan

code: UZB

Xinjiang

code: CHX

Pakistan

code: PAK

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 64 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Гиалея красивая

partners:
Bombus huntii
Bombus rufocinctus
Chrysotoxum elegans
Eristalis tenax
Ochlodes sylvanoides
Pieris rapae
Pontia occidentalis
Scaeva affinis

partners:
Agrodiaetus damon
Anoplodera rufipes
Anthrax trifasciatus
Carpocoris mediterraneus
Carpocoris mediterraneus atlanticus
Carpocoris purpureipennis
Coenonympha arcania
Dasysyrphus albostriatus

value: annual

value: May-Jul

authors: Ledeb.

reason: Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted.


slug: centaurea-pullata

scientific: Centaurea pullata

authorship: L.

epithet: pullata

Centaurea claryi

authorship: Debeaux ex Batt. & Trab.

authorship: Debeaux

Centaurea dubia

authorship: Krock.

Centaurea humilis

authorship: Schrank

Centaurea involucrata var. discolor

authorship: Maire

Centaurea pullata f. albiflora

authorship: Font Quer

Centaurea pullata subsp. claryi

authorship: (Debeaux) Batt.

Centaurea pullata subsp. discolor

authorship: (Maire) Mathez

Centaurea pullata var. albiflora

authorship: (Font Quer) Dobignard

Centaurea pullata var. discolor

authorship: (Maire) Dobignard

Centaurea pullata var. zatii

authorship: Maubert

Cyanus pullatus

authorship: (L.) Gaertn.

Melanoloma pullatum

authorship: (L.) Fourr.

codes: ALG MOR TUN FRA ITA POR SIC SPA TUE

Morocco

code: MOR

France

code: FRA

Italy

code: ITA

Portugal

code: POR

Sicilia

code: SIC

Türkiye-in-Europe

code: TUE

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1996 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Василек тёмноодетый

names:
Centaurée bordée de noir
Centaurée brune

partners:
Apis mellifera
Bombus terrestris
Calocoris nemoralis
Certallum ebulinum
Colpa quinquecincta
Dasyscolia ciliata
Eristalis tenax
Halictus scabiosae

partners:
Apis mellifera
Leptopalpus rostratus
Oxythyrea funesta
Psilothrix viridicoerulea
Rhynocoris erythropus
Thomisus onustus

value: therophyte

reason: Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready.


slug: centaurea-pumilio

scientific: Centaurea pumilio

epithet: pumilio

Crocodilium pumilio

authorship: (L.) N.Garcia & Susanna

codes: EGY LBY PAL GRC KRI

Egypt

code: EGY

Libya

code: LBY

Palestine

code: PAL

Greece

code: GRC

Kriti

code: KRI

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 115 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

published_in: Cent. Pl. I. 30


slug: centaurea-ragusina

scientific: Centaurea ragusina

epithet: ragusina

Centaurea armoracifolia

authorship: Sm.

Centaurea lungensis

authorship: Ginzb.

Colymbada ragusina

authorship: (L.) Holub

NW. Balkan Pen.

code: YUG

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 69 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: / Centaurée


slug: centaurea-raphanina

scientific: Centaurea raphanina

authorship: Sibth. & Sm.

epithet: raphanina

published_in: Fl. Graec. (Sibthorp). t. 917.

Centaurea hellenica

authorship: Boiss. & Spruner

Centaurea mixta

authorship: DC.

Centaurea mixta var. myconia

authorship: (Boiss. & Sart.) Hayek

Centaurea mucronata

authorship: Forssk.

Centaurea nana

authorship: Sieber ex Boiss.

Centaurea pumila

authorship: d'Urv.

Centaurea raphanina

authorship: Spruner ex Nyman

Centaurea saxatilis

authorship: (K.Koch) B.D.Jacks.

Colymbada mixta

authorship: (DC.) Holub

Colymbada raphanina

authorship: (Sm.) Holub

Phaeopappus saxatilis

authorship: Boiss.

