slug: verbena-hispida

scientific: Verbena hispida

authorship: Ruiz & Pav.

epithet: hispida

preferred: hispid mock vervain

Verbena glandulosa

authorship: Moris

Verbena hispida var. obovata

authorship: (Moldenke) N.O'Leary

codes: AGE AGW BOL CLC CLN CLM ECU PAR PER

Argentina Northeast

code: AGE

Argentina Northwest

code: AGW

Bolivia

code: BOL

Chile Central

code: CLC

Chile North

code: CLN

Colombia

code: CLM

Ecuador

code: ECU

Paraguay

code: PAR

Peru

code: PER

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 79 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
hispid mock vervain
Hairy Vervain

value: 1 m

value: Oct-Jan

authors: Ruiz & Pav.

published_in: Fl. Peruv. [Ruiz & Pavon] 1: 22, t. 34

source: IPNI (International Plant Names Index)

reason: Only 6 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: verbena-incompta

scientific: Verbena incompta

genus: Verbena

epithet: incompta

family: Verbenaceae

rank: species

taxonomic_status: accepted

accepted_according_to: World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06

preferred: Purpletop vervain

english:
Purpletop vervain
purpletop vervain

source: wikidata

Verbena bonariensis var. brevibracteata

authorship: Kuntze

Verbena litoralis var. brevibracteata

authorship: (Kuntze) N.O'Leary

note: Full per-image metadata (photographer, licence, licence URL, attribution, derivative restrictions and image URLs) is on the per-species JSON at per_image_metadata_url. Each image is licensed individually; this bulk file omits the per-image matrix to stay small and cleanly licensed.

scheme: TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3

source: Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)

license: CC BY 3.0

excludes: introduced extinct location_doubtful

codes: AGW BOL BZS CLM ECU PAR PER URU

Argentina Northwest

continent: SOUTHERN AMERICA

region: Southern South America

Bolivia

region: Western South America

Brazil South

code: BZS

region: Brazil

Uruguay

code: URU

lifeform: annual or perennial

climate: subtropical

mean_annual_temp_c: degrees Celsius

min_temp_coldest_month_c: degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)

max_temp_warmest_month_c: degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)

annual_precip_mm: millimetres per year

precip_driest_quarter_mm: millimetres in the driest quarter

source: CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec

citation: Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.

occurrences: iNaturalist Research-grade Observations

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 813 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

hardiness_zone_note: min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other.

model: Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)

names:
Purpletop vervain
small-flowered purple-top vervain

names:
Verveine inélégante
verveine échevelée

source: Wikidata (P1843, CC0) + GBIF vernacular names

license: CC0 / per-source

type: flowerVisitedBy

label: Flower-visited by

partners:
Apis mellifera
Bombus terrestris
Danaus plexippus
Erynnis horatius
Euptoieta claudia
Zizina labradus
Zizina otis labradus

source: Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI)

license: CC-BY 4.0 (aggregate) / per-source

note: Species recorded interacting with this plant in the wild, aggregated across many source datasets by GloBI. Provenance is asserted at the GloBI aggregate level, not per partner, and partners are the most frequently recorded per interaction type.

label: Growth habit

category: Form and habit

value: herb

source: USDA PLANTS

source: GIFT

license: CC-BY 4.0

source: EOL TraitBank / USDA PLANTS

license: Public domain (U.S. Government work)

value: subshrub

key: woodiness

label: Woodiness

value: non-woody

label: Life form

value: hemicryptophyte

label: Height

category: Size

label: Life cycle

category: Life cycle

value: annual

value: biennial

value: perennial

label: Flowering months

category: Flowers and fruit

USDA PLANTS Database

license: Public domain (US Government work)

name: GIFT (Global Inventory of Floras and Traits)

license: CC BY 4.0

EOL TraitBank (via Zenodo)

license: Per record: CC0 / CC BY 4.0 / public domain only

name: Traits mined from USDA NRCS plant guides

source: USDA PLANTS, GIFT, Wikidata, EOL TraitBank (via Zenodo) and traits mined from USDA NRCS plant guides

license: per source (public domain, CC BY 4.0, CC0)

note: Structured growth characteristics merged from four open sources (USDA PLANTS, GIFT, Wikidata, EOL TraitBank via Zenodo) plus traits mined from public-domain USDA NRCS guides. A documented record, not care advice. Each value keeps every source that reported it; a value marked extracted:true was read from prose, carries a verbatim quote and source_url, and has no structured source corroborating it.

note: The protologue citation: who published the name, in which work and year, and the IPNI record it resolves to. This is naming provenance, not a description.

World Flora Online Plant List

note: accepted name, authority, classification

iNaturalist

note: photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only

license: per photograph

Wikidata

note: common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)

note: native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form

reason: Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted.

reason: Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready.

reason: No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page.

reason: Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all.

note: This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew).


slug: verbena-intermedia

scientific: Verbena intermedia

authorship: Gillies & Hook.

epithet: intermedia

Verbena bonariensis f. gracilis

authorship: Voss

Verbena carollata

authorship: Briq.

Verbena chamissonis

authorship: Walp.

Verbena gracilis

authorship: Cham.

Verbena intermedia f. albiflora

authorship: Moldenke

Verbena intermedia f. glabrescens

authorship: Hauman

Verbena tandilensis

authorship: Speg.

Verbena tenuis

authorship: Steud.

codes: AGE AGW AGS BZS PAR PER URU

Argentina South

code: AGS

lifeform: perennial

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 106 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

source: Kew World Checklist of Useful Plant Species

note: Categories in which this species is recorded as a useful plant. A record of use, not a recommendation, a dose or a safety claim.

type: pollinatedBy

label: Pollinated by

partners:
Agraulis vanillae
Apis mellifera
Augochlora iphigenia
Bombyliidae
Brachygastra lechiguana
Euptoieta claudia
Lasionota
Lerodea eufala

partners:
Neorhynchocephalus sulphureus
Agraulis vanillae
Apis mellifera
Augochlora semiramis
Bombyliidae
Euptoieta claudia
Lasionota
Lerodea eufala

source: EOL TraitBank / Flora do Brasil

authors: Gillies & Hook.

published_in: Bot. Misc. 1: 166

name: Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)

field: care

field: toxicity

reason: No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name.

field: phenology

reason: Only 15 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.

data: CC BY 4.0


slug: verbena-laciniata

scientific: Verbena laciniata

authorship: (L.) Briq.

epithet: laciniata

published_in: Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève  7-8: 296 (1904)

Erinus laciniatus

authorship: L.

Glandularia laciniata

authorship: (L.) Schnack & Covas

Verbena erinoides

authorship: Lam.

Verbena erinoides f. sabinii

authorship: (D.Don) Voss

Verbena erinoides var. contracta

authorship: (Lindl.) Schauer

Verbena erinoides var. erecta

authorship: Gay

Verbena laciniata var. contracta

authorship: (Lindl.) Moldenke

Verbena laciniata var. sabini

authorship: (D.Don) Moldenke

Verbena multifida var. contracta

authorship: Lindl.

Verbena odorata

authorship: Meyen

Verbena sabini

authorship: Sweet

Verbena trachea

authorship: Phil.

codes: BOL CLC CLN PER

lifeform: subshrub

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 62 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

type: eatenBy

label: Eaten by

value: chamaephyte

authors: Briq.


slug: verbena-landbeckii

scientific: Verbena landbeckii

epithet: landbeckii

Glandularia landbeckii

authorship: (Phil.) P.Peralta

codes: CLC CLN

climate: desert or dry shrubland

authors: Phil.

reason: Fewer than 30 georeferenced research-grade observations of this taxon, which is too few to state a percentile range for the conditions it grows in. We would rather show nothing than a range computed from eight points in one county.

reason: Only 2 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: verbena-lasiostachys

scientific: Verbena lasiostachys

authorship: Link

epithet: lasiostachys

published_in: Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt.  2: 122 (1822)

preferred: western vervain

source: inat

Verbena lasiostachys f. albiflora

authorship: Moldenke

Verbena lasiostachys f. scabrida

authorship: (Moldenke) Moldenke

name: Verbena lasiostachys var. septentrionalis

Verbena robusta

authorship: Greene

licences: CC0 CC-BY CC-BY-SA

codes: CAL MXN ORE

California

code: CAL

continent: NORTHERN AMERICA

region: Southwestern U.S.A.

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

region: Mexico

Oregon

code: ORE

region: Northwestern U.S.A.

climate: temperate

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1984 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
western vervain
vervain

partners: Apoidea Diptera Lepidoptera

partners:
Anthidiellum robertsoni
Anthocharis sara
Anthophora urbana
Apis mellifera
Bombus melanopygus
Bombus vosnesenskii
Melissodes
Papilio rumiko

type: visitedBy

label: Visited by

partners:
Anthocharis sara
Echinargus isola
Epargyreus clarus
Leptotes marina
Ochlodes sylvanoides
Pieris rapae
Strymon acadica
Strymon melinus

partners:
Anthophora urbana
Apis mellifera
Bombus vandykei
Bombus vosnesenskii
Burnsius communis
Catabena lineolata
Chlosyne palla
Colias eurytheme

type: hasParasite

label: Parasites

label: Photosynthetic pathway

category: Physiology

authors: Link

published_in: Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 2: 122

iNaturalist

note: photographs, flowering annotations and the common name, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only


slug: verbena-lilloana

scientific: Verbena lilloana

epithet: lilloana

Glandularia lilloana

authorship: (Moldenke) Botta

authors: Moldenke

published_in: Phytologia 3: 176

reason: No dated flowering annotations found for this taxon.


slug: verbena-litoralis

scientific: Verbena litoralis

authorship: Kunth

epithet: litoralis

preferred: seashore vervain

Verbena affinis

authorship: M.Martens & Galeotti

Verbena bonariensis var. litoralis

authorship: (Kunth) Gillies & Hook. ex Hook.

authorship: (Kunth) Hook. ex Müll.Berol.

Verbena cajamarcensis

authorship: Binder ex Molinari

Verbena integrifolia

authorship: Sessé & Moc.

Verbena lanceolata

authorship: Willd. ex Spreng.

Verbena litoralis var. caracasana

authorship: (Kunth) Briq.

Verbena litoralis var. glabrior

authorship: Benth.

Verbena litoralis var. leptostachya

authorship: Schauer

Verbena litoralis var. melanopotamica

authorship: Hauman

Verbena litoralis var. subglabrata

authorship: (Moldenke) N.O'Leary & Múlgura

Verbena nudiflora

authorship: Nutt. ex Turcz.

