slug: fragaria-virginiana

scientific: Fragaria virginiana

authorship: Mill.

epithet: virginiana

published_in: Gard. Dict., ed. 8. : Fragaria n.° 2 (1768)

preferred: Virginia strawberry

Fragaria australis

authorship: (Rydb.) Rydb.

Fragaria canadensis

authorship: Michx.

Fragaria elatior

authorship: Eaton

Fragaria firma

authorship: Rydb.

Fragaria glauca

authorship: (S.Watson) Rydb.

Fragaria grandiflora

authorship: Poit. & Turpin

Fragaria grayana

authorship: E.Vilm. ex J.Gay

Fragaria illinoensis

authorship: (A.Gray) Prince ex Hitchc.

Fragaria iowensis

authorship: Prince

Fragaria michauxiana

authorship: House

Fragaria multicipita

authorship: Fernald

Fragaria odora

authorship: Salisb.

Fragaria ovalis

authorship: (Lehm.) Rydb.

Fragaria ovalis var. glauca

authorship: (S.Watson) A.Nelson

Fragaria ovalis var. quinata

authorship: Lunell

Fragaria prolifica

authorship: Baker & Rydb. ex Rydb.

Fragaria serotina

authorship: Raf.

Fragaria virginiana

authorship: Duchesne

Fragaria virginiana f. maliformis

authorship: Haynie

Fragaria virginiana f. multicipita

authorship: (Fernald) Catling & J.Cay.

Fragaria virginiana f. sibbaldifolia

authorship: (Rydb.) H.M.Hall

Fragaria virginiana var. australis

authorship: (Rydb.) Gleason

Fragaria virginiana var. canadensis

authorship: Farw.

Fragaria virginiana var. grayana

authorship: (E.Vilm. ex J.Gay) Rydb.

Fragaria virginiana var. hybrida

authorship: Duchesne ex Ser.

Fragaria virginiana var. ovalis

authorship: (Lehm.) R.J.Davis

Fragaria virginiana var. sibbaldifolia

authorship: (Rydb.) Jeps.

Fragaria virginiana var. terrae-novae

authorship: (Rydb.) Fernald & Wiegand

Fragaria viridis var. umbelliformis

authorship: (F.W.Schultz) Asch. & Graebn.

Potentilla ovalis

authorship: Lehm.

Potentilla virginiana

authorship: (Mill.) E.H.L.Krause

codes: ALA ASK ABT ARI ARK BRC CAL COL CNT DEL WDC FLA GEO IDA ILL INI IOW KAN KTY LAB LOU MAI MAN MRY MAS MXE MXN MIC MIN MSI MSO MNT NEB NEV NBR NWH NWJ NWM NWY NFL NCA NDA NWT NSC NUN OHI OKL ONT ORE PEN PEI QUE RHO SAS SCA SDA TEN TEX UTA VER VRG WAS WVA WIS WYO YUK

Alabama

code: ALA

Alaska

code: ASK

region: Subarctic America

Alberta

code: ABT

region: Western Canada

Arizona

code: ARI

Arkansas

code: ARK

British Columbia

code: BRC

California

code: CAL

Colorado

code: COL

Connecticut

code: CNT

region: Northeastern U.S.A.

Delaware

code: DEL

District of Columbia

code: WDC

Florida

code: FLA

Georgia

code: GEO

Idaho

code: IDA

Illinois

code: ILL

region: North-Central U.S.A.

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1991 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Virginia strawberry
Thickleaved Wild Strawberry

names: Земляника виргинская

names:
Fraisier de Virginie
fraisier des champs

names: Полуниця віргінська

partners:
Lasioglossum
Altica
Andrena
Andrena miranda
Andrena saliciflores
Andrena sp.
Andrena topazana
Cheilosia rita

partners:
Andrena
Bombylius major
Andrena melanochroa
Halictus confusus
Lasioglossum
Lepidoptera
Tapinoma sessile
Acmaeodera tubulus

partners:
Alypia octomaculata
Andrena
Anthocharis julia
Augochlorini
Bombylius major
Bombylius pygmaeus
Coleomegilla maculata
Colias philodice

partners:
Turdus migratorius
Ursus arctos
Alypia octomaculata
Andrena
Andrena crataegi
Andrena nasonii
Andrena rufosignata
Anthrenus

published_in: Gard. Dict., ed. 8. [textus s.n.] Fragaria no. 2

reason: Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all.


slug: fragaria-viridis

scientific: Fragaria viridis

authorship: Weston

genus: Fragaria

epithet: viridis

family: Rosaceae

rank: species

taxonomic_status: accepted

accepted_according_to: World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06

preferred: Green Strawberry

source: wikidata

Dactylophyllum ehrharti

authorship: Spenn.

Fragaria abortiva

authorship: (Weston) Duchesne ex Steud.

Fragaria bargea

authorship: Poit. & Turpin

Fragaria bifera

authorship: (Duchesne ex Sm.) Duchesne ex Steud.

Fragaria breslingea var. abortiva

authorship: (Weston) Ser.

Fragaria breslingea var. hispida

authorship: (Duchesne ex Sm.) Ser.

Fragaria breslingea var. pratensis

authorship: (L.) Ser.

Fragaria calycina

authorship: Loisel.

Fragaria campestris

authorship: Steven

Fragaria cerinoalba

authorship: Jord. & Fourr.

Fragaria collina

authorship: Ehrh.

Fragaria collina f. alpina

authorship: Schur

Fragaria collina f. foliolosa

authorship: Beck

Fragaria collina f. magnusiana

authorship: Holzfuss

Fragaria collina unranked dumetorum

authorship: (Jord.) Ducommun

Fragaria collina unranked genuina

authorship: Gren.

Fragaria collina var. abortiva

authorship: (Weston) Sm.