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 147 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Apis mellifera
Anthophora agama
Anthophora dalmatica
Anthophora rutilans
Dasytes striatulus
Gonepteryx rhamni
Halictus quadricinctus
Maniola jurtina

value: hemicryptophyte

value: perennial


slug: centaurea-redempta

scientific: Centaurea redempta

authorship: Heldr.

epithet: redempta

published_in: Bull. Soc. Bot. France 37: 243 (1891)

Colymbada cytherea

authorship: (Rech.f.) Holub

Colymbada redempta

authorship: (Heldr.) Holub

codes: GRC KRI

authors: Heldr.

published_in: Bull. Soc. Bot. France 37: 243

reason: Only 1 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: centaurea-rhaetica

scientific: Centaurea rhaetica

authorship: Moritzi

epithet: rhaetica

published_in: Denkschr. Allg. Schw. Ges. Natur. iii. (Pfl. Graub. 81., t. 3). 1839

codes: ITA SWI

Switzerland

code: SWI

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 139 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Василек ретийский

names:
Centauree rhetique
Centaurée rhétique

partners:
Aglais io
Anania funebris
Andrena amieti
Andrena denticulata
Andrena hesperia
Andrena humilis
Andrena livens
Andrena nigroolivacea

partners:
Anania funebris
Andrena amieti
Andrena livens
Andrena nigroolivacea
Andrena pellucens
Andrena rhenana
Aphantopus hyperantus
Aricia agestis

partners:
Acanthis flammea
Adelphocoris detritus
Adscita geryon
Aethes smeathmanniana
Agapanthia villosoviridescens
Agapeta zoegana
Agonopterix arenella
Agonopterix carduella

authors: Moritzi

reason: No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page.


slug: centaurea-rupestris

scientific: Centaurea rupestris

authorship: L.

epithet: rupestris

Acrocentron tenuifolium

authorship: Cass.

Calcitrapa rupestris

authorship: Sweet

Centaurea adonidifolia

authorship: Rchb.

Centaurea rupestris subsp. aculeata

authorship: Arcang.

Centaurea saxatilis

authorship: Bertol. ex Nyman

Centaurea variabilis

authorship: Bartl. ex Steud.

Colymbada rupestris

authorship: (L.) Holub

codes: ITA YUG

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 110 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Megachile albocristata
Megachile melanopyga

reason: No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name.


slug: centaurea-salonitana

scientific: Centaurea salonitana

authorship: Vis.

epithet: salonitana

published_in: Flora 12(1, Ergänzungsbl.): 23 (1829)

Acrocentron salonitanum

authorship: (Vis.) Á.Löve & D.Löve

Centaurea collina

authorship: Sm.

Centaurea collina var. macracantha

authorship: DC.

Centaurea latifolia

authorship: Pers.

Centaurea latisquama subsp. salonitana

authorship: (Vis.) Nyman

Centaurea liliniea

authorship: Velen.

Centaurea neglecta

authorship: Besser

Centaurea reflexa subsp. salonitana

authorship: (Vis.) Mikheev

Centaurea salonitana var. macracantha

authorship: (DC.) Boiss. & Heldr.

Centaurea tatarica

authorship: Pall.

Colymbada salonitana

authorship: (Vis.) Holub

codes: EAI NCS TUR ALB BUL GRC HUN KRY YUG ROM RUS TUE UKR

East Aegean Is.

code: EAI

North Caucasus

code: NCS

Türkiye

code: TUR

Albania

code: ALB

Bulgaria

code: BUL

Hungary

code: HUN

Krym

code: KRY

Romania

code: ROM

South European Russia

code: RUS

Ukraine

code: UKR

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 675 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Croatian Star-thistle
Yellow Knapweed

names:
Василёк салоникский
Василёк салонский

names: Волошка салонікська

reason: Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all.


slug: centaurea-scabiosa

scientific: Centaurea scabiosa

authorship: L.

epithet: scabiosa

published_in: Species Plantarum 2 1753

preferred: greater knapweed

Acrocentron alpestre

authorship: (Hegetschw.) Á.Löve & D.Löve

Acrocentron scabiosa

authorship: (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve

Centaurea adpressa

authorship: Ledeb.