Verbena paucifolia

authorship: Turcz.

codes: MXC MXG MXE MXN MXT MXS AGE AGW BLZ BOL BZS BZL BZC CLC CLN CLM COS ECU ELS GAL GUA HON NIC PAN PAR PER URU VEN

Mexico Central

code: MXC

Mexico Gulf

code: MXG

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

Mexico Southeast

code: MXT

Mexico Southwest

code: MXS

Belize

code: BLZ

region: Central America

Brazil Southeast

code: BZL

Brazil West-Central

code: BZC

Costa Rica

code: COS

El Salvador

code: ELS

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1154 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Вербена прибрежная

partners:
Anthidium manicatum
Apis mellifera
Danaus gilippus
Megachile saulcyi
Pseudagapostemon citricornis
Zeta mendozanus
Bombus vosnesenskii

partners:
Apis mellifera
Ibidoecus longiclypeatus
Junonia orithya
Megachile amparo
Philaenus spumarius
Spilopelia chinensis


slug: verbena-macdougalii

scientific: Verbena macdougalii

epithet: macdougalii

published_in: Bull. Torrey Bot. Club  26: 588 (1899)

preferred: MacDougal verbena

Verbena macdougalii f. albiflora

authorship: Moldenke

codes: ARI COL MXN NEV NWM TEX UTA WYO

Arizona

code: ARI

Colorado

code: COL

Nevada

code: NEV

New Mexico

code: NWM

region: South-Central U.S.A.

Texas

code: TEX

Utah

code: UTA

Wyoming

code: WYO

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1143 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
MacDougal verbena
Macdougal's vervain

partners:
Aglais milberti
Euptoieta claudia
Lon taxiles
Piruna polingii
Speyeria atlantis hesperis
Vanessa annabella
Xylocopa californica arizonensis

partners:
Bombus nevadensis
Epargyreus clarus
Tharsalea arota

published_in: Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26(11): 588


slug: verbena-maritima

scientific: Verbena maritima

authorship: Small

epithet: maritima

published_in: Bull. New York Bot. Gard.  3: 436 (1905)

preferred: coastal mock vervain

source: usda

Glandularia maritima

authorship: (Small) Small

Florida

code: FLA

region: Southeastern U.S.A.

authors: Small

published_in: Add. Fl. Subtrop. Florida 436

USDA PLANTS Database

note: common name, checklist symbol GLMA5

license: public domain

reason: Only 3 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: verbena-megapotamica

scientific: Verbena megapotamica

authorship: Spreng.

epithet: megapotamica

Glandularia megapotamica

authorship: (Spreng.) Cabrera & G.Dawson

Verbena phlogiflora var. alfa

authorship: Cham.

Verbena tweediana

authorship: Niven

codes: AGE BZS BZL PAR URU

Argentina Northeast

code: AGE

Brazil South

code: BZS

Paraguay

code: PAR

Uruguay

code: URU

lifeform: subshrub or shrub

authors: Spreng.

published_in: Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 4(2, Cur. Post.): 230

reason: Only 7 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: verbena-mendocina

scientific: Verbena mendocina

authorship: Phil.

epithet: mendocina

published_in: Anales Univ. Chile  90: 609 (1895)

Glandularia mendocina

authorship: (Phil.) Covas & Schnack

codes: AGE AGW

Argentina Northwest

code: AGW

published_in: Anales Univ. Chile 36: 191

reason: Only 10 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: verbena-menthifolia

scientific: Verbena menthifolia

epithet: menthifolia

preferred: mint vervain

Verbena menthifolia var. comonduensis

authorship: (Moldenke) Moldenke

Verbena setosa

authorship: M.Martens & Galeotti

licences: CC-BY CC-BY-SA

codes: ARI CAL MXC MXG MXE MXN MXT MXS NWM TEX GUA

California

code: CAL

Mexico Central

code: MXC

Mexico Gulf

code: MXG

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

Mexico Southeast

code: MXT

Mexico Southwest

code: MXS

Guatemala

code: GUA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 525 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
mint vervain
Mint-leaved Vervain

source: EOL TraitBank / NMNH Botany specimens


slug: verbena-montevidensis

scientific: Verbena montevidensis

epithet: montevidensis

preferred: Uruguayan vervain

Verbena cordobensis

authorship: Briq.

Verbena minutiflora

authorship: Briq. ex Moldenke

Verbena parviflora

authorship: Larrañaga

codes: AGE BOL BZS BZL PAR URU

Bolivia

code: BOL

Brazil Southeast

code: BZL

lifeform: annual

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 184 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: 萝美人樱 萝马鞭草

value: therophyte

published_in: Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 2: 747

reason: Only 27 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: verbena-nana

scientific: Verbena nana

epithet: nana

Glandularia nana

authorship: (Moldenke) Tronc.

codes: AGE BOL BZS BZC PAR

Brazil West-Central

code: BZC

lifeform: perennial or subshrub

published_in: Phytologia 3: 119


slug: verbena-neomexicana

scientific: Verbena neomexicana

authorship: (A.Gray) Briq.

epithet: neomexicana

preferred: hillside vervain

Verbena hirtella

authorship: (L.M.Perry) G.L.Nesom

Verbena lasiostachys var. abramsii

authorship: (Moldenke) Jeps.

codes: ARI CAL FLA LOU MXC MXE MXN MXS NWM TEX

Arizona

code: ARI

Florida

code: FLA

Louisiana

code: LOU

New Mexico

code: NWM

Texas

code: TEX

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 76 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

published_in: Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] 4(3a): 148

reason: Only 13 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: verbena-officinalis

scientific: Verbena officinalis

authorship: L.

epithet: officinalis

preferred: Common vervain

english:
Common vervain
herb of the cross
vervain

Verbena adricana

authorship: (R.Fern. & Verdc.) P.W.Michael

Verbena adulterina

authorship: Hausskn.

authorship: Hausskn. ex Nyman

Verbena domingensis

authorship: Urb.

Verbena domingensis f. foliosa

authorship: Moldenke

Verbena officinalis f. albiflora

authorship: S.H.Jin & D.D.Ma

Verbena officinalis f. fimbriata

authorship: Kereszty

Verbena officinalis subsp. africana

authorship: R.Fern. & Verdc.

Verbena officinalis var. eremicola

authorship: Munir

Verbena officinalis var. latiloba

authorship: Sennen

Verbena officinalis var. macrostachya

authorship: (F.Muell.) Benth.

Verbena officinalis var. natalensis

authorship: Hochst. ex C.Krauss

Verbena officinalis var. prostrata

authorship: Gren. & Godr.

Verbena officinalis var. spuria

authorship: (L.) Hook.

Verbena riparia

authorship: Raf. ex Small & A.Heller

Verbena rumelica

authorship: Velen.

Verbena spicata

authorship: Gilib.

Verbena urticifolia var. riparia

authorship: (Raf. ex Small & A.Heller) Britton

Verbena vulgaris

authorship: Bubani

codes: ALG BUR ZAI EGY ERI ETH KEN NAT LBY MTN MOR TVL RWA SOM SUD TAN TUN UGA WSA ZAM ZIM AFG CHN CHC CHS CYP EAI CHH IRN IRQ JAP KGZ KOR LBS NNS NCS PAL TZK TAI CHT TCS TKM TUR UZB CHX ASS BAN EHM IND JAW MYA NEP PAK PHI THA VIE WHM NSW NTA QLD SOA TAS VIC WAU ALB AUT BAL BLT BLR BGM BUL RUC COR CZE DEN RUE FRA GER GRC HUN ITA KRI KRY YUG NET RUN RUW POL POR ROM SAR SIC RUS SPA SWI TUE UKR

Algeria

code: ALG

continent: AFRICA

region: Northern Africa

Burundi

code: BUR

region: West-Central Tropical Africa

DR Congo

code: ZAI

Egypt

code: EGY

Eritrea

code: ERI

region: Northeast Tropical Africa

Ethiopia

code: ETH

Kenya

code: KEN

region: East Tropical Africa

KwaZulu-Natal

code: NAT

region: Southern Africa

Libya

code: LBY

Mauritania

code: MTN

region: West Tropical Africa

Morocco

code: MOR

Northern Provinces

code: TVL

Rwanda

code: RWA

Somalia

code: SOM

Sudan-South Sudan

code: SUD

Tanzania

code: TAN

Tunisia

code: TUN

Uganda

code: UGA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2039 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

Verbenalin

activities: Abortifacient CNS-Stimulant Cathartic Coagulant Parasympathicomimetic Purgative Uterotonic

Caffeic-acid

activities: Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor Allergenic Analgesic AntiHIV AntiLegionella Antiadenoviral Antiaggregant Antiaging

Ursolic-acid

activities: Analgesic AntiEBV AntiHIV AntiTGF-beta Antialzheimeran Antiarrhythmic Antiarthritic Antibacterial

Citral

activities: Allergenic Antiallergenic Antiallergic Antianaphylactic Antibacterial Anticancer Antihelicobacter Antiherpetic

Adenosine

activities: Analgesic Antiaggregant Antiarrhythmic Antidiuretic Antiendotoxic Antihypertensive Antiinsomniac Antilipolytic

Aucubin

activities:
Antibacterial
Antidote (Amanitin)
Antiedemic
Antiinflammatory
Antileukemic
Antioxidant
Antiprolactin
Antistaphylococcic

Beta-carotene

activities: Allergenic Androgenic? AntiPMS Antiacne Antiaging Antiarthritic Antiasthmatic Anticancer

Lupeol

activities: AntiEBV Antiangiogenic Antiedemic Antiflu Antihyperglycemic Antiinflammatory Antilithic Antimalarial

Tannin

activities: Anthelmintic AntiHIV Antibacterial Anticancer Anticariogenic Antidiarrheic Antidysenteric Antihepatotoxic

source: Dr. Duke's Phytochemical & Ethnobotanical Database

note: A snapshot of the reported literature 1992-2016, not a current assay. An activity is attributed to the compound in that literature; it is not a claim about the plant.

names:
رعي الحمام الشائع
رعي الحمام الطبي

names: Вербена лекарственная

names: وربنا آفیسینالیس

names: Вербена лікарська

names: ורבנה רפואית

partners:
Bombus terrestris
Aglais io
Anthidiellum strigatum
Anthidium oblongatum
Apis mellifera
Aricia agestis
Bombus lapidarius
Bombus lucorum

partners:
Apis mellifera
Bombus lapidarius
Polyommatus icarus
Bombus pascuorum
Xylocopa violacea
Bombus lucorum
Bombus muscorum
Bombus pratorum

partners:
Aricia agestis
Pieris napi
Zizeeria knysna

partners:
Acronicta rumicis
Colias croceus
Hebata solani
Acanthis flammea
Acherontia atropos
Aglais urticae
Alauda arvensis
Alectoris graeca

partners:
Encarsia lutea
Eretmocerus longiscapus
Golovinomyces orontii
Peronospora verbenae


slug: verbena-parodii

scientific: Verbena parodii

authorship: (Covas & Schnack) Moldenke

epithet: parodii

Glandularia parodii

authorship: Covas & Schnack

codes: AGE AGW AGS

Argentina Northeast

code: AGE

Argentina Northwest

code: AGW

Argentina South

code: AGS

authors: (Covas & Schnack) Moldenke

published_in: Phytologia 2: 149


slug: verbena-perennis

scientific: Verbena perennis

authorship: Wooton

epithet: perennis

published_in: Bull. Torrey Bot. Club  25: 262 (1898)

preferred: pinleaf vervain

Verbena johnstonii

authorship: (Moldenke) G.L.Nesom

Verbena perennis f. johnstonii

authorship: (Moldenke) Moldenke

codes: ARI MXE MXN NWM TEX

Arizona

code: ARI

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

New Mexico

code: NWM

Texas

code: TEX

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 32 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
pinleaf vervain
pin-leaf vervain

authors: Wooton

published_in: Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25(5): 262


slug: verbena-peruviana

scientific: Verbena peruviana

authorship: (L.) Britton

epithet: peruviana

published_in: Ann. New York Acad. Sci.  7: 197 (1893)

preferred: Peruvian mock vervain

Erinus peruvianus

authorship: L.