Fragaria collina var. calycina

authorship: (Soy.-Will.) Hartm.

Fragaria collina var. cerinoalba

authorship: (Jord. & Fourr.) Rouy & E.G.Camus

Fragaria collina var. hispida

authorship: Sm.

authorship: Duchesne ex Sm.

Fragaria collina var. pilosa

authorship: Czern.

Fragaria collina var. pratensis

authorship: L. ex Pers.

Fragaria collina var. subpinnata

authorship: Čelak.

Fragaria consobrina

authorship: Jour. & Fourr.

Fragaria dumetorum

authorship: Jord.

Fragaria grandiflora

authorship: Thuill.

Fragaria grandiflora var. calycina

authorship: (Soy.-Will.) Heynh.

Fragaria majaufea var. dubia

authorship: Ser.

Fragaria moschata subvar. calycina

authorship: (Soy.-Will.) Asch. & Graebn.

Fragaria praecox

authorship: Losinsk.

Fragaria pratensis

authorship: (L.) Duchesne ex Steud.

authorship: L. ex Duchesne

Fragaria vesca subsp. collina

authorship: (Pers.) Bonnier & Layens

Fragaria vesca subsp. pratensis

authorship: (L.) Ehrh.

Fragaria vesca subsp. viridis

authorship: (Weston) Rivas Goday & Borja

Fragaria vesca var. collina

authorship: Pers.

authorship: (Ehrh.) Fiori

Fragaria vesca var. grandiflora

authorship: DC.

Fragaria vesca var. majaufea

authorship: Duchesne ex Heynh.

Fragaria vesca var. pratensis

authorship: L.

Fragaria vesca var. viridis

authorship: (Weston) Fiori

Fragaria vesca var. zapateriana

authorship: (Pau) Rivas Goday & Borja

Fragaria viridis subvar. flagellifera

authorship: (Schur) Asch. & Graebn.

Fragaria viridis subvar. magnusiana

authorship: (Holzfuss) Asch. & Graebn.

Fragaria viridis subvar. subpinnata

authorship: (Čelak.) Asch. & Graebn.

Fragaria viridis var. campestris

authorship: (Steven) Tamamsch.

Fragaria viridis var. dubia

authorship: (Ser.) Asch. & Graebn.

Fragaria viridis var. pratensis

authorship: L. ex Weston

note: Full per-image metadata (photographer, licence, licence URL, attribution, derivative restrictions and image URLs) is on the per-species JSON at per_image_metadata_url. Each image is licensed individually; this bulk file omits the per-image matrix to stay small and cleanly licensed.

scheme: TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3

source: Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)

codes: ALT IRK KAZ KRA NCS TCS TUR WSB CHX YAK ALB AUT BLT BLR BGM BUL RUC CZE DEN RUE FIN FRA GER GRC HUN ITA KRY YUG RUN RUW NOR POL ROM RUS SPA SWE SWI TUE UKR

min_temp_coldest_month_c: degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)

max_temp_warmest_month_c: degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)

source: CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec

citation: Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1966 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

hardiness_zone_note: min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other.

model: Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)

source: Kew World Checklist of Useful Plant Species

note: Categories in which this species is recorded as a useful plant. A record of use, not a recommendation, a dose or a safety claim.

names: Земляника зелёная

names:
Суниця зелена
Суниці зелені

names:
Zelena jagoda
Зелена јагода

source: Wikidata (P1843, CC0) + GBIF vernacular names

partners:
Bombus terrestris
Andrena afrensis
Andrena falsifica
Andrena flavipes
Andrena labiata
Andrena minutula
Andrena minutuloides
Andrena potentillae

partners:
Andrena falsifica
Andrena flavipes
Andrena labiata
Andrena minutula
Andrena minutuloides
Andrena potentillae
Andrena subopaca
Bombus lapidarius

partners:
Acanthis flammea
Acleris comariana
Acyrthosiphon malvae
Adelphocoris lineolatus
Agromyza sulfuriceps
Alauda arvensis
Alectoris graeca
Aleyrodes lonicerae

note: Species recorded interacting with this plant in the wild, aggregated across many source datasets by GloBI. Provenance is asserted at the GloBI aggregate level, not per partner, and partners are the most frequently recorded per interaction type.

name: GIFT (Global Inventory of Floras and Traits)

EOL TraitBank (via Zenodo)

license: Per record: CC0 / CC BY 4.0 / public domain only

name: Traits mined from USDA NRCS plant guides

source: USDA PLANTS, GIFT, Wikidata, EOL TraitBank (via Zenodo) and traits mined from USDA NRCS plant guides

license: per source (public domain, CC BY 4.0, CC0)

note: Structured growth characteristics merged from four open sources (USDA PLANTS, GIFT, Wikidata, EOL TraitBank via Zenodo) plus traits mined from public-domain USDA NRCS guides. A documented record, not care advice. Each value keeps every source that reported it; a value marked extracted:true was read from prose, carries a verbatim quote and source_url, and has no structured source corroborating it.

note: The protologue citation: who published the name, in which work and year, and the IPNI record it resolves to. This is naming provenance, not a description.

World Flora Online Plant List

note: accepted name, authority, classification

iNaturalist

note: photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only

Wikidata

note: common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)

note: native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form

reason: Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted.

reason: Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready.

reason: No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page.

note: This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew).


slug: frailea-chiquitana

scientific: Frailea chiquitana

authorship: Cárdenas

genus: Frailea

epithet: chiquitana

family: Cactaceae

published_in: in Revista Agric. (Cochabamba) 6: 8. 1951.