Centaurea alpestris

authorship: Hegetschw.

Centaurea alpigena

authorship: Paulin

Centaurea apiculata subsp. adpressa

authorship: (Ledeb.) Dostál

Centaurea atropurpurea

authorship: Griseb.

Centaurea badensis

authorship: Tratt.

Centaurea borealis

authorship: Salisb.

Centaurea calcaria

authorship: Jord.

Centaurea cephalariifolia

authorship: Willk.

Centaurea coriacea

authorship: Waldst. & Kit.

authorship: Willd.

Centaurea dichroantha subsp. alpigena

authorship: (Paulin) Á.Löve & D.Löve

Centaurea fritschii

authorship: Hayek

Centaurea fuliginosa

authorship: Dolliner ex Nyman

Centaurea grinensis

authorship: Reut.

Centaurea grinensis subsp. fritschii

authorship: (Hayek) Dostál

Centaurea grinensis var. fritschii

authorship: (Hayek) Soó

Centaurea integrifolia

authorship: Vuk.

authorship: Tausch

Centaurea italia

authorship: Steud.

Centaurea menteyerica

authorship: Vill.

Centaurea menteyrica

authorship: Chaix

Centaurea pseudocoriacea

authorship: Dobrocz.

Centaurea sadleriana

authorship: Janka

Centaurea scabiosa

authorship: Asso

Centaurea scabiosa var. vertesensis

authorship: (Boros) Soó

Centaurea spinulosa

authorship: Rochel ex Spreng.

authorship: Rochel

Centaurea spinulosa subsp. adpressa

authorship: (Ledeb.) Soldano

Centaurea subarmata

authorship: Gugler

Centaurea tematinensis

authorship: Domin

Centaurea tenuifolia

authorship: hort. ex Steud.

authorship: (Gaudin) Hayek

Centaurea variifolia

authorship: Loisel.

Centaurea vertesensis

authorship: Boros

Colymbada adpressa

authorship: (Ledeb.) Holub

Colymbada alpestris

authorship: (Hegetschw.) Rauschert

Colymbada apiculata subsp. spinulosa

authorship: (Rochel) Dostál

Colymbada badensis

authorship: (Tratt.) Dostál

authorship: (Tratt.) Holub

Colymbada calcarea

authorship: (Jord.) Holub

Colymbada cephalariifolia

authorship: (Willk.) Holub

Colymbada grinensis

authorship: (Reut.) Dostál

Colymbada sadleriana

authorship: (Janka) Holub

authorship: (Janka) Dostál

Colymbada scabiosa

authorship: (L.) Rauschert

Colymbada scabiosa subsp. fritschii

authorship: (Hayek) Á.Löve & D.Löve

Colymbada spinulosa

authorship: (Rochel) Holub

Cyanus coriaceus

authorship: Baumg.

Cyanus laciniatus

authorship: Gilib.

Cyanus scabiosa

authorship: Moench

codes: ALT CHI IRK KAZ KGZ KRA NCS TCS TVA UZB WSB CHX YAK ALB AUT BLT BLR BGM BUL RUC CZE DEN RUE FIN FRA GER GRB GRC HUN IRE ITA KRY YUG NET RUN RUW NOR POL ROM RUS SPA SWE SWI UKR