Glandularia peruviana

authorship: (L.) Small

Verbena chamaedryfolia

authorship: Juss.

Verbena chamaedryfolia f. melindroides

authorship: (Cham.) Voss

name: Verbena chamaedryfolia var. melindroides

authorship: (Cham.) Schauer

Verbena melindres

authorship: Gillies

Verbena melindroides

authorship: Cham.

Verbena melissoides

authorship: Sweet ex Steud.

Verbena peruviana f. rosea

authorship: Moldenke

Verbena peruviana var. glabriuscula

authorship: Kuntze

name: Verbena peruviana var. subbipinnatisecta

Verbena platensis var. latiuscula

authorship: Briq.

Verbena sanguinea

authorship: Larrañaga

Verbena veronicifolia

authorship: Sm.

Verbenella chamaedryfolia

authorship: (Juss.) Spach

codes: AGE AGW BOL BZS PAR URU

Bolivia

code: BOL

Brazil South

code: BZS

Paraguay

code: PAR

Uruguay

code: URU

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1044 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Battus polydamas
Dione vanillae
Phoebis neocypris
Vanessa braziliensis

authors: (L.) Britton

published_in: Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 7: 197

USDA PLANTS Database

note: common name, checklist symbol GLPE


slug: verbena-platensis

scientific: Verbena platensis

authorship: Spreng.

epithet: platensis

Glandularia platensis

authorship: (Spreng.) Schnack & Covas

Verbena albicans

authorship: Rojas Acosta

Verbena chamaedryfolia f. foliosa

authorship: Chodat

Verbena platensis f. iverana

authorship: (Bosse ex Voss) Moldenke

Verbena teucrioides

authorship: Gillies & Hook.

Verbena teucrioides f. iverana

authorship: Bosse ex Voss

Verbena teucrioides var. anais

authorship: Lem.

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 191 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

published_in: Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 2: 748

reason: Only 28 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: verbena-plicata

scientific: Verbena plicata

authorship: Greene

epithet: plicata

preferred: fanleaf vervain

Verbena plicata f. degeneri

authorship: (Moldenke) Moldenke

codes: ARI COL MXE MXN MXS NWM OKL TEX

Colorado

code: COL

Mexico Southwest

code: MXS

Oklahoma

code: OKL

region: North-Central U.S.A.

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 270 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
fanleaf vervain
fan-leaf vervain

partners:
Agapostemon angelicus
Anthidium jocosum
Osmia subfasciata

authors: Greene


slug: verbena-polyantha

scientific: Verbena polyantha

authorship: (Umber) Moldenke

epithet: polyantha

preferred: Rio Grande mock vervain

Glandularia longidentata

authorship: (L.M.Perry) G.L.Nesom

Glandularia polyantha

authorship: Umber

codes: MXE TEX

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 57 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: (Umber) Moldenke

published_in: Phytologia 45: 470

USDA PLANTS Database

note: common name, checklist symbol GLPO


slug: verbena-pumila

scientific: Verbena pumila

authorship: Rydb.

epithet: pumila

preferred: pink mock vervain

Glandularia pumila

authorship: (Rydb.) Umber

codes: ARI ARK MXE MXN NWM OKL TEX

Arkansas

code: ARK

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1730 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Abaeis nicippe
Euptoieta claudia
Pontia protodice

partners:
Nama hispida
Pontia protodice

authors: Rydb. in Small

note: common name, checklist symbol GLPU4


slug: verbena-quadrangulata

scientific: Verbena quadrangulata

epithet: quadrangulata

published_in: Contr. Herb. Franklin Marshall Coll.  1: 84 (1895)

Glandularia quadrangulata

authorship: (A.Heller) Umber

Glandularia quadrangulata f. albida

authorship: (Moldenke) B.L.Turner

Helleranthus quadrangulatus

authorship: (A.Heller) Small

Verbena pumila f. albida

authorship: Moldenke

Verbena pumila f. albiflora

authorship: Standl.

codes: MXE NWM TEX

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 202 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

published_in: Contr. Herb. Franklin Marshall Coll. 1: 84, pl


slug: verbena-racemosa

scientific: Verbena racemosa

authorship: Eggert

epithet: racemosa

Glandularia racemosa

authorship: (Eggert) Umber

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 478 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: Eggert

published_in: Torreya 2: 123


slug: verbena-recta

scientific: Verbena recta

authorship: Kunth

epithet: recta

codes: MXC MXG MXE MXS

Mexico Central

code: MXC

Mexico Gulf

code: MXG

authors: Kunth


slug: verbena-rigida

scientific: Verbena rigida

authorship: Spreng.

epithet: rigida

preferred: tuberous vervain

Verbena bonariensis f. venosa

authorship: (Gillies & Hook.) Voss

Verbena bonariensis var. rigida

authorship: (Spreng.) Kuntze

Verbena bonariensis var. venosa

authorship: (Gillies & Hook.) Chodat

Verbena doniana

authorship: Steud.

Verbena rigida f. alba

authorship: (Trivetts) Moldenke

Verbena rigida f. lilacina

authorship: (Benary & Bodger ex W.Harrow) Moldenke

Verbena rigida f. obovata

authorship: Hayek

Verbena rigida var. obovata

authorship: (Hayek) Moldenke

Verbena rigida var. reineckii

authorship: (Briq.) Moldenke

Verbena scaberrima

authorship: Cham.

Verbena venosa

authorship: Gillies & Hook.

Verbena venosa var. alba

authorship: Trivetts

Verbena venosa var. lilacina

authorship: Benary & Bodger ex W.Harrow

Verbena venosa var. reineckii

authorship: Briq.

codes: AGE AGW BOL BZS BZL PAR URU

Argentina Northeast

code: AGE

Argentina Northwest

code: AGW

Brazil Southeast

code: BZL

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2002 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
tuberous vervain
Slender Vervain

names: jarvao urgebao

names: 刚硬美女樱 刚硬马鞭草

names:
Verveine
Verveine rigide

names: aksjernurt aksverbena

partners:
Battus philenor
Calephelis virginiensis
Cynthia cardui
Hedone vibex
Neorhynchocephalus
Neorhynchocephalus vitripennis
Papilio polyxenes asterius
Polites coras

partners:
Battus philenor
Eurema lisa
Hylephila phyleus
Ibidoecus longiclypeatus
Macroglossum stellatarum
Papilio polyxenes asterius
Philaenus spumarius
Speyeria cybele


slug: verbena-santiaguensis

scientific: Verbena santiaguensis

authorship: (Covas & Schnack) Moldenke

epithet: santiaguensis

Glandularia andina

authorship: (Griseb.) P.Peralta

Glandularia santiaguensis

authorship: Covas & Schnack

Verbena erinoides var. andina

authorship: Griseb.

published_in: Phytologia 2: 150

reason: Only 1 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: verbena-scabra

scientific: Verbena scabra

authorship: Vahl

epithet: scabra

preferred: sandpaper vervain

Verbena scabra f. angustifolia

authorship: Moldenke

codes: ALA ARI CAL FLA GEO LOU MRY MXE MXN MXS MSI NWM NCA SCA TEX VRG WVA BAH BER CUB DOM HAI JAM PUE

Alabama

code: ALA

Arizona

code: ARI

California

code: CAL

Florida

code: FLA

Georgia

code: GEO

Louisiana

code: LOU

Maryland

code: MRY

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

Mississippi

code: MSI

North Carolina

code: NCA

South Carolina

code: SCA

Virginia

code: VRG

West Virginia

code: WVA

region: Northeastern U.S.A.

Bahamas

code: BAH

region: Caribbean

Bermuda

code: BER

Cuba

code: CUB

Dominican Republic

code: DOM

Haiti

code: HAI

Jamaica

code: JAM

Puerto Rico

code: PUE

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 177 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
sandpaper vervain
harsh vervain

reason: Only 14 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: verbena-scrobiculata

scientific: Verbena scrobiculata

epithet: scrobiculata

published_in: Abh. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen  24: 275 (1879)

Glandularia moricolor

authorship: (Moldenke) Tronc.

Glandularia scrobiculata

authorship: (Griseb.) Tronc.

codes: AGW BOL BZS

Argentina Northwest

code: AGW

region: Southern South America

Bolivia

code: BOL

region: Western South America

Brazil South

code: BZS

authors: Griseb.

reason: Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted.


slug: verbena-selloi

scientific: Verbena selloi

authorship: Spreng.

epithet: selloi

Glandularia selloi

authorship: (Spreng.) Tronc.

Shuttleworthia selloi

authorship: (Spreng.) Walp.

codes: AGE BZS URU

Argentina Northeast

code: AGE

region: Brazil

Uruguay

code: URU

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 222 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

published_in: Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 2: 750

reason: Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready.


slug: verbena-simplex

scientific: Verbena simplex

authorship: Lehm.

epithet: simplex

published_in: Index Seminum (HBG, Hamburgensis)  1825: 17 (1825)

preferred: narrowleaf vervain

Verbena angustifolia

authorship: Michx.

Verbena integrifolia

authorship: Michx. ex Walp.

Verbena rugosa

authorship: Muhl. ex Willd.