Astrophytum chiquitanum

authorship: (Cárdenas) Halda & Malina

Astrophytum pullispinum

authorship: (Backeb.) Halda & Malina

Frailea pullispina

authorship: Backeb.

license: CC BY 3.0

excludes: introduced extinct location_doubtful

Bolivia

code: BOL

continent: SOUTHERN AMERICA

region: Western South America

lifeform: succulent subshrub

climate: seasonally dry tropical

iucn_category: DD

label: Data Deficient

source: IUCN Red List category via Wikidata (P141)

license: CC0 (Wikidata); IUCN category is a factual label

license: CC0 / per-source

label: Growth habit

category: Form and habit

value: herb

source: GIFT

license: CC-BY 4.0

key: woodiness

label: Woodiness

value: non-woody

USDA PLANTS Database

license: Public domain (US Government work)

license: CC BY 4.0

authors: Cárdenas

published_in: Natl. Cact. Succ. J. 6: 8, fig

source: IPNI (International Plant Names Index)

iNaturalist

license: per photograph

name: Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)

field: care

field: toxicity

reason: No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name.

reason: Fewer than 30 georeferenced research-grade observations of this taxon, which is too few to state a percentile range for the conditions it grows in. We would rather show nothing than a range computed from eight points in one county.

field: phenology

reason: Only 5 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.

data: CC BY 4.0


slug: francoa-appendiculata

scientific: Francoa appendiculata

authorship: Cav.

genus: Francoa

epithet: appendiculata

family: Francoaceae

Francoa appendiculata f. albida

authorship: Kuntze

Francoa lyrata

authorship: Ruiz & Pav.

Francoa rupestris

authorship: Poepp. ex Kunze

Francoa sonchifolia var. appendiculata

authorship: (Cav.) Reiche

Francoa sonchifolia var. glabrata

authorship: (DC.) Reiche

Francoa sonchifolia var. ramosa

authorship: (D.Don) Reiche

Francoa sonchifolia var. rupestris

authorship: (Poepp. ex Kunze) Reiche

codes: CLC CLS

Chile Central

code: CLC

region: Southern South America

Chile South

code: CLS

lifeform: perennial

climate: temperate

mean_annual_temp_c: degrees Celsius

annual_precip_mm: millimetres per year

precip_driest_quarter_mm: millimetres in the driest quarter

occurrences: iNaturalist Research-grade Observations

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 600 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

type: flowerVisitedBy

label: Flower-visited by

partners:
Bombus dahlbomii
Bombus terrestris
Trichophthalma barbarossa
Trichophthalma commutata
Trichophthalma nubipennis

source: Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI)

license: CC-BY 4.0 (aggregate) / per-source

label: Life cycle

category: Life cycle

value: perennial

authors: Cav.

published_in: Anales Ci. Nat. iv. (1801) 237


slug: frangula-alnus

scientific: Frangula alnus

authorship: Mill.

genus: Frangula

epithet: alnus

family: Rhamnaceae

preferred: alder buckthorn

english:
alder buckthorn
Alder Buckthorn
glossy buckthorn

source: inat

Frangula alnus subsp. saxatilis

authorship: Gančev

Frangula alnus var. angustifolia

authorship: (Loudon) Mohlenbr.

Frangula alnus var. elliptica

authorship: Meinhardt

Frangula atlantica

authorship: Grubov

Frangula baetica

authorship: (Willk. & E.Rev.) Grubov

Frangula dodonei

authorship: Ard. ex Soldano

Frangula dodonei subsp. baetica

authorship: (Willk. & E.Rev.) Soldano

Frangula dodonei subsp. pontica

authorship: (Boiss.) Soldano

Frangula nigra

authorship: Samp.

Frangula pentapetala

authorship: Gilib.

Frangula pontica

authorship: (Boiss.) Grubov

Frangula sanguinea

authorship: (Pers.) Peterm.

Frangula vulgaris

authorship: Hill

Frangula vulgaris var. parvifolia

authorship: Beck

Frangula vulgaris var. subrotunda

authorship: (Rouy & Foucaud) Beck

Girtanneria frangula

authorship: Neck.

Rhamnus alnoides

authorship: Gray

Rhamnus autumnalis

authorship: Gand.

Rhamnus baetica

authorship: Willk. & E.Rev.

Rhamnus frangula

authorship: L.

Rhamnus frangula var. subrotunda

authorship: Rouy & Foucaud

Rhamnus nemoralis

authorship: Salisb.

Rhamnus pontica

authorship: Boiss.

Rhamnus sanguinea

authorship: Pers.

Rhamnus sanguino

authorship: Ortega

Rhamnus undulata

authorship: Simonk.

codes: ALG MOR TUN ALT IRN IRQ KAZ KRA LBS NCS TCS TVA TUR WSB CHX ALB AUT BLT BLR BGM BUL RUC COR CZE DEN RUE FIN FRA GER GRB GRC HUN IRE ITA KRY YUG NET RUN RUW NOR POL POR ROM RUS SPA SWE SWI TUE UKR

Algeria

code: ALG

continent: AFRICA

region: Northern Africa

Morocco

code: MOR

Tunisia

code: TUN

Altay

code: ALT

continent: ASIA-TEMPERATE

region: Siberia

Iran

code: IRN

region: Western Asia

Iraq

code: IRQ

Kazakhstan

code: KAZ

region: Central Asia

Krasnoyarsk

code: KRA

Lebanon-Syria

code: LBS

North Caucasus

code: NCS

region: Caucasus

Transcaucasus

code: TCS

Tuva

code: TVA

Türkiye

code: TUR

West Siberia

code: WSB

Xinjiang

code: CHX

region: China

Albania

code: ALB

continent: EUROPE

region: Southeastern Europe

Austria

code: AUT

region: Middle Europe

Baltic States

code: BLT

region: Eastern Europe

Belarus

code: BLR

Belgium

code: BGM

Bulgaria

code: BUL

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2004 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