Altay

code: ALT

Inner Mongolia

code: CHI

Irkutsk

code: IRK

Kazakhstan

code: KAZ

Kirgizstan

code: KGZ

Krasnoyarsk

code: KRA

Transcaucasus

code: TCS

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2038 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: قنطريون أجرب

names: Василёк шероховатый

partners:
Apis mellifera
Bombus lapidarius
Bombus pascuorum
Bombus rupestris
Bombus vestalis
Episyrphus balteatus
Maniola jurtina
Andrena flavipes

partners:
Acontia lucida
Acontia trabealis
Aculepeira ceropegia
Adelphocoris lineolatus
Adelphocoris vandalicus
Agalenatea redii
Aglais io
Anastrangalia sanguinolenta

partners:
Agonopterix pallorella
Cochylimorpha alternana
Eucosma hohenwartiana
Orthocephalus coriaceus
Terellia ceratocera
Terellia colon
Trupanea stellata
Chaetorellia loricata

partners:
Bremia lactucae
Golovinomyces cichoracearum
Orobanche elatior
Puccinia calcitrapae


slug: centaurea-semidecurrens

scientific: Centaurea semidecurrens

authorship: Jord.

epithet: semidecurrens

published_in: Observ. Pl. Nouv. v. 52 (1847)

Centaurea montana subsp. semidecurrens

authorship: (Jord.) O.Bolòs & Vigo

name: Centaurea triumfettii var. semidecurrens

authorship: (Jord.) Muñoz Rodr. & Devesa

France

code: FRA

Spain

code: SPA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 39 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: Jord.

published_in: Observ. Pl. Nouv. 5: 52


slug: centaurea-seridis

scientific: Centaurea seridis

authorship: L.

epithet: seridis

Calcitrapa cichoracea

authorship: Lam.

Calcitrapa sonchifolia

authorship: (L.) Lam.

Calcitrapoides seridis

authorship: (L.) Holub

Centaurea cruenta

authorship: Willd.

Centaurea hystrix

authorship: Boiss.

Centaurea jacobi

authorship: Dufour

Centaurea neglecta

authorship: Martr. ex Nyman

Centaurea polyacantha

authorship: Spreng.

Centaurea seridis var. auriculata

authorship: (Balb.) Ball

Centaurea seridis var. calva

authorship: Maire & Sauvage

Centaurea seridis var. epapposa

authorship: Caball.

Centaurea seridis var. pterocaulos

authorship: (Pomel) Maire

Centaurea seridis var. sonchifolia

authorship: (L.) Briq.

Centaurea seridis var. subferox

authorship: Pau & Font Quer

Centaurea sonchifolia subsp. maritima

authorship: (Dufour) Nyman

name: Centaurea sonchifolia subsp. sonchifolia

codes: ALG MOR ALB BAL FRA ITA SIC SPA

Algeria

code: ALG

Morocco

code: MOR

Baleares

code: BAL

Italy

code: ITA

Sicilia

code: SIC

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 238 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.


slug: centaurea-sicula

scientific: Centaurea sicula

epithet: sicula

Calcitrapa fusca

authorship: Moench

Calcitrapa sicula

authorship: (L.) Soják

Centaurea aurea

authorship: hort. ex Steud.

Centaurea barbara

authorship: Pomel

Centaurea fuscata

authorship: Desf.

Centaurea kroumirensis

authorship: Coss.

authorship: Coss. ex Batt. & Trab.

Centaurea marginata

authorship: Ten.

Centaurea multiflora

authorship: Pers.

Centaurea nicaeensis

authorship: All.

name: Centaurea nicaeensis subsp. kroumirensis

authorship: (Coss.) Dobignard

Centaurea nicaeensis subsp. walliana

authorship: Maire

Centaurea nicaeensis var. kroumiriensis

authorship: (Coss.) Batt.

Colymbada sicula

authorship: (L.) Hill

codes: ALG MOR TUN FRA ITA SAR SIC SPA

Tunisia

code: TUN

Sardegna

code: SAR

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 97 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Centaurée de Nice
Centaurée de Sicile, Centaurée de Nice


slug: centaurea-solstitialis

scientific: Centaurea solstitialis

authorship: L.

epithet: solstitialis

preferred: Yellow Star-Thistle

english:
Yellow Star-Thistle
yellow star-thistle

Calcitrapa carneola

authorship: (Boiss.) Holub

Calcitrapa erythracantha

authorship: (Halácsy) Holub

Calcitrapa lutea

authorship: (Gueldenst.) Delarbre

Calcitrapa schouwii

authorship: (DC.) Holub

Calcitrapa solstitialis

authorship: Lam.