Verbena simplex f. eggertii

authorship: (Moldenke) Moldenke

codes: ALA ARK CNT DEL WDC GEO ILL INI IOW KAN KTY MRY MAS MXN MIC MIN MSI MSO NEB NWH NWJ NWY NCA OHI OKL ONT PEN QUE SCA TEN VER VRG WVA WIS

Alabama

code: ALA

Arkansas

code: ARK

Connecticut

code: CNT

Delaware

code: DEL

District of Columbia

code: WDC

Georgia

code: GEO

Illinois

code: ILL

Indiana

code: INI

Iowa

code: IOW

Kansas

code: KAN

Kentucky

code: KTY

Maryland

code: MRY

Massachusetts

code: MAS

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

region: Mexico

Michigan

code: MIC

Minnesota

code: MIN

Mississippi

code: MSI

Missouri

code: MSO

Nebraska

code: NEB

New Hampshire

code: NWH

New Jersey

code: NWJ

New York

code: NWY

Ohio

code: OHI

Oklahoma

code: OKL

Ontario

code: ONT

region: Eastern Canada

Pennsylvania

code: PEN

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1877 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Achalarus lyciades
Acmaeodera pulchella
Ammophila nigricans
Andrena carlini
Apallates coxendix
Apis mellifera
Augochlorella aurata
Bombus bimaculatus

partners:
Ammophila pictipennis
Augochlorella persimilis
Achalarus lyciades
Acmaeodera pulchella
Ammophila nigricans
Andrena carlini
Anthidium oblongatum
Anthophora terminalis

partners:
Bombus griseocollis
Calliopsis andreniformis
Cyaniris neglecta
Zadontomerus

reason: No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page.


slug: verbena-sphaerocarpa

scientific: Verbena sphaerocarpa

epithet: sphaerocarpa

published_in: Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard.  20: 256 (1933)

Mexican Pacific Is.

code: MXI

climate: seasonally dry tropical

published_in: Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 20: 256

reason: Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all.


slug: verbena-stricta

scientific: Verbena stricta

authorship: Vent.

epithet: stricta

preferred: hoary vervain

english:
hoary vervain
hoary verbena

Verbena alopecurus

authorship: Cav.

Verbena cuneifolia

authorship: Raf.

Verbena scoparia

authorship: Tausch

Verbena stricta f. albiflora

authorship: Wadmond

Verbena stricta f. roseiflora

authorship: Benke

codes: ALA ARI ARK COL CNT DEL GEO ILL INI IOW KAN KTY MAS MIC MIN MSI MSO MNT NEB NEV NWJ NWM NWY NCA NDA OHI OKL ONT PEN QUE SDA TEN TEX UTA VER WAS WVA WIS WYO

Alabama

code: ALA

Arizona

code: ARI

region: Southwestern U.S.A.

Arkansas

code: ARK

Colorado

code: COL

region: Northwestern U.S.A.

Connecticut

code: CNT

Delaware

code: DEL

Georgia

code: GEO

Illinois

code: ILL

Indiana

code: INI

Iowa

code: IOW

Kansas

code: KAN

Kentucky

code: KTY

Montana

code: MNT

Nevada

code: NEV

New Mexico

code: NWM

North Carolina

code: NCA

North Dakota

code: NDA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1928 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: マルバクマツヅラ シロバナマルバクマツヅラ

partners:
Andrena carlini
Andrena illinoensis
Andrena pruni
Apoidea
Bibio albipennis
Brachypalpus oarus
Carneades velleripennis
Centrinites strigicollis

partners:
Bombus griseocollis
Bombus pensylvanicus
Bombus
Bombus impatiens
Erynnis afranius
Hemaris diffinis
Melissodes bimaculatus
Pieris rapae

partners:
Acontia candefacta
Ancyloxypha numitor
Apis mellifera
Atrytone delaware
Bombus bimaculatus
Bombus citrinus
Bombus griseocollis
Bombus impatiens

partners:
Bombus griseocollis
Bombus impatiens
Catabena lineolata
Cercyonis pegala
Euphyes vestris
Phormia regina
Pieris rapae
Polites origenes


slug: verbena-sulphurea

scientific: Verbena sulphurea

epithet: sulphurea

Glandularia sulphurea

authorship: (D.Don) Schnack & Covas

Glandularia sulphurea var. pedunculata

authorship: (Remy) L.E.Navas

Shuttleworthia diceras

authorship: Meisn.

Shuttleworthia sulphurea

authorship: (D.Don) Meisn.

Uwarowia chrysanthemifolia

authorship: Bunge

Uwarowia sulphurea

authorship: (D.Don) Schauer

Verbena diceras

authorship: Bertero ex Steud.

Verbena dissecta

authorship: Poepp. ex Schauer

Verbena sulphurea var. alba

authorship: Moldenke

Verbena sulphurea var. fuscorubra

authorship: Skottsb.

Verbena sulphurea var. longituba

authorship: Kuntze

Verbena sulphurea var. scabra

authorship: Acevedo

codes: AGW CLC CLN

Argentina Northwest

code: AGW

Chile Central

code: CLC

Chile North

code: CLN

climate: subalpine or subarctic

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 66 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

published_in: Brit. Fl. Gard. [Sweet] 6(ser. 2, 3): t. 221

reason: No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name.

reason: Only 17 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: verbena-supina

scientific: Verbena supina

authorship: L.

epithet: supina

preferred: supine vervain

Verbena procumbens

authorship: Forssk.

Verbena radicans

authorship: Moench

Verbena supina f. dalmatica

authorship: Kereszty

Verbena supina f. erecta

authorship: Pau

Verbena supina var. erecta

authorship: Munir

Verbena supina var. glabrescens

authorship: Cout.

codes: ALG BEN CNY EGY ERI ETH LBY MLI MTN MOR SEN SUD TUN WSA CYP IRQ LBS NCS PAL TCS TKM TUR IND PAK ALB BAL BUL RUC GRC HUN ITA KRI KRY YUG POR ROM SAR SIC RUS SPA TUE UKR

Algeria

code: ALG

Benin

code: BEN

Canary Is.

code: CNY

region: Macaronesia

Egypt

code: EGY

Eritrea

code: ERI

Ethiopia

code: ETH

Libya

code: LBY

Mali

code: MLI

Mauritania

code: MTN

Morocco

code: MOR

Senegal

code: SEN

Sudan-South Sudan

code: SUD

Tunisia

code: TUN

Western Sahara

code: WSA

Cyprus

code: CYP

continent: ASIA-TEMPERATE

region: Western Asia

Iraq

code: IRQ

Lebanon-Syria

code: LBS

North Caucasus

code: NCS

region: Caucasus

Palestine

code: PAL

Transcaucasus

code: TCS

Turkmenistan

code: TKM

region: Central Asia

Türkiye

code: TUR

India

code: IND

continent: ASIA-TROPICAL

region: Indian Subcontinent

Pakistan

code: PAK

Albania

code: ALB

continent: EUROPE

region: Southeastern Europe

Baleares

code: BAL

region: Southwestern Europe

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 256 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Вербена лежачая

names:
Verveine couchée
Verveine couchée, Verveine étalée

reason: Only 15 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: verbena-tenera

scientific: Verbena tenera

authorship: Spreng.

epithet: tenera

preferred: South American mock vervain

Glandularia pulchella

authorship: (Sweet) Tronc.

Glandularia pulchella var. clavellata

authorship: Tronc.

Glandularia tenera

authorship: (Spreng.) Cabrera

Shuttleworthia pulchella

authorship: (Sweet) Meisn.

Shuttleworthia tenera

authorship: (Spreng.) Walp.

Verbena erinoides var. alba

authorship: Benary ex Wittm.

Verbena pulchella

authorship: Sweet

Verbena pulchella var. clavellata

authorship: (Tronc.) Shinners

Verbena tenera f. albiflora

authorship: (Kuntze) Moldenke

Verbena tenuisecta f. alba

authorship: (Benary ex Wittm.) Moldenke

codes: AGE AGW BZS BZL PAR URU

Argentina Northeast

code: AGE

Argentina Northwest

code: AGW

Brazil South

code: BZS

Brazil Southeast

code: BZL

Paraguay

code: PAR

Uruguay

code: URU

names: 细叶美女樱 细裂美女樱

names:
Verveine
Verveine tendre

partners:
Abaeis nicippe
Battus philenor
Dione vanillae
Enyo lugubris
Epargyreus clarus
Epargyreus clarus clarus
Euptoieta claudia
Hylephila phyleus

USDA PLANTS Database

note: common name, checklist symbol GLPU3


slug: verbena-tumidula

scientific: Verbena tumidula

epithet: tumidula

published_in: Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard.  20: 322 (1933)

preferred: plains mock vervain

Glandularia tumidula

authorship: (L.M.Perry) Umber

note: Full per-image metadata (photographer, licence, licence URL, attribution, derivative restrictions and image URLs) is on the per-species JSON at per_image_metadata_url. Each image is licensed individually; this bulk file omits the per-image matrix to stay small and cleanly licensed.

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

New Mexico

code: NWM

region: South-Central U.S.A.

Texas

code: TEX

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 71 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

published_in: Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 20: 322

note: common name, checklist symbol GLTU


slug: verbena-tweedieana

scientific: Verbena tweedieana

authorship: Niven ex Hook.

epithet: tweedieana

preferred: crisped mock vervain

Glandularia incisa

authorship: (Hook.) Tronc.

Glandularia tessmannii

authorship: (Moldenke) P.Peralta & V.Thode

Glandularia tweedieana

authorship: (Niven ex Hook.) P.Peralta

Verbena incisa

authorship: Hook.

Verbena incisa f. albiflora

authorship: Osten ex Moldenke

Verbena megapotamica f. truncatula

authorship: Briq.

Verbena megapotamica var. tweedieana

authorship: (Niven ex Hook.) Kuntze

Verbena peruviana f. alba

authorship: Moldenke

Verbena tweedieana var. arraniana

authorship: Niven ex Maund

Bolivia

code: BOL

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 306 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

note: Structured growth characteristics merged from four open sources (USDA PLANTS, GIFT, Wikidata, EOL TraitBank via Zenodo) plus traits mined from public-domain USDA NRCS guides. A documented record, not care advice. Each value keeps every source that reported it; a value marked extracted:true was read from prose, carries a verbatim quote and source_url, and has no structured source corroborating it.

authors: Niven ex Hook.

USDA PLANTS Database

note: common name, checklist symbol GLIN


slug: verbena-urticifolia

scientific: Verbena urticifolia

authorship: L.

epithet: urticifolia

preferred: white vervain

Verbena diffusa

authorship: Poir.

Verbena incarnata

authorship: Raf.