Anthraquinones

activities: Antilithic Bird-Repellent Carcinogenic Laxative Litholytic Toxic

Tocopherol

activities: 5-HETE-Inhibitor Allergenic Analgesic AntiMD AntiMS AntiPMS Antiaggregant Antiaging

Emodin

activities: AGEs-Inhibitor Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor Allergenic AntiMRSA Antiaggregant Antiangiogenic Antibacterial Anticytomegalovirus

Catechin

activities: Allelochemic Antiaggregant Antialcoholic Antiarthritic Antibacterial Anticariogenic Antiedemic Antiendotoxic

Aloe-emodin

activities: Antibacterial Antiherpetic Antileukemic Antisalmonella Antiseptic Antistaphylococcic Antitumor Antiviral

Kaempferol

activities: 11B-HSD-Inhibitor 5-Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor Antiaflatoxin Antiaggregant Antiallergic Antibacterial Anticancer

Aloin

activities: Allergenic? Antifertility Antiherpetic Antispermatogenic Antiviral Cholagogue Hypothermic Laxative

Beta-carotene

activities: Allergenic Androgenic? AntiPMS Antiacne Antiaging Antiarthritic Antiasthmatic Anticancer

Robinin

activities: Antiazotemic Antibacterial Anticancer Antimutagenic Antioxidant Antiradicular Antitumor-Promoter Cancer-Preventive

Tannin

activities: Anthelmintic AntiHIV Antibacterial Anticancer Anticariogenic Antidiarrheic Antidysenteric Antihepatotoxic

Chrysophanol

activities: Antibacterial Antiseptic Calcium-Antagonist Candidicide Cathartic Hemostat Pesticide Pigment

Barbaloin

activities: Antibacterial Antihistaminic Antitubercular Laxative Pesticide Purgative

source: Dr. Duke's Phytochemical & Ethnobotanical Database

note: A snapshot of the reported literature 1992-2016, not a current assay. An activity is attributed to the compound in that literature; it is not a claim about the plant.

names:
سدر
عوسج أسود

names: Крушина ломкая

names: Крушина ламка

partners:
Andrena barbilabris
Andrena fucata
Andrena haemorrhoa
Andrena synadelpha
Bombus hortorum
Bombus humilis
Bombus hypnorum
Bombus lapidarius

partners:
Apis mellifera
Bombus
Andrena barbilabris
Andrena haemorrhoa
Bombus lapidarius
Bombus lucorum
Bombus pascuorum
Bombus pratorum

partners:
Bicyrtes quadrifasciatus
Bombus hypnorum
Celastrina argiolus
Closterotomus fulvomaculatus
Dolichovespula arenaria
Gonepteryx rhamni
Gonocerus acuteangulatus
Hebata vitis

partners:
Sylvia borin
Cyanistes caeruleus
Erithacus rubecula
Popillia japonica
Sylvia atricapilla
Turdus merula
Biston betularia
Bucculatrix frangutella

partners:
Puccinia coronata
Elachertus inunctus
Erysiphe divaricata
Microsphaera divaricata
Torymus rhamni

source: EOL TraitBank / Fire Effects Information System (USDA)

iNaturalist

note: photographs, flowering annotations and the common name, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only


slug: frangula-betulifolia

scientific: Frangula betulifolia

authorship: (Greene) Grubov

epithet: betulifolia

published_in: Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 268 (1949)

preferred: beechleaf frangula

Rhamnus betulifolia

authorship: Greene

Rhamnus purshiana var. betulifolia

authorship: (Greene) Cory

codes: ARI MXG MXE MXN MXS NWM TEX

Arizona

code: ARI

continent: NORTHERN AMERICA

region: Southwestern U.S.A.

Mexico Gulf

code: MXG

region: Mexico

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

Mexico Southwest

code: MXS

New Mexico

code: NWM

region: South-Central U.S.A.

Texas

code: TEX

lifeform: shrub or tree

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 219 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

iucn_category: LC

label: Least Concern

names:
beechleaf frangula
beechleaf buckthorn

type: eatenBy

label: Eaten by

partners:
Magusa orbifera
Ursus americanus amblyceps

value: shrub

source: USDA PLANTS

source: EOL TraitBank / USDA PLANTS

license: Public domain (U.S. Government work)

value: tree

value: woody

label: Photosynthetic pathway

category: Physiology

authors: (Greene) Grubov

reason: Only 4 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: frangula-californica

scientific: Frangula californica

authorship: (Eschsch.) A.Gray

epithet: californica

preferred: coffeeberry

english:
coffeeberry
California buckthorn

Endotropis oleifera

authorship: Raf.

Frangula californica var. tomentella

authorship: (Benth.) A.Gray

Frangula occidentalis

authorship: (Howell) Grubov

Frangula tomentella

authorship: (Benth.) Grubov

Rhamnus californica

authorship: Eschsch.

Rhamnus californica subsp. crassifolia

authorship: (Jeps.) C.B.Wolf

Rhamnus californica subsp. occidentalis

authorship: (Howell) C.B.Wolf

Rhamnus californica subsp. tomentella

authorship: (Benth.) C.B.Wolf

Rhamnus californica subsp. ursina

authorship: (Greene) C.B.Wolf

Rhamnus californica var. betulifolia

authorship: Trel.

Rhamnus californica var. crassifolia

authorship: Jeps.

Rhamnus californica var. occidentalis

authorship: (Howell) Jeps.

Rhamnus californica var. tomentella

authorship: W.H.Brewer & S.Watson

Rhamnus californica var. ursina

authorship: (Greene) McMinn

Rhamnus laurifolia

authorship: Nutt.

Rhamnus major

authorship: Carrière

Rhamnus occidentalis

authorship: Howell ex Greene

Rhamnus oleifolia

authorship: Hook.