Calcitrapa solstitialis subsp. adamii

authorship: (Willd.) Soják

name: Calcitrapa solstitialis subsp. solstitialis

Centaurea carneola

authorship: Boiss.

Centaurea cyanifolia

authorship: Poir.

Centaurea erythracantha

authorship: Halácsy

Centaurea parvispina

authorship: Láng ex Gugler

Centaurea pseudosolstitialis

authorship: Debeaux

Centaurea schouwii

authorship: DC.

Centaurea sicula subsp. schouwii

authorship: (DC.) Nyman

name: Centaurea solstitialis var. solstitialis

Cyanus solstitialis

authorship: J.Presl & C.Presl

Leucantha solstitialis

authorship: (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve

codes: ALG EGY MOR TUN CYP EAI IRN IRQ KAZ KUW LBS NCS OMA SAU SIN TZK TCS TKM TUR UZB ALB AUT BLR BGM BUL RUC COR CZE RUE FRA GER GRC HUN ITA KRI KRY YUG NET RUW NOR POL ROM SAR SIC SPA SWI TUE UKR

Egypt

code: EGY

Cyprus

code: CYP

East Aegean Is.

code: EAI

Iran

code: IRN

Iraq

code: IRQ

Kuwait

code: KUW

Lebanon-Syria

code: LBS

North Caucasus

code: NCS

Oman

code: OMA

Saudi Arabia

code: SAU

Sinai

code: SIN

Tadzhikistan

code: TZK

Turkmenistan

code: TKM

Türkiye

code: TUR

Uzbekistan

code: UZB

Albania

code: ALB

Austria

code: AUT

Belarus

code: BLR

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1999 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
yellow star-thistle
Barnaby star-thistle

names: قنطريون صيفي

names: василёк солнечный

names:
Centauree du solstice
Centaurée du solstice

names:
Fiordaliso giallo
Fiordaliso solstiziale

names: Волошка сонячна

partners:
Megachile apicalis
Agapostemon texanus
Anania funebris
Andrena amieti
Andrena denticulata
Andrena pellucens
Andrena polita
Ashmeadiella californica

partners:
Bombus vosnesenskii
Bombus crotchii
Bombus fervidus
Megachile apicalis
Acmaeodera hepburnii
Allograpta exotica
Anthidium chilense
Anthidium florentinum

partners:
Allograpta exotica
Andrena flavipes
Apis mellifera
Bombus californicus
Bombus pensylvanicus
Bombus vosnesenskii
Brephidium exilis
Burnsius communis

partners:
Acanthiophilus helianthi
Chaetostomella cylindrica
Pieris rapae
Adelphocoris detritus
Adelphocoris lineolatus
Adelphocoris vandalicus
Adscita geryon
Aethes smeathmanniana

quote: Yellow star-thistle is a listed noxious weed and is invasive in many western states.

quote: average about two feet (60 centimeters) tall, but range from four inches (10 centimeters) to five feet (1.5 meters)

quote: Yellow star-thistle is a winter annual dependent on seed production for population growth and spread.

name: GIFT (Global Inventory of Floras and Traits)

name: Traits mined from USDA NRCS plant guides


slug: centaurea-sphaerocephala

scientific: Centaurea sphaerocephala

epithet: sphaerocephala

Calcitrapoides lusitanica

authorship: (Boiss. & Reut.) Holub

Calcitrapoides polyacantha

authorship: (Willd.) Holub

Calcitrapoides sphaerocephala

authorship: (L.) Holub

Centaurea caespitosa

authorship: Cirillo

Centaurea corsica

authorship: Gand.

Centaurea fontanesii

authorship: Spach ex Durieu

Centaurea ixodes

authorship: Pomel

Centaurea linnaeana

authorship: Walp.

Centaurea lusitanica

authorship: Boiss. & Reut.