Verbena urticifolia f. incarnata

authorship: (Raf.) Moldenke

Verbena urticifolia f. simplex

authorship: (Farw.) Moldenke

Verbena urticifolia var. leiocarpa

authorship: L.M.Perry & Fernald

Verbena urticifolia var. simplex

authorship: Farw.

codes: ALA ARI ARK CNT DEL WDC FLA GEO ILL INI IOW KAN KTY LOU MAI MAN MRY MAS MIC MIN MSI MSO NEB NBR NWH NWJ NWY NCA NDA OHI OKL ONT PEN QUE RHO SAS SCA SDA TEN TEX VER VRG WVA WIS

Alabama

code: ALA

region: Southeastern U.S.A.

Arizona

code: ARI

Arkansas

code: ARK

Connecticut

code: CNT

region: Northeastern U.S.A.

Delaware

code: DEL

District of Columbia

code: WDC

Florida

code: FLA

Georgia

code: GEO

Illinois

code: ILL

region: North-Central U.S.A.

Indiana

code: INI

Iowa

code: IOW

Kansas

code: KAN

Kentucky

code: KTY

Louisiana

code: LOU

Maine

code: MAI

Manitoba

code: MAN

region: Western Canada

Maryland

code: MRY

Massachusetts

code: MAS

Michigan

code: MIC

Minnesota

code: MIN

Mississippi

code: MSI

Missouri

code: MSO

Nebraska

code: NEB

New Brunswick

code: NBR

New Hampshire

code: NWH

New Jersey

code: NWJ

New York

code: NWY

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1955 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Вербена крапиволистная

names:
verveine blanche
verveine à feuille d'ortie

partners:
Apis mellifera
Abundance
Acmaeodera pulchella
Althaeus hibisci
Andrena carlini
Angitia obscura
Apoidea
Archytas apicifer

partners:
Augochlora pura
Augochlorella aurata
Halictus rubicundus
Melissodes bimaculatus
Ammophila kennedyi
Apis mellifera
Augochlorella persimilis
Bombus impatiens

partners:
Acanalonia conica
Acanthocephala terminalis
Ancyloxypha numitor
Ceratina calcarata
Eremnophila aureonotata
Mordella marginata
Paraulacizes irrorata
Philaenus spumarius

partners:
Bombus impatiens
Cardinalis cardinalis
Eremnophila aureonotata
Halictus ligatus
Melissodes comptoides
Palpada furcata
Spilosoma virginica
Strymon melinus

partners:
Achrysocharoides
Antrocephalus
Aprostocetus
Brachymeria atteviae
Brachymeria euploeae
Brachymeria nephantidis
Dirhinus anthracia
Dirhinus excavatus

note: Species recorded interacting with this plant in the wild, aggregated across many source datasets by GloBI. Provenance is asserted at the GloBI aggregate level, not per partner, and partners are the most frequently recorded per interaction type.

note: The protologue citation: who published the name, in which work and year, and the IPNI record it resolves to. This is naming provenance, not a description.

World Flora Online Plant List

note: accepted name, authority, classification


slug: verbena-venturii

scientific: Verbena venturii

epithet: venturii

published_in: Known Geogr. Distr. Verbenac. Avicenn. : 79 (1942)

Glandularia glandulifera

authorship: (Moldenke) Ragonese

Glandularia perakii

authorship: Covas & Schnack

Glandularia venturii

authorship: (Moldenke) Botta

Verbena dissecta f. glandulifera

authorship: (Sanzin) Moldenke

Verbena erinoides var. glandulifera

authorship: Sanzin

Verbena perakii

authorship: (Covas & Schnack) Moldenke

codes: AGE AGW BOL

Argentina Northeast

code: AGE

region: Southern South America

Argentina Northwest

code: AGW

Bolivia

code: BOL

region: Western South America

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 97 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

published_in: Known Geogr. Distrib. Verb. Avicenn. 79

iNaturalist

note: photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only

note: native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form


slug: verbena-xutha

scientific: Verbena xutha

authorship: Lehm.

epithet: xutha

published_in: Index Seminum (HBG, Hamburgensis)  1834: 8 (1834)

preferred: Gulf vervain

Verbena caerulea

authorship: Vatke

Verbena lucaeana

authorship: Walp.

Verbena matthesii

authorship: Turcz.

Verbena strigosa

authorship: Hook.

codes: ALA ARI ARK GEO LOU MXE MXN MSI OKL TEX

Alabama

code: ALA

Arizona

code: ARI

Arkansas

code: ARK

Georgia

code: GEO

Louisiana

code: LOU

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

region: Mexico

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

Oklahoma

code: OKL

Texas

code: TEX

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 692 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Hemiargus ceraunus
Junonia coenia
Lerodea eufala

authors: Lehm.

published_in: Index Seminum [Hamburg] 8 (7-8)

Wikidata

note: common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)

note: This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew).


slug: verbesina-abscondita

scientific: Verbesina abscondita

authorship: Klatt

genus: Verbesina

epithet: abscondita

family: Asteraceae

published_in: Leopoldina xx. (1884) 93.

Verbesina smithii

authorship: B.L.Rob. & Greenm.

codes: MXC MXS

Mexico Central

code: MXC

Mexico Southwest

code: MXS

authors: Klatt

published_in: Leopoldina 20: 93

reason: Fewer than 30 georeferenced research-grade observations of this taxon, which is too few to state a percentile range for the conditions it grows in. We would rather show nothing than a range computed from eight points in one county.


slug: verbesina-alata

scientific: Verbesina alata

authorship: L.

epithet: alata

preferred: capitaneja

Hamulium alatum

authorship: Cass.

Tepion alatum

authorship: Britton

authorship: Britton ex P.Wilson

codes: CUB DOM LEE PUE

Cuba

code: CUB

region: Caribbean

Dominican Republic

code: DOM

Leeward Is.

code: LEE

Puerto Rico

code: PUE

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 49 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

note: Categories in which this species is recorded as a useful plant. A record of use, not a recommendation, a dose or a safety claim.

authors: L.

reason: Only 21 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: verbesina-alternifolia

scientific: Verbesina alternifolia

authorship: (L.) Britton ex Kearney

epithet: alternifolia

preferred: Wingstem

english: Wingstem wingstem

Actinomeris alternifolia

authorship: DC.

name: Actinomeris alternifolia var. alternifolia

Actinomeris squarrosa var. alternifolia

authorship: (L.) Torr. & A.Gray

Coreopsis procera

authorship: Aiton

codes: ALA ARK DEL WDC FLA GEO ILL INI IOW KAN KTY LOU MRY MAS MIC MSI MSO NEB NWJ NWY NCA OHI OKL ONT PEN RHO SCA TEN TEX VRG WVA WIS

Delaware

code: DEL

District of Columbia

code: WDC

Florida

code: FLA

Illinois

code: ILL

Indiana

code: INI

Iowa

code: IOW

Kansas

code: KAN

Kentucky

code: KTY

Maryland

code: MRY

Massachusetts

code: MAS

Michigan

code: MIC

Mississippi

code: MSI

Missouri

code: MSO

Nebraska

code: NEB

New Jersey

code: NWJ

New York

code: NWY

North Carolina

code: NCA

Ohio

code: OHI

Ontario

code: ONT

region: Eastern Canada

Pennsylvania

code: PEN

Rhode I.

code: RHO

South Carolina

code: SCA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2023 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Verbésine à feuilles alternes, Coréopside à feuilles alternes

partners:
Augochlora pura
Augochlorella aurata
Bombus impatiens
Ceratina calcarata
Abundance
Agapostemon texanus
Ageniella accepta
Andrena erythrogaster

partners:
Apis mellifera
Bombus affinis
Bombus fraternus
Bombus griseocollis
Bombus impatiens
Bombus pensylvanicus
Bombus vagans
Ceratina calcarata

partners:
Acanalonia bivittata
Acanthomyops interjectus
Acontia candefacta
Acutalis tartarea
Agapostemon virescens
Agroiconota bivittata
Allograpta obliqua
Ancyloxypha numitor

partners:
Chlosyne nycteis
Agathilla
Ammophila nigricans
Anagrapha falcifera
Ancistrocerus adiabatus
Andrena aliciae
Anthanassa texana
Apis mellifera

iNaturalist

note: photographs, flowering annotations and the common name, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only


slug: verbesina-apleura

scientific: Verbesina apleura

epithet: apleura

published_in: Contr. Gray Herb. 52: 53 (1917)

Verbesina apleura var. foliolata

authorship: Standl. & Steyerm.

codes: MXT MXS GUA HON

Mexico Southeast

code: MXT

Mexico Southwest

code: MXS

Guatemala

code: GUA

region: Central America

Honduras

code: HON

lifeform: shrub or tree

climate: wet tropical

iucn_category: LC

label: Least Concern

source: IUCN Red List category via Wikidata (P141)

license: CC0 (Wikidata); IUCN category is a factual label

value: tree

value: woody

published_in: Contr. Gray Herb. 52: 53

reason: No dated flowering annotations found for this taxon.


slug: verbesina-baccharidea

scientific: Verbesina baccharidea

epithet: baccharidea

Colombia

code: CLM

value: shrub

published_in: Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22: 641, pl. 60

source: IPNI (International Plant Names Index)

reason: Only 3 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: verbesina-boliviana

scientific: Verbesina boliviana

epithet: boliviana

published_in: Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus. 9: 361 (1894)

Verbesina bridgesii

authorship: Rusby

Bolivia

code: BOL

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 69 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

published_in: Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus. 9: 361


slug: verbesina-breedlovei

scientific: Verbesina breedlovei

epithet: breedlovei

codes: MXC MXT MXS

Mexico Central

code: MXC

iucn_category: VU

label: Vulnerable

published_in: Pl. Syst. Evol. 150: 244, fig


slug: verbesina-centroboyacana

scientific: Verbesina centroboyacana

epithet: centroboyacana

published_in: Mutisia no. 61: 4 (-6), fig

reason: Only 12 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: verbesina-chapmanii

scientific: Verbesina chapmanii

epithet: chapmanii

preferred: Chapman's crownbeard

source: wikidata

Florida

code: FLA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 78 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

published_in: Rhodora 74: 100

reason: Only 10 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: verbesina-coahuilensis

scientific: Verbesina coahuilensis

authorship: A.Gray ex S.Watson

epithet: coahuilensis

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 18: 106 (1883)

source: Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

authors: A.Gray ex S.Watson

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 18: 106

reason: Only 8 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: verbesina-crassiramea

scientific: Verbesina crassiramea

epithet: crassiramea

names: Camargo Pauche

published_in: Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22: 640

reason: Only 2 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: verbesina-crocata

scientific: Verbesina crocata

authorship: (Cav.) Less.

epithet: crocata

Bidens crocata

authorship: Cav.