Rhamnus purshiana var. californica

authorship: Rehder

Rhamnus tomentella

authorship: Benth.

Rhamnus tomentella subsp. crassifolia

authorship: (Jeps.) Sawyer

Rhamnus tomentella subsp. cuspidata

authorship: (Greene) Sawyer

codes: ARI CAL MXE MXN NEV NWM ORE

California

code: CAL

Nevada

code: NEV

Oregon

code: ORE

region: Northwestern U.S.A.

climate: subtropical

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2025 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

species: Frangula purshiana

slug: frangula-purshiana

names:
California buckthorn
California coffeeberry

partners:
Allograpta obliqua
Ancistrocerus tuberculocephalus
Andrena cerasifolii
Apis mellifera
Blera humeralis
Bombus melanopygus
Bombus vosnesenskii
Callimoxys fuscipennis

type: visitedBy

label: Visited by

partners:
Ancistrocerus
Ancistrocerus tuberculocephalus
Cardellina pusilla
Celastrina ladon echo
Ceriana tridens
Halyomorpha halys
Leiothlypis virginiae
Occidryas chalcedona

partners:
Papilio eurymedon
Strymon melinus
Acalyptris punctulata
Acmaeodera mariposa
Allograpta obliqua
Anastrangalia laetifica
Ancistrocerus
Ancistrocerus lineativentris

type: hasParasite

label: Parasites

partners:
Chrysobothris mali
Dicerca hornii
Erythmelus tingitiphagus
Gahanopsis pusilus

source: derived from USDA NRCS plant guide

quote: perennial evergreen or semi-deciduous shrub

quote: grows 6 – 10 ft. tall, under some conditions, it can grow as large as 15 ft. tall

quote: small, clustered, yellow-green flowers each with 5 petals


slug: frangula-capreifolia

scientific: Frangula capreifolia

authorship: (Schltdl.) Grubov

epithet: capreifolia

published_in: Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 278 (1949)

Rhamnus capreifolia

authorship: Schltdl.

Rhamnus capreifolia var. grandifolia

authorship: M.C.Johnst. & L.A.Johnst.

licences: CC-BY CC-BY-SA

codes: MXC MXG MXE MXT MXS COS ELS GUA HON

Mexico Central

code: MXC

Mexico Southeast

code: MXT

Costa Rica

code: COS

region: Central America

El Salvador

code: ELS

Guatemala

code: GUA

Honduras

code: HON

climate: wet tropical

label: Height

category: Size

authors: (Schltdl.) Grubov

reason: Only 0 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: frangula-caroliniana

scientific: Frangula caroliniana

authorship: (Walter) A.Gray

epithet: caroliniana

preferred: Carolina buckthorn

english:
Carolina buckthorn
Carolina Buckthorn

Bassovia hebepoda

authorship: Dunal

Frangula caroliniana var. molils

authorship: (Fernald) Mohlenbr.

Frangula fragilis

authorship: Raf.

Rhamnus canadensis

authorship: hort. ex Koch

Rhamnus caroliniana

authorship: Walter

Rhamnus caroliniana var. mollis

authorship: Fernald

Rhamnus virginica

authorship: Page

Sarcomphalus carolinianus

authorship: (Walter) Raf.

codes: ALA ARK FLA GEO ILL INI KTY LOU MRY MXE MSI MSO NCA OHI OKL SCA TEN TEX VRG

Alabama

code: ALA

region: Southeastern U.S.A.

Arkansas

code: ARK

Florida

code: FLA

Georgia

code: GEO

Illinois

code: ILL

region: North-Central U.S.A.

Indiana

code: INI

region: Northeastern U.S.A.

Kentucky

code: KTY

Louisiana

code: LOU

Maryland

code: MRY

Mississippi

code: MSI

Missouri

code: MSO

North Carolina

code: NCA

Ohio

code: OHI

Oklahoma

code: OKL

South Carolina

code: SCA

Tennessee

code: TEN

Virginia

code: VRG

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2035 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Carolina Buckthorn
Indian-cherry

names: Крушина каролинская

partners:
Bombus
Megachile xylocopoides


slug: frangula-crenata

scientific: Frangula crenata

authorship: Miq.

epithet: crenata

published_in: Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3: 32 (1867)

Frangula acuminatifolia

authorship: (Hayata) Grubav

Frangula cambodiana

authorship: (Pierre ex Pit.) Grubov

Frangula crenata var. acuminatifolia

authorship: (Hayata) Hatus.

Frangula crenata var. macrophylla

authorship: Honda

Rhamnus acuminatifolia

authorship: Hayata

Rhamnus cambodiana

authorship: Pierre ex Pit.

Rhamnus crenata

authorship: Siebold & Zucc.

Rhamnus crenata var. yakushimensis

authorship: Makino ex Masam.

Rhamnus oreigenes

authorship: Hance

codes: CHN CHC CHS JAP KOR TAI CBD LAO THA VIE

China North-Central

code: CHN

China South-Central

code: CHC

China Southeast

code: CHS

Japan

code: JAP

region: Eastern Asia

Korea

code: KOR

Taiwan

code: TAI

Cambodia

code: CBD

continent: ASIA-TROPICAL

region: Indo-China

Laos

code: LAO

Thailand

code: THA

Vietnam

code: VIE

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 68 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: 长叶冻绿 鈍齒鼠李

partners:
Polistes olivaceus
Sphex argentatus

partners:
Phthonosema tendinosaria
Polistes olivaceus
Rapala arata

label: Leaf retention

category: Foliage

value: deciduous

authors: Miq.

published_in: Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3: 32

reason: Only 3 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: frangula-goudotiana

scientific: Frangula goudotiana

authorship: (Triana) Grubov

epithet: goudotiana

published_in: Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 276 (1949)