Centaurea polyacantha

authorship: Willd.

Centaurea polyacantha var. adpressa

authorship: Maire

Centaurea sonchifolia subsp. malacitana

authorship: (Boiss.) Nyman

Centaurea sphaerocephala

authorship: J.Gav ex Durieu

name: Centaurea sphaerocephala var. fontanesii

authorship: (Durieu) Batt.

name: Centaurea sphaerocephala var. oligocentra

name: Centaurea sphaerocephala var. polyacantha

authorship: (Willd.) Rivas Mart.

name: Centaurea sphaerocephala var. sphaerocephala

Centaurea sphaerocephala var. transiens

authorship: Faure & Maire

codes: ALG LBY MDR MOR TUN COR ITA POR SAR SIC SPA

Algeria

code: ALG

Libya

code: LBY

Madeira

code: MDR

Morocco

code: MOR

Tunisia

code: TUN

Corse

code: COR

Italy

code: ITA

Portugal

code: POR

Sardegna

code: SAR

Sicilia

code: SIC

Spain

code: SPA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 177 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Apis mellifera
Campsomeriella thoracica
Megachile apicalis
Pontia daplidice

name: Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)


slug: centaurea-spinosa

scientific: Centaurea spinosa

authorship: L.

epithet: spinosa

Acosta spinosa

authorship: (L.) Scop.

Centaurea cycladum

authorship: Heldr.

codes: EAI TUR GRC KRI TUE

East Aegean Is.

code: EAI

Greece

code: GRC

Kriti

code: KRI

Türkiye-in-Europe

code: TUE

partners:
Afranthidium carduele
Amictus pictus
Andrena flavipes
Andrena pilipes
Apis mellifera
Ceratina acuta
Ceratina chalcites
Cynthia cardui

partners:
Exoprosopa minois
Exoprosopa pandora
Osmia elegans
Afranthidium carduele
Amictus pictus
Andrena flavipes
Andrena pilipes
Apis mellifera

value: chamaephyte

reason: Only 15 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: centaurea-stoebe-tausch

scientific: Centaurea stoebe

authorship: Tausch

epithet: stoebe

published_in: Flora 12(1, Ergänzungsbl.): 42 (1829)

preferred: spotted knapweed

Acosta biebersteinii

authorship: (DC.) Dostál

Acosta micranthos

authorship: (S.G.Gmel.) Soják

Acosta radoslavoffii

authorship: (Urum.) Holub

Acosta tartarea

authorship: (Velen.) Holub

Acrolophus biebersteinii

authorship: (DC.) Á.Löve & D.Löve

Centaurea affinis subsp. serbica

authorship: Prodan

Centaurea affinis subsp. tartarea

authorship: (Velen.) T.Georgiadis

Centaurea australis

authorship: Pančić ex A.Kern.

authorship: Pančić

Centaurea biebersteinii

authorship: DC.

name: Centaurea biebersteinii subsp. australis

authorship: (Pančić) Dostál

name: Centaurea biebersteinii subsp. biebersteinii

name: Centaurea biebersteinii subsp. radoslavoffii

authorship: (Urum.) Dostál

name: Centaurea biebersteinii subsp. rhodopaea

authorship: (Hayek & H.Wagner) Dostál

Centaurea epapposa

authorship: Simonk.

Centaurea maculosa

authorship: Eichw.

Centaurea maculosa subsp. biebersteinii

authorship: (DC.) Nyman

Centaurea maculosa subsp. micranthos

authorship: (Griseb.) S.G.Gmel. ex Gugler

Centaurea micranthos

authorship: (Griseb.) S.G.Gmel. ex Hayek

Centaurea paniculata var. micranthos

authorship: Griseb.

Centaurea radoslavoffii

authorship: Urum.

Centaurea rhenana subsp. tartarea

authorship: (Velen.) Dostál

Centaurea stoebe subsp. micranthos

authorship: (S.G.Gmel. ex Gugler) Hayek

Centaurea stoebe subsp. tartarea

authorship: (Velen.) Stoj. & Acht.