Platypteris crocata

authorship: (Cav.) Kunth

Spilanthes crocata

authorship: (Cav.) Sims

Spilanthes heterophyllus

authorship: Sessé & Moc.

Verbesina crocata

authorship: (Cav.) Less. ex DC.

Verbesina tonduzii

authorship: Greenm.

codes: MXC MXG MXE MXS

Mexico Gulf

code: MXG

source: CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 381 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Hierba del campo
chimalacate

partners:
Anartia fatima colima
Catasticta nimbice nimbice
Eurema daira
Heliconius charithonia vazquezae
Pyrisitia proterpia

partners:
Anartia fatima colima
Eurema daira
Heliconius charithonia vazquezae

authors: (Cav.) Less.

published_in: Syn. Gen. Compos. 232


slug: verbesina-dissita

scientific: Verbesina dissita

epithet: dissita

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts xx. (1885) 299.

preferred: bigleaf crownbeard

codes: CAL MXN

California

code: CAL

region: Southwestern U.S.A.

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 508 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
bigleaf crownbeard
big-leaf crownbeard

source: Wikidata (P1843, CC0) + GBIF vernacular names

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 20: 299


slug: verbesina-elegans

scientific: Verbesina elegans

authorship: Kunth

epithet: elegans

codes: BOL CLM

reason: Only 1 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: verbesina-encelioides

scientific: Verbesina encelioides

authorship: (Cav.) A.Gray

epithet: encelioides

published_in: Geological Survey of California. Botany 1 1876

preferred: cowpen daisy

english:
cowpen daisy
golden crownbeard

Verbesina australis

authorship: Baker

name: Verbesina encelioides subsp. encelioides

name: Verbesina encelioides subsp. exauriculata

authorship: (B.L.Rob. & Greenm.) J.R.Coleman

Verbesina encelioides var. cana

authorship: B.L.Rob. & Greenm.

Verbesina exauriculata

authorship: (B.L.Rob. & Greenm.) Cockerell

Verbesina microptera

authorship: (DC.) Herter

Verbesina scabra

authorship: Phil.

Ximenesia australis

authorship: Hook. & Arn. ex DC.

Ximenesia exauriculata

authorship: (B.L.Rob. & Greenm.) Rydb.

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2073 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
golden crownbeard
American dogweed

names:
Girasolillo
Hierba de la bruja

names: Вербесина энцелиевидная

names:
Enzeliaähnliche Verbesine
Goldener Kronbart

names: Verbésine fausse encélie, Verbésine australe

names: Вербезина американська

names:
Cnafon zahov
כנפון זהוב

names: amerikanhelosäde itäamerikanhelosäde

partners:
Colias eurytheme
Pontia protodice
Strymon melinus
Abaeis nicippe
Acmaeodera
Acmaeodera haemorrhoa
Acmaeodera mixta
Acmaeodera opacula

partners:
Burnsius communis
Abaeis nicippe
Achyra rantalis
Acmaeodera mixta
Acontia phecolisca
Allograpta exotica
Allograpta obliqua
Ammophila

partners:
Abaeis nicippe
Acmaeodera amabilis
Acmaeodera flavomarginata
Acontia phecolisca
Agapostemon melliventris
Ammophila
Apis dorsata
Apis florea

type: hasPathogen

label: Pathogens

partners: Verbesina encelioides leaf curl alphasatellite

source: Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI)

label: Growth form

value: Single Crown

label: Growth rate

value: rapid

label: Leaf retention

category: Foliage

value: deciduous

label: Foliage colour

value: green

reason: Kew's World Checklist of Vascular Plants does not cover this taxon.


slug: verbesina-fastigiata

scientific: Verbesina fastigiata

epithet: fastigiata

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 34: 558 (1899)

Verbesina greenmanii

authorship: Urb.

codes: MXC MXG MXE MXN MXT MXS

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 761 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Bordón de vieja
Capitaneja

partners:
Enchenopa ansera
Publilia erecta

label: Growth habit

label: Woodiness

authors: B.L.Rob. & Greenm.

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 34: 558

reason: Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted.


slug: verbesina-fraseri

scientific: Verbesina fraseri

authorship: Hemsl.

epithet: fraseri

codes: ELS GUA HON

El Salvador

code: ELS

lifeform: scrambling shrub

value: vine

authors: Hemsl.

published_in: Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot. 2: 187

reason: Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready.


slug: verbesina-gigantea

scientific: Verbesina gigantea

authorship: Jacq.

epithet: gigantea

codes: MXC MXG MXT MXS BLZ CLM COS CUB GUA HON JAM LEE PAN VEN WIN

Belize

code: BLZ

Costa Rica

code: COS

Cuba

code: CUB

Jamaica

code: JAM

Leeward Is.

code: LEE

Panamá

code: PAN

Venezuela

code: VEN

region: Northern South America

Windward Is.

code: WIN

value: herb

authors: Jacq.

published_in: Icon. Pl. Rar. [Jacquin] 1: 17, t. 175

reason: No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page.


slug: verbesina-helianthoides

scientific: Verbesina helianthoides

authorship: Michx.

epithet: helianthoides

preferred: gravelweed

Actinomeris helianthoides

authorship: Nutt.

name: Actinomeris helianthoides var. helianthoides

Phaethusa helianthoides

authorship: Britton

codes: ALA ARK GEO ILL INI IOW KAN KTY LOU MSI MSO NCA OHI OKL TEN TEX

Alabama

code: ALA

Arkansas

code: ARK

Georgia

code: GEO

Illinois

code: ILL

Indiana

code: INI

Iowa

code: IOW

Kansas

code: KAN

Kentucky

code: KTY

Louisiana

code: LOU

Mississippi

code: MSI

Missouri

code: MSO

North Carolina

code: NCA

Ohio

code: OHI

Oklahoma

code: OKL

Tennessee

code: TEN

Texas

code: TEX

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1742 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Andrena carlini
Angitia obscura
Apis mellifera
Ashmeadiella bucconis
Atholus americanus
Augochlorella aurata
Bombus bimaculatus
Bombus griseocollis

label: Flower-visited by

partners:
Ammophila nigricans
Ammophila pictipennis
Ammophila procera
Andrena rudbeckiae
Augochlora pura
Augochlorella persimilis
Ceratina dupla
Glenostictia pictifrons

partners:
Celastrina argiolus
Chlosyne nycteis

source: USDA PLANTS

reason: Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all.


slug: verbesina-heterophylla

scientific: Verbesina heterophylla

epithet: heterophylla

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts xix. (1883) 12.

preferred: diverseleaf crownbeard

Actinomeris heterophylla

authorship: Chapm.

Pterophyton heterophyllum

authorship: (Chapm.) Alexander

Florida

code: FLA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 40 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

source: GIFT

label: Life cycle

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 19: 12

reason: Only 13 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: verbesina-hypargyrea

scientific: Verbesina hypargyrea

epithet: hypargyrea

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 34: 556 (1899)

codes: MXT MXS

Mexico Southeast

code: MXT

Mexico Southwest

code: MXS

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 34: 556

reason: No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name.

reason: Only 6 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: verbesina-hypoglauca

scientific: Verbesina hypoglauca

authorship: Sch.Bip. ex Klatt

epithet: hypoglauca

Encelia conzattii

authorship: Greenm.

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 30 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: Sch.Bip. ex Klatt

published_in: Leopoldina 23: 144

reason: Only 4 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: verbesina-liebmannii

scientific: Verbesina liebmannii

epithet: liebmannii

Mexico Central

code: MXC

reason: Fewer than 30 georeferenced research-grade observations of this taxon, which is too few to state a percentile range for the conditions it grows in. We would rather show nothing than a range computed from eight points in one county.


slug: verbesina-lilloi

scientific: Verbesina lilloi

epithet: lilloi

Chaenocephalus alatus

authorship: Lillo

codes: AGW BOL

Argentina Northwest

code: AGW

Bolivia

code: BOL

value: subshrub

reason: No dated flowering annotations found for this taxon.


slug: verbesina-lindheimeri

scientific: Verbesina lindheimeri

authorship: B.L.Rob. & Greenm.

epithet: lindheimeri

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 34: 541 (1899)

preferred: Lindheimer's crownbeard

codes: MXE TEX

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 462 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Lindheimer's crownbeard
Lindheimer Crownbeard

source: EOL TraitBank / USDA PLANTS

value: non-woody

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 34: 541


slug: verbesina-longifolia

scientific: Verbesina longifolia

epithet: longifolia

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts xix. (1883) 12

preferred: longleaf crownbeard

codes: ARI MXE MXN NWM

Arizona

code: ARI

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

New Mexico

code: NWM

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 46 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

source: USDA PLANTS, GIFT, Wikidata, EOL TraitBank (via Zenodo) and traits mined from USDA NRCS plant guides


slug: verbesina-longipes

scientific: Verbesina longipes

epithet: longipes

codes: MXC MXG MXE MXN MXS

Mexico Gulf

code: MXG

published_in: Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot. 2(8): 188


slug: verbesina-lottiana

scientific: Verbesina lottiana

authorship: B.L.Turner & J.L.Olsen

epithet: lottiana

codes: MXE MXS

authors: B.L.Turner & J.L.Olsen


slug: verbesina-microptera

scientific: Verbesina microptera

authorship: DC.

epithet: microptera

preferred: Texas crownbeard

Verbesina texana

authorship: Buckley

codes: MXG MXE TEX

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 862 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: DC.


slug: verbesina-montevidensis

scientific: Verbesina montevidensis

authorship: Spreng.

epithet: montevidensis

Achillea microphylla

authorship: Willd.

Achillea odorata

authorship: L.

Achillea odorata subsp. pectinata

authorship: (Lam.) Briq.

Achillea odorata var. microphylla

authorship: (Willd.) Willk.

codes: ALG MOR FRA SPA

Algeria

code: ALG

region: Northern Africa

Morocco

code: MOR

France

code: FRA

Spain

code: SPA

lifeform: perennial or rhizomatous geophyte

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 33 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: Spreng.

published_in: Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 3: 578


slug: verbesina-neriifolia

scientific: Verbesina neriifolia

authorship: Hemsl.

epithet: neriifolia

lifeform: shrub

reason: Only 7 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: verbesina-occidentalis

scientific: Verbesina occidentalis

authorship: Walter

epithet: occidentalis

preferred: yellow crownbeard

Actinomeris alata

authorship: Nutt.

Coreopsis alata

authorship: Pursh

authorship: Cav.