Frangula atroviridis

authorship: (Rusby) Grubov

Frangula chimantensis

authorship: (Steyerm. & Maguire) A.Pool

Rhamnus atroviridis

authorship: Rusby

Rhamnus chimantensis

authorship: Steyerm. & Maguire

Rhamnus goudotiana

authorship: Triana & Planch.

codes: CLM VEN

Colombia

code: CLM

region: Western South America

Venezuela

code: VEN

region: Northern South America

lifeform: shrub

authors: (Triana) Grubov

reason: Only 2 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: frangula-mcvaughii

scientific: Frangula mcvaughii

authorship: (L.A.Johnst. & M.C.Johnst.) A.Pool

epithet: mcvaughii

Rhamnus mcvaughii

authorship: M.C.Johnst. & L.A.Johnst.

codes: MXC MXG MXE MXT MXS

Mexico Central

code: MXC

Mexico Gulf

code: MXG

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

Mexico Southeast

code: MXT

Mexico Southwest

code: MXS

lifeform: tree

iucn_category: EN

label: Endangered

authors: (L.A.Johnst. & M.C.Johnst.) A.Pool

reason: No dated flowering annotations found for this taxon.


slug: frangula-mucronata

scientific: Frangula mucronata

authorship: (Schltdl.) Grubov

epithet: mucronata

Frangula nelsonii

authorship: (Rose) Grubov

Rhamnus mucronata

authorship: Schltdl.

Rhamnus nelsonii

authorship: Rose

codes: MXC MXG MXE MXN MXT MXS ELS GUA

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

El Salvador

code: ELS

Guatemala

code: GUA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 46 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

published_in: Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 278


slug: frangula-obovata

scientific: Frangula obovata

authorship: (Kearney & Peebles) G.L.Nesom & Sawyer

epithet: obovata

Frangula betulifolia subsp. obovata

authorship: (Kearney & Peebles) Kartesz & Gandhi

Rhamnus betulifolia var. obovata

authorship: Kearney & Peebles

codes: ARI COL NEV UTA

Arizona

code: ARI

Colorado

code: COL

Nevada

code: NEV

Utah

code: UTA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 122 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: (Kearney & Peebles) G.L.Nesom & Sawyer

published_in: Phytologia 91(2): 302

reason: Only 1 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


scientific: Frangula purshiana

authorship: (DC.) A.Gray ex J.G.Cooper

epithet: purshiana

published_in: Trans. Amer. Med. Assoc. 10: 228 (1857)

preferred: Cascara

english:
Cascara
Cascara buckthorn

Cardiolepis obtusa

authorship: Raf.

Frangula anonifolia

authorship: (Greene) Grubov

Rhamnus annonifolia

authorship: Greene

Rhamnus purshiana

authorship: DC.

Rhamnus purshiana var. annonifolia

authorship: (Greene) Jeps.

Rhamnus purshiana var. hirtella

authorship: Schelle

codes: BRC CAL IDA MXE MNT ORE WAS

British Columbia

code: BRC

region: Western Canada

California

code: CAL

Idaho

code: IDA

Montana

code: MNT

Oregon

code: ORE

Washington

code: WAS

species: Frangula californica

species: Frangula alnus

Niacin

activities: Allergenic AntiLyme AntiMeniere's AntiRaynaud's Antiacrodynic Antiallergic Antialzheimeran Antiamblyopic

Tannic-acid

activities: Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor Allergenic AntiHIV Antianacarditic Antibacterial Anticariogenic Anticolitic Antidecubitic

Ascorbic-acid

activities: Acidulant Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor Analgesic Angiotensin-Receptor-Blocker AntiAGE AntiCFS AntiCTS AntiCrohn's

names:
Cascara buckthorn
Bearberry

names: Крушина Пурша

names:
Nerprun cascara
frangula cascara

partners:
Epargyreus clarus
Glaucopsyche lygdamus
Habrodais grunus
Halictidae
Limenitis bredowii californica
Bombus caliginosus
Bombus flavidus
Bombus mixtus

partners:
Bombus sitkensis
Cycloneda polita
Dolichovespula maculata
Graphopsocus cruciatus
Mulsantina picta
Toxomerus occidentalis

partners:
Ramphocelus carbo
Thraupis sayaca
Autographa mappa
Brotogeris chiriri
Camptostoma obsoletum
Clastoptera ovata
Coereba flaveola
Conirostrum speciosum

label: Life form

value: phanerophyte

label: Growth form

value: Multiple Stem


slug: frangula-rupestris

scientific: Frangula rupestris

authorship: (Scop.) Schur

epithet: rupestris

published_in: Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 142 (1866)

Frangula wulfenii

authorship: (Hoppe) Rchb.

Rhamnus albanica

authorship: Pénzes

Rhamnus nicolae

authorship: Simonk.

Rhamnus pumila

authorship: Wulfen

Rhamnus rumeliacea

authorship: Friv.

Rhamnus rupestris

authorship: Scop.

Rhamnus wulfenii

authorship: [Hoppe,]

codes: ALB BUL GRC ITA YUG

Albania

code: ALB

Bulgaria

code: BUL

Greece

code: GRC

Italy

code: ITA

NW. Balkan Pen.

code: YUG

lifeform: subshrub or shrub

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 250 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Крушина скальная

type: pollinatedBy

label: Pollinated by

partners:
Bombus terrestris
Chrysoperla carnea
Harmonia axyridis
Lasioglossum minutulum
Lasioglossum monstrificum
Lasioglossum pygmaeum

partners:
Abraxas sylvata
Acanthis flammea
Agrilus cyanescens
Alauda arvensis
Alectoris graeca
Alosterna tabacicolor
Anas platyrhynchos
Anser anser

value: 1 m

label: Flowering months

category: Flowers and fruit

value: May-Jun

authors: (Scop.) Schur

published_in: Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 142


slug: frangula-sphaerosperma

scientific: Frangula sphaerosperma

authorship: (Sw.) Kartesz & Gandhi

epithet: sphaerosperma

preferred: West Indian buckthorn

Frangula atagualpae

authorship: Grubov

Frangula boliviana

authorship: (Rusby) Grubov

Frangula polymorpha var. glabra

authorship: Reissek

Frangula polymorpha var. latifolia

authorship: Chodat & Hassl.