Centaurea tartarea

authorship: Velen.

Centaurea ustulata

authorship: Besser

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2055 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
spotted knapweed
Panicled Knapweed

names:
Gefleckte Flockenblume
Gefleckte Flockenblume (i. e. S.)

names:
centaurée du rhin
Centauree stoebe

names: Gullklöver Lupinväppling

names:
Giftig Kronvikke
Humle-Kløver

names: reininkaunokki Kelta-apila

names: Gullkløver Kronvikke

partners:
Bombus
Bombus terrestris
Megachile pilidens
Aglais io
Anania funebris
Andrena amieti
Andrena denticulata
Andrena flavipes

partners:
Anthidiellum robertsoni
Bombus fervidus
Bombus huntii
Bombus vancouverensis
Bombus vosnesenskii
Dialictus
Lasioglossum succinipenne
Melissodes compositus

partners:
Acanthiophilus helianthi
Acaudinum longisetosum
Adelphocoris detritus
Adscita geryon
Aeolothrips tenuicornis
Aethes smeathmanniana
Agapanthia villosoviridescens
Agapeta zoegana

value: forb/herb

source: derived from USDA NRCS plant guide

quote: Spotted knapweed is in the Asteraceae (sunflower) family.

quote: Centaurea stoebe spp. stoebe is diploid and biennial

value: purple to pink (rarely white)

quote: There are 20 to 30 purple to pink (rarely white) flowers per flower head.

label: Phenology

value: flowering plants are distinguished by the production of an upright (except when heavily grazed or repeatedly mowed) paniculate inflorescence

authors: Tausch

published_in: Flora 12(1, Ergänzungsbl.): 42


slug: centaurea-stoebe-ledeb

authorship: Ledeb.

Acosta biebersteinii

authorship: (DC.) Dostál

Acosta micranthos

authorship: (S.G.Gmel.) Soják

Acosta radoslavoffii

authorship: (Urum.) Holub

Acosta tartarea

authorship: (Velen.) Holub

Acrolophus biebersteinii

authorship: (DC.) Á.Löve & D.Löve

Centaurea affinis subsp. serbica

authorship: Prodan

Centaurea affinis subsp. tartarea

authorship: (Velen.) T.Georgiadis

Centaurea australis

authorship: Pančić ex A.Kern.

authorship: Pančić

names:
Panicled Knapweed
Spotted Knapweed

names: Centaurée du Rhin, Centaurée rhénane, Centaurée maculée du Rhin, Centaurée maculée rhénane

names: Kelta-apila Kirjonivelvirna

quote: flowering plants are distinguished by the production of an upright (except when heavily grazed or repeatedly mowed) paniculate inflorescence

published_in: Fl. Altaic. [Ledebour]. 4: 49


slug: centaurea-stoebe-l

authorship: L.

Acosta chaubardii

authorship: (Rchb.f.) Holub

Acosta maculosa

authorship: (Lam.) Holub

Acosta muretii

authorship: (Jord.) Holub

Acosta rhenana

authorship: (Boreau) Soják

Acosta stoebe

authorship: (L.) Soják

Acrolophus maculosus

authorship: (Lam.) Cass.

Acrolophus rhenanus

authorship: (Boreau ex Nyman) Á.Löve & D.Löve

Acrolophus subalbidus

authorship: (Jord.) Fourr.

Centaurea biebersteinii

authorship: DC.

authorship: (Pančić) Dostál

authorship: (Urum.) Dostál

authorship: (Hayek & H.Wagner) Dostál

Centaurea coziensis

authorship: Nyár.

Centaurea epapposa

authorship: Simonk.

Centaurea leptoloma

authorship: Pančić ex Nyman

Centaurea maculata

authorship: Andrz.

Centaurea maculosa

authorship: Lam.

authorship: Eichw.

Centaurea maculosa subsp. biebersteinii

authorship: (DC.) Nyman

Centaurea maculosa subsp. micranthos

authorship: (Griseb.) S.G.Gmel. ex Gugler

Centaurea maculosa subsp. rheana

authorship: (Boreau) Gugler

Centaurea maculosa var. albida

authorship: Lecoq & Lamotte

Centaurea micranthos

authorship: (Griseb.) S.G.Gmel. ex Hayek

Centaurea mierghii

authorship: Jord.

Centaurea paniculata subsp. maculosa

authorship: (Lam.) Rouy

Centaurea paniculata var. micranthos

authorship: Griseb.

Centaurea rhenana

authorship: Boreau ex Nyman

authorship: Boreau

Centaurea stoebe subsp. maculosa

authorship: (Lam.) Schinz & Thell.

authorship: (Lam.) Hayek

Centaurea stoebe subsp. rhenana

authorship: (Boreau) Schinz & Thell.

Cyanus paniculatus

authorship: Gilib.

source: Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)

codes: KAZ NCS ALB AUT BLT BLR BGM BUL RUC CZE DEN RUE FRA GER GRB GRC HUN ITA KRY YUG NET RUN RUW NOR POL ROM RUS SWE SWI UKR

Kazakhstan

code: KAZ

North Caucasus

code: NCS

Albania

code: ALB

Austria

code: AUT

Baltic States

code: BLT

Belgium

code: BGM

Bulgaria

code: BUL

Central European Russia

code: RUC

Czechia-Slovakia

code: CZE

Denmark

code: DEN

East European Russia

code: RUE


slug: centaurea-sulphurea

scientific: Centaurea sulphurea

authorship: Willd.

epithet: sulphurea

preferred: sulphur knapweed

Calcitrapa sulphurea

authorship: (Willd.) Soják

codes: ALG MOR FRA SPA

Algeria

code: ALG

Morocco

code: MOR

France

code: FRA

source: CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec

names:
sulphur knapweed
Sicilian star thistle

published_in: Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol. 2: 930

reason: Only 3 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: centaurea-susannae

scientific: Centaurea susannae

authorship: Invernón & Devesa

epithet: susannae

Portugal

code: POR

authors: Invernón & Devesa

published_in: Phytotaxa 74: 42

reason: Fewer than 30 georeferenced research-grade observations of this taxon, which is too few to state a percentile range for the conditions it grows in. We would rather show nothing than a range computed from eight points in one county.

reason: Only 14 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: centaurea-tenorei

scientific: Centaurea tenorei

authorship: Guss. ex Lacaita

epithet: tenorei

Centaurea dissecta

authorship: Ten.

Centaurea parlatoris subsp. tenorei

authorship: (Guss. ex Lacaita) Dostál

Centaurea sulphurea

authorship: Lag.

Italy

code: ITA

source: Wikidata (P1843, CC0) + GBIF vernacular names

authors: Guss. ex Lacaita

published_in: Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. n.s., 29: 174

reason: No dated flowering annotations found for this taxon.


slug: centaurea-trichocephala

scientific: Centaurea trichocephala

authorship: M.Bieb. ex Willd.

epithet: trichocephala

preferred: feather-head knapweed

Centaurea hyssopifolia

authorship: Georgi

Centaurea pectinata

authorship: Boiss.

name: Centaurea trichocephala subsp. trichocephala

Jacea trichocephala

authorship: (M.Bieb.) Soják

codes: IRN KAZ NCS WSB RUC RUE ROM RUS UKR

Iran

code: IRN

West Siberia

code: WSB

Romania

code: ROM

South European Russia

code: RUS

Ukraine

code: UKR

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 104 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Василек волосистоголовый
Василёк волосистоголовый

names: Волошка волосистоголова

partners:
Anthidium punctatum
Apis mellifera
Bombus pascuorum
Bombus sylvarum
Bombus terrestris
Bombus vestalis
Ceratina chalybea
Ceratina cyanea

value: Jun-Aug

authors: M.Bieb. ex Willd.

source: IPNI (International Plant Names Index)