Phaethusa occidentalis

authorship: (L.) Britton

codes: ALA DEL WDC FLA GEO ILL KTY MRY MSI MSO NCA OHI OKL SCA TEN TEX VRG WVA

Alabama

code: ALA

Delaware

code: DEL

District of Columbia

code: WDC

Georgia

code: GEO

Illinois

code: ILL

Kentucky

code: KTY

Maryland

code: MRY

Mississippi

code: MSI

Missouri

code: MSO

North Carolina

code: NCA

Ohio

code: OHI

Oklahoma

code: OKL

South Carolina

code: SCA

Tennessee

code: TEN

Virginia

code: VRG

West Virginia

code: WVA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1981 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Bombus impatiens
Agapostemon virescens
Anagrapha falcifera
Apis mellifera
Atteva punctella
Bombus bimaculatus
Bombus pensylvanicus
Camponotus castaneus

partners:
Acanalonia bivittata
Acutalis tartarea
Augochlora pura
Bombus impatiens
Danaus plexippus
Estigmene acrea
Sphex flavovestitus
Toxomerus geminatus

partners:
Bombus impatiens
Setophaga tigrina
Spilopelia chinensis

partners:
Encarsia peltatus
Euderomphale flavimedia


slug: verbesina-oligantha

scientific: Verbesina oligantha

epithet: oligantha

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 47: 214 (1911)

codes: MXC MXN MXT MXS

Mexico Central

code: MXC

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

Mexico Southeast

code: MXT

Mexico Southwest

code: MXS

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 47: 214


slug: verbesina-olsenii

scientific: Verbesina olsenii

epithet: olsenii

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 48 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

published_in: Pl. Syst. Evol. 150: 254

reason: Only 16 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: verbesina-oncophora

scientific: Verbesina oncophora

authorship: B.L.Rob. & Seaton

epithet: oncophora

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 28: 109 (1893)

Verbesina oncophora var. subhamata

authorship: McVaugh

Mexico Gulf

code: MXG

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 123 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: B.L.Rob. & Seaton

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 28: 109

reason: Only 22 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: verbesina-ovatifolia

scientific: Verbesina ovatifolia

authorship: A.Gray ex Hemsl.

epithet: ovatifolia

codes: MXG MXE MXT MXS COS GUA HON NIC

Costa Rica

code: COS

Guatemala

code: GUA

Honduras

code: HON

Nicaragua

code: NIC

authors: A.Gray ex Hemsl.

published_in: Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot. 2(8): 189

reason: Only 11 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: verbesina-parviflora

scientific: Verbesina parviflora

epithet: parviflora

published_in: Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 39: 144 (1926)

Helianthus parviflorus

authorship: Kunth

published_in: Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 39: 144

reason: Only 2 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: verbesina-pedunculosa

scientific: Verbesina pedunculosa

authorship: (DC.) B.L.Rob.

epithet: pedunculosa

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 43: 41 (1907)

Actinomeris pedunculosa

authorship: DC.

codes: MXC MXE MXS

source: Kew World Checklist of Useful Plant Species

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 43: 41

reason: Only 5 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: verbesina-persicifolia

scientific: Verbesina persicifolia

epithet: persicifolia

Otopappus olivaceus

authorship: (Klatt) Klatt

Silphium arborescens

authorship: Mill.

Verbesina arborescens

authorship: (Mill.) S.F.Blake

Verbesina lindenii

authorship: (Sch.Bip.) S.F.Blake

codes: MXC MXG MXE MXT MXS

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 100 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Hierba del toro
huichin

partners:
Acmaeodera flavopicta
Anthanassa argentea
Anthanassa texana
Apodemia palmerii
Eresia phillyra phillyra
Leptotes theonus cassidula
Lophalia cyanicollis
Mannophorus laetus

partners:
Acmaeodera flavopicta
Lophalia cyanicollis
Mannophorus laetus


slug: verbesina-perymenioides

scientific: Verbesina perymenioides

authorship: Sch.Bip. ex Klatt

epithet: perymenioides

Calea standleyi

authorship: Steyerm.

Verbesina steyermarkii

authorship: Standl.

codes: MXC MXT MXS GUA

published_in: Leopoldina 23: 143

reason: Only 3 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: verbesina-pleistocephala

scientific: Verbesina pleistocephala

epithet: pleistocephala

codes: MXT GUA

reason: Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted.


slug: verbesina-robinsonii

scientific: Verbesina robinsonii

authorship: Fernald

epithet: robinsonii

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 34: 554 (1899)

Otopappus robinsonii

authorship: Klatt

codes: MXG MXE

partners:
Entylia carinata
Paraulacizes irrorata

authors: Fernald

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 34: 554

reason: Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready.


slug: verbesina-rothrockii

scientific: Verbesina rothrockii

authorship: B.L.Rob. & Greenm.

epithet: rothrockii

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 34: 541 (1899)

preferred: Rothrock's crownbeard

codes: ARI MXE NWM CUB

Arizona

code: ARI

New Mexico

code: NWM

Cuba

code: CUB

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 34: 541

reason: No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page.


slug: verbesina-scabrida

scientific: Verbesina scabrida

authorship: Rzed.

epithet: scabrida

authors: Rzed.

reason: Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all.


slug: verbesina-sericea

scientific: Verbesina sericea

authorship: Kunth & C.D.Bouché

epithet: sericea

published_in: Index Seminum (B, Berolinensis) (1849)

authors: Kunth & C.D.Bouché

published_in: Index Seminum [Berlin] 1848

reason: Only 0 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: verbesina-serrata

scientific: Verbesina serrata

authorship: Cav.

epithet: serrata

Verbesina serrata var. pringlei

authorship: (B.L.Rob.) B.L.Rob. & Greenm.

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 192 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Acmaeodera flavomarginata
Chlosyne janais janais
Chlosyne rosita browni

authors: Cav.

published_in: Icon. [Cavanilles] 3(1): 7, t. 214

reason: No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name.

reason: Only 23 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: verbesina-sphaerocephala

scientific: Verbesina sphaerocephala

epithet: sphaerocephala

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 22: 428 (1887)

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 195 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Capitana Capitaneja

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 22: 428

reason: Only 19 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: verbesina-subcordata

scientific: Verbesina subcordata

epithet: subcordata

Verbesina auriculata

authorship: Hook. & Arn.

Verbesina heterosperma

authorship: Griseb.

codes: AGE BOL BZS PAR URU

Argentina Northeast

code: AGE

Bolivia

code: BOL

Brazil South

code: BZS

region: Brazil

Paraguay

code: PAR

Uruguay

code: URU

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 90 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

reason: Only 8 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: verbesina-suncho

scientific: Verbesina suncho

epithet: suncho

codes: AGW BOL

Argentina Northwest

code: AGW

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 42 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

reason: Only 1 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: verbesina-tetraptera

scientific: Verbesina tetraptera

epithet: tetraptera

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts xix. (1883) 13

Actinomeris tetragona

authorship: DC.

Bidens tetragona

authorship: Sessé & Moc.

Helianthus tetragonus

authorship: Moc. ex DC.

Helianthus tetrapterus

authorship: Ortega

Verbesina scabra

authorship: Benth.

codes: MXC MXG MXE MXS

Mexico Central

code: MXC

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 94 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Apyrrothrix araxes araxes
Danaus gilippus thersippus
Danaus plexippus plexippus
Erynnis tristis
Palpita flegia
Urbanus dorantes
Vanessa virginiensis

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 19: 13


slug: verbesina-turbacensis

scientific: Verbesina turbacensis

authorship: Kunth

epithet: turbacensis

Verbesina microcephala

authorship: Benth. ex Oerst.

codes: MXC MXG MXE MXN MXT MXS BLZ CLM COS ELS GUA HON NIC PAN VEN

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

Mexico Southeast

code: MXT

Mexico Southwest

code: MXS

Belize

code: BLZ

Colombia

code: CLM

El Salvador

code: ELS

Panamá

code: PAN

Venezuela

code: VEN

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 74 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Oncometopia parallela
Polyglypta dispar

authors: Kunth

reason: Only 17 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: verbesina-virgata

scientific: Verbesina virgata

epithet: virgata

Mexico Gulf

code: MXG

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 305 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

published_in: Icon. [Cavanilles] 3(2): 38, t. 275


slug: verbesina-virginica

scientific: Verbesina virginica

authorship: L.

epithet: virginica

preferred: frostweed

english:
frostweed
white crownbeard

Phaethusa laciniata

authorship: Small

Verbesina laciniata

authorship: Walter

codes: ALA ARK WDC FLA GEO ILL KAN KTY LOU MRY MSI MSO NCA OHI OKL SCA TEN TEX VRG WVA

Alabama

code: ALA

Arkansas

code: ARK

District of Columbia

code: WDC

Florida

code: FLA

Georgia

code: GEO

Illinois

code: ILL

Kansas

code: KAN

Kentucky

code: KTY

Louisiana

code: LOU

Maryland

code: MRY

Mississippi

code: MSI

Missouri

code: MSO

North Carolina

code: NCA

Ohio

code: OHI

Oklahoma

code: OKL

South Carolina

code: SCA

Tennessee

code: TEN

Texas

code: TEX

Virginia

code: VRG

West Virginia

code: WVA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1932 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
white crownbeard
Virginia crownbeard

names: Ирис разноцветный

partners:
Augochlorini
Bombus impatiens
Bombus pensylvanicus
Achyra rantalis
Acontia aprica
Agapostemon splendens
Allograpta obliqua
Ammophila procera

partners:
Acanalonia bivittata
Achyra rantalis
Acutalis tartarea
Agalliota quadripunctata
Allograpta obliqua
Anomoea laticlavia
Apis mellifera
Argiope aurantia

partners:
Ancyloxypha numitor
Apis mellifera
Atlides halesus
Atteva punctella
Battus philenor
Bombus impatiens
Bombus pensylvanicus
Calycopis cecrops


slug: verbesina-walteri

scientific: Verbesina walteri

authorship: Shinners

epithet: walteri

preferred: Carolina crownbeard

Actinomeris alba

authorship: Torr. & A.Gray

codes: ALA ARK GEO LOU NCA OKL SCA TEX

Alabama

code: ALA

Arkansas

code: ARK

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 186 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Bombus impatiens
Palpada pusilla
Parancistrocerus perennis

authors: Shinners


slug: vernicia-fordii

scientific: Vernicia fordii

authorship: (Hemsl.) Airy Shaw

genus: Vernicia

epithet: fordii

family: Euphorbiaceae

preferred: tung oil tree

english:
tung oil tree
tung tree
tungoil tree

Aleurites fordii

authorship: Hemsl.

codes: CHN CHC CHS CHH MYA VIE

China North-Central

code: CHN

region: China

China South-Central

code: CHC

China Southeast

code: CHS

Hainan

code: CHH

Myanmar

code: MYA

region: Indo-China

Vietnam

code: VIE

lifeform: tree

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1266 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