Frangula sphaerocarpa

authorship: (DC.) Griseb.

Rhamnus boliviana

authorship: Rusby

Rhamnus jelskii

authorship: Szyszył.

authorship: Zahlbr.

Rhamnus polymorpha

authorship: Weberb.

Rhamnus polymorpha var. glabra

authorship: (Reissek ex Mart.) Loefgr.

Rhamnus pubescens

authorship: (Ruiz & Pav.) Triana & Planch.

Rhamnus pubescens var. glabrescens

authorship: Kuntze

Rhamnus pubescens var. grandifolia

authorship: Perkins

Rhamnus sectipetala

authorship: Mart.

Rhamnus sphaerosperma

authorship: Sw.

codes: MXT MXS AGW BOL BZE BZS BZL BZC CLM COS CUB ECU ELS GUA HON JAM NIC PAN PAR PER VEN

Mexico Southeast

code: MXT

Mexico Southwest

code: MXS

Argentina Northwest

code: AGW

region: Southern South America

Bolivia

code: BOL

Brazil Northeast

code: BZE

region: Brazil

Brazil South

code: BZS

Brazil Southeast

code: BZL

Brazil West-Central

code: BZC

Colombia

code: CLM

Costa Rica

code: COS

Cuba

code: CUB

region: Caribbean

Ecuador

code: ECU

El Salvador

code: ELS

Honduras

code: HON

Jamaica

code: JAM

Nicaragua

code: NIC

Panamá

code: PAN

Paraguay

code: PAR

Peru

code: PER

Venezuela

code: VEN

partners:
Arremon torquatus
Atlapetes citrinellus
Cacicus chrysopterus
Chlorospingus flavopectus
Elaenia albiceps
Elaenia obscura
Elaenia strepera
Leptotila megalura


slug: frankenia-anneliseae

scientific: Frankenia anneliseae

authorship: M.B.Crespo, M.Á.Alonso, Mart.-Azorín, J.L.Villar & Mucina

genus: Frankenia

epithet: anneliseae

family: Frankeniaceae

Cape Provinces

code: CPP

region: Southern Africa

climate: desert or dry shrubland


slug: frankenia-boissieri

scientific: Frankenia boissieri

authorship: Reut. ex Boiss.

epithet: boissieri

published_in: Voy. Bot. Espagne 2: 721 (1845)

Frankenia glomerulata

authorship: Coss.

codes: ALG CNY LBY MOR TUN POR SPA

Algeria

code: ALG

region: Northern Africa

Canary Is.

code: CNY

region: Macaronesia

Libya

code: LBY

Morocco

code: MOR

Tunisia

code: TUN

Portugal

code: POR

region: Southwestern Europe

Spain

code: SPA

lifeform: subshrub

value: variable

label: Flower colour

value: pink

value: Apr-Oct

authors: Reut. ex Boiss.

published_in: Voy. Bot. Espagne 2: 721


slug: frankenia-chilensis

scientific: Frankenia chilensis

epithet: chilensis

Coldenia glabra

authorship: Phil.

Frankenia campestris

authorship: Schauer

Frankenia chilensis var. aspera

authorship: (Phil.) I.M.Johnst.

Frankenia chilensis var. campestris

authorship: (Schauer) Gunckel

Frankenia erecta

authorship: Gay

Frankenia nicoletiana var. aspera

authorship: Reiche

Tetreilema boliviense

authorship: Turcz.

codes: BOL CLC CLN PER

Bolivia

code: BOL

Chile Central

code: CLC

Chile North

code: CLN

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 336 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Франкения чилийская

label: Growth habit

published_in: Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 7(2): 1618


slug: frankenia-corymbosa

scientific: Frankenia corymbosa

authorship: Desf.

epithet: corymbosa

Frankenia chevalieri

authorship: Maire

Frankenia corymbosa var. valdescuamata

authorship: Sennen

Frankenia ifniensis

authorship: Caball.

Frankenia thymoides

authorship: Batt.

Frankenia webbii

authorship: Boiss. & Reut.

Frankenia webbii f. thymoides

authorship: (Batt.) Pau

codes: ALG LBY MTN MOR TUN WSA KRI SPA

Mauritania

code: MTN

region: West Tropical Africa

Western Sahara

code: WSA

Kriti

code: KRI

region: Southeastern Europe

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 124 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

value: chamaephyte

authors: Desf.

reason: Only 20 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: frankenia-dinteri

scientific: Frankenia dinteri

authorship: M.Á.Alonso, M.B.Crespo, Abad-Brotons, Mart.-Azorín & J.L.Villar

epithet: dinteri

Frankenia densa

authorship: Pohnert

codes: CPP OFS NAM TVL

Free State

code: OFS

Namibia

code: NAM

Northern Provinces

code: TVL

lifeform: annual or subshrub


slug: frankenia-ericifolia

scientific: Frankenia ericifolia

authorship: C.Sm. ex DC.

epithet: ericifolia

Franca ericifolia

authorship: Vis.

Frankenia ericifolia var. latifolia

authorship: Webb & Berthel.

Frankenia latifolia

authorship: (Webb & Berthel.) A.Chev.

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 81 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

value: subshrub

label: Woodiness

value: Jan-Nov

authors: C.Sm. ex DC.

reason: Only 11 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: frankenia-gypsophila

scientific: Frankenia gypsophila

epithet: gypsophila

codes: MXE MXN

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

region: Mexico

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

value: herb

published_in: J. Arnold Arbor. 20: 237


slug: frankenia-hirsuta

scientific: Frankenia hirsuta

authorship: L.

epithet: hirsuta

Frankenia aucheri

authorship: Jaub. & Spach

Frankenia bianorii

authorship: Sennen & Pau

Frankenia canescens

authorship: Willd. ex Schult.f.

Frankenia ericoides

authorship: Pers.

Frankenia hirsuta subsp. intermedia

authorship: (DC.) P.Fourn.

Frankenia hispida

authorship: DC.

Frankenia laevis subsp. hirsuta

authorship: (L.) Emb. & Maire

Frankenia narynensis

authorship: Botsch.

Frankenia pilosa

authorship: Pall.

Frankenia revoluta

authorship: Forssk.

Nothria hirsuta

authorship: Steud.

codes: ALG CNY EGY LBY MDR MOR SEL TUN WSA ALT CYP EAI IRN IRQ KAZ KGZ LBS NCS PAL SAU SIN TCS TKM TUR UZB WSB ALB BAL COR RUE FRA GRC ITA KRI KRY ROM SAR SIC RUS TUE UKR

Algeria

code: ALG

Canary Is.

code: CNY

Egypt

code: EGY

Madeira

code: MDR

Selvagens

code: SEL

Altay

code: ALT

region: Siberia

Cyprus

code: CYP

region: Western Asia

East Aegean Is.

code: EAI

Iran

code: IRN

Iraq

code: IRQ

Kazakhstan

code: KAZ

region: Central Asia

Kirgizstan

code: KGZ

Lebanon-Syria

code: LBS

North Caucasus

code: NCS

region: Caucasus

Palestine

code: PAL

Saudi Arabia

code: SAU

region: Arabian Peninsula

Sinai

code: SIN

Transcaucasus

code: TCS

Turkmenistan

code: TKM

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 495 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Франкения волосистая
Франкения жёстковолосистая

names:
Frankénie hirsute
Frankénie hirsute, Frankénie hérissée

names: Франкенія шорстка

names: פרנקניה שעירה

partners:
Calliphoridae
Exoprosopa italica
Helina reversio
Hylemya vagans
Muscidae
Plagiolepis
Polyommatus celina
Psilothrix viridicoerulea

partners:
Lasioglossum mandibulare
Scaeva albomaculata

partners:
Ornativalva heluanensis
Tamaricella franckeniae


slug: frankenia-jamesii

scientific: Frankenia jamesii

authorship: Torr. ex A.Gray

epithet: jamesii

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 8: 622 (1873)

preferred: James' seaheath

codes: COL NWM TEX

Colorado

code: COL

region: Northwestern U.S.A.

New Mexico

code: NWM

region: South-Central U.S.A.

Texas

code: TEX

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 75 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
James' seaheath
James' Frankenia

authors: Torr. ex A.Gray

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 8: 622 (-623)

reason: Only 13 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: frankenia-johnstonii

scientific: Frankenia johnstonii

authorship: Correll

epithet: johnstonii

preferred: Johnston's seaheath

codes: MXE TEX

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

names:
Johnston's seaheath
Johnston's frankenia

authors: Correll

published_in: Rhodora 68: 424


slug: frankenia-laevis

scientific: Frankenia laevis

epithet: laevis

Frankenia composita

authorship: Pau & Font Quer

Frankenia crassicostata

authorship: Sennen

Frankenia hirsuta subsp. laevis

authorship: (L.) P.Fourn.

Frankenia laevis var. marcosii

authorship: O.Bolòs & Vigo

Frankenia leonardorum

authorship: Alain

Frankenia velutina

authorship: Brouss. ex DC.

codes: ALG AZO MDR MOR TUN BAL COR FRA GRB ITA POR SAR SIC SPA HAI

Algeria

code: ALG

Azores

code: AZO

Madeira

code: MDR

Morocco

code: MOR

Tunisia

code: TUN

Baleares

code: BAL

Corse

code: COR

France

code: FRA

Great Britain

code: GRB

region: Northern Europe

Italy

code: ITA

Portugal

code: POR

Sardegna

code: SAR

Sicilia

code: SIC

Spain

code: SPA

Haiti

code: HAI

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 532 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
grugeilun llyfn
Grugeilyn Llyfn

label: Flower-visited by

partners:
Agdistis frankeniae
Lobesia neptunia


slug: frankenia-palmeri

scientific: Frankenia palmeri

epithet: palmeri

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 11: 124 (1876)

preferred: Palmer's seaheath

codes: CAL MXN

California

code: CAL

region: Southwestern U.S.A.

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 417 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Palmer's seaheath
Palmer's frankenia

label: Life cycle

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts xi. (1876) 124

reason: Only 25 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: frankenia-patagonica

scientific: Frankenia patagonica

authorship: Speg.

epithet: patagonica

published_in: Revista Fac. Agron. Univ. Nac. La Plata 3: 497 (1897)

Argentina South

code: AGS

region: Southern South America

authors: Speg.

reason: Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all.


slug: frankenia-pauciflora

scientific: Frankenia pauciflora

epithet: pauciflora

Franca fruticulosa

authorship: Vis.

Frankenia pauciflora var. fruticulosa

authorship: (DC.) Summerh.

Frankenia pauciflora var. gunnii

authorship: Summerh.

Frankenia pauciflora var. scabra

authorship: Schult. & Schult.f.

Frankenia pauciflora var. thymoides

authorship: Benth.

Frankenia virens

authorship: Desf.

Streptima pauciflora

authorship: Raf.

codes: NSW