Oleic-acid

activities: 5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor Allergenic Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor Anemiagenic Antialopecic Antiandrogenic Antiinflammatory Antileukotriene-D4

Palmitic-acid

activities: 5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor Antialopecic Antiandrogenic Antifibrinolytic Antioxidant FLavor Hemolytic Hypercholesterolemic

Stearic-acid

activities: 5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor Cosmetic FLavor Hypocholesterolemic Lubricant Perfumery Propecic Suppository

Ellagic-acid

activities: ACE-Inhibitor Abortifacient Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor AntiGTF AntiHIV Antiaflatoxin Antianaphylactic Antibacterial

Methyl-gallate

activities: Antiallergenic Antiasthmatic Antibacterial Antibronchitic Antiherpetic Antileukemic Antioxidant Antiseptic

Beta-sitosterol

activities:
Androgenic
Angiogenic
Anorexic
Antiadenomic
Antiandrogenic
Antibacterial
Anticancer (Breast)
Anticancer (Cervix)

Stigmasterol

activities: Antihepatotoxic Antiinflammatory Antinociceptive Antiophidic Antioxidant Antiviral Artemicide Cancer-Preventive

Phytosterols

activities: Antiprostatotic Hypocholesterolemic

Campesterol

activities: Antioxidant Hypocholesterolemic

note: A snapshot of the reported literature 1992-2016, not a current assay. An activity is attributed to the compound in that literature; it is not a claim about the plant.

names:
tung oil tree
tung tree

names: 桐子花 桐油

names: tungue árvore-de-óleo-da-china

names: オオアブラギリ シナアブラギリ

names: Holzölbaum Tungölbaum

names:
arbre à l'huile de tung
noix d'abrasin

partners:
Chudania sinica
Bothrogonia fuquana
Bothrogonia jianchuana
Bothrogonia qianana
Bothrogonia tianzhuensis
Cheromettia apicata
Citheronia laocoon
Concaveplana ventriprocessa

partners:
Fusarium oxysporum
Mycosphaerella aleuritidis
Nectria

source: EOL TraitBank / ECOCROP (FAO)

label: Life form

value: phanerophyte

value: Single Stem

label: Height


slug: vernicia-montana

scientific: Vernicia montana

authorship: Lour.

epithet: montana

preferred: mu oil tree

Aleurites cordatus

authorship: Gagnep.

Aleurites vernicius

authorship: (Corrêa) Hassk.

Dryandra vernicia

authorship: Corrêa

Elaeococca montana

authorship: (Lour.) Oken

Elaeococca vernicia

authorship: (Corrêa) A.Juss.

codes: CHC CHS CHH TAI CBD MYA THA VIE

Taiwan

code: TAI

region: Eastern Asia

Cambodia

code: CBD

Thailand

code: THA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2014 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
mu oil tree
Cantonese wood-oil-tree

names: 千年桐 廣東油桐

names:
abrasin
arbre à l'huile de bois

partners:
Rapala varuna formosana
Bombus sp.
Cephonodes hylas
Osmia

label: Eaten by

partners:
Biston suppressaria
Brachycyttarus fasciatus
Eucorysses grandis
Euproctis arnea
Hypomecis transcissa
Idonauton apicalis
Lymantria ganara
Metisa? sp. D

value: evergreen


slug: vernonanthura-chamaedrys

scientific: Vernonanthura chamaedrys

authorship: (Less.) H.Rob.

genus: Vernonanthura

epithet: chamaedrys

Cacalia chamaedrys

authorship: (Less.) Kuntze

Vernonia chamaedrys

authorship: Less.

Vernonia ilex

authorship: Chodat

codes: AGE BZE BZS BZL BZC PAR

Argentina Northeast

code: AGE

Brazil Northeast

code: BZE

Brazil South

code: BZS

Brazil Southeast

code: BZL

Brazil West-Central

code: BZC

Paraguay

code: PAR

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 44 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Assapeixe-branco Vassoura-branca

source: EOL TraitBank / Flora do Brasil

value: perennial

authors: (Less.) H.Rob.

published_in: Phytologia 73(2): 69

reason: Only 4 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: vernonanthura-discolor

scientific: Vernonanthura discolor

epithet: discolor

Vanillosma cinerea

authorship: Mart. ex Baker

codes: BZE BZS BZL BZC

names: Pau-toucinho Vassourão-de-folha-larga

published_in: Phytologia 73(2): 70

reason: Fewer than 30 georeferenced research-grade observations of this taxon, which is too few to state a percentile range for the conditions it grows in. We would rather show nothing than a range computed from eight points in one county.

reason: No dated flowering annotations found for this taxon.


slug: vernonanthura-montevidensis

scientific: Vernonanthura montevidensis

authorship: (Spreng.) H.Rob.

epithet: montevidensis

Baccharis dutaillyana

authorship: Glaz.

Baccharis montevidensis

authorship: Spreng.

Cacalia gochnatioides

authorship: (Hook. & Arn. ex DC.) Kuntze

Cacalia montevidensis

authorship: (Spreng.) Kuntze

Chrysocoma singularis

authorship: Vell.

Piptocarpha nitidula

authorship: (Less.) Griseb.

Vernonia arechavaletae

authorship: André

Vernonia florida

authorship: Gardner

Vernonia gochnatioides

authorship: Hook. & Arn. ex DC.

Vernonia nitidula var. acutifolia

authorship: Griseb.

Vernonia nitidula var. florida

authorship: (Gardner) Baker

authorship: (Gardner) Baker.

codes: AGE BZS BZL PAR URU

Uruguay

code: URU

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 96 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

value: nanophanerophyte

authors: (Spreng.) H.Rob.

published_in: Phytologia 73(2): 72

reason: Only 7 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: vernonanthura-nudiflora

scientific: Vernonanthura nudiflora

authorship: (Less.) H.Rob.

epithet: nudiflora

Cacalia nudiflora

authorship: (Less.) Kuntze

Vernonia angustifolia

authorship: D.Don ex Hook. & Arn.

Vernonia nudiflora f. albiflora

authorship: Matzenb.

codes: AGE AGW AGS BZS URU

Argentina Northwest

code: AGW

Argentina South

code: AGS

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 286 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Alecrim-do-campo Falso-alecrim

partners:
Erynnis funeralis
Neorhynchocephalus sulphureus

reason: Only 24 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: vernonanthura-patens

scientific: Vernonanthura patens

authorship: (Kunth) H.Rob.

epithet: patens

Baccharis rugosa

authorship: Willd. ex DC.

Cacalia aschenborniana

authorship: (S.Schauer) Kuntze

Cacalia baccharoides

authorship: (Kunth) Kuntze

Cacalia haenkeana

authorship: (DC.) Kuntze

Cacalia stellaris

authorship: (La Llave) Kuntze

Vernonia baccharoides

authorship: Kunth

Vernonia bangii

authorship: Rusby

Vernonia haenkeana

authorship: DC.

Vernonia monsonensis

authorship: Hieron.

Vernonia pacchensis

authorship: Benth.

Vernonia salamana

authorship: Gleason

Vernonia vargasii

authorship: Cuatrec.

codes: MXC MXG MXE MXN MXT MXS BLZ BOL BZN BZL CLM COS ECU ELS GUA HON NIC PAN PER VEN

Mexico Central

code: MXC

Mexico Gulf

code: MXG

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

Mexico Southeast

code: MXT

Mexico Southwest

code: MXS

Belize

code: BLZ

Bolivia

code: BOL

Brazil North

code: BZN

Colombia

code: CLM

Costa Rica

code: COS

Ecuador

code: ECU

El Salvador

code: ELS

Guatemala

code: GUA

Honduras

code: HON

Nicaragua

code: NIC

Panamá

code: PAN

Peru

code: PER

Venezuela

code: VEN

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 176 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Bertholdia
Cosmisoma
Cosmosoma klagesi
Cosmosoma parambae
Eucereon tarona
Eumorpha capronnieri
Lepidoptera
Machaerina

partners:
Scaptotrigona pectoralis
Agapostemon leunculus
Agapostemon nasutus
Anthidiellum hondurasicum
Apis mellifera
Augochlora
Augochlora aurifera
Augochlora cordiaefloris

partners:
Lophornis brachylophus
Melipona beecheii
Ortalis cinereiceps
Pelochyta sp.
Scaptotrigona mexicana


slug: vernonanthura-pinguis

scientific: Vernonanthura pinguis

authorship: (Griseb.) H.Rob.

epithet: pinguis

Vernonia pinguis

authorship: Griseb.

authors: (Griseb.) H.Rob.

published_in: Phytologia 73(2): 73

reason: Kew's World Checklist of Vascular Plants does not cover this taxon.


slug: vernonanthura-squamulosa

scientific: Vernonanthura squamulosa

authorship: (Hook. & Arn.) H.Rob.

epithet: squamulosa

Cacalia praecox

authorship: Kuntze

Cacalia squamulosa

authorship: (Hook. & Arn.) Kuntze

Vernonia praecox

authorship: (Kuntze) Schumann

Vernonia squamulosa

authorship: Hook. & Arn.

Argentina Northwest

code: AGW

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 70 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: (Hook. & Arn.) H.Rob.

published_in: Phytologia 73(2): 74

reason: Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted.

reason: Only 10 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: vernonanthura-tweedieana

scientific: Vernonanthura tweedieana

authorship: (Baker) H.Rob.

epithet: tweedieana

Cacalia tweedieana

authorship: (Baker ex Mart.) Kuntze

Vernonia tweedieana

authorship: Baker

codes: AGE BOL BZE BZS BZL BZC PAR

Argentina Northeast

code: AGE

Brazil Northeast

code: BZE

Brazil South

code: BZS

Brazil Southeast

code: BZL

Brazil West-Central

code: BZC

Paraguay

code: PAR

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 109 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Assa-peixe Chamarrita

partners:
Citheronia laocoon
Polygrammodes ponderalis

authors: (Baker) H.Rob.

reason: Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready.

reason: No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page.


slug: vernonia-acaulis

scientific: Vernonia acaulis

authorship: Walt.

genus: Vernonia

epithet: acaulis

published_in: Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 4: 22. 1906

preferred: stemless ironweed

source: usda

Cacalia acaulis

authorship: (Walter) Kuntze

Chrysocoma acaulis

authorship: (Walt.) Kuntze

authorship: Walter

Vernonia oligophylla

authorship: Michx.

codes: FLA GEO NCA SCA

Florida

code: FLA

region: Southeastern U.S.A.

Georgia

code: GEO

North Carolina

code: NCA

South Carolina

code: SCA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 252 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: Gleason

published_in: Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 4: 222

USDA PLANTS Database

note: common name, checklist symbol VEAC

reason: Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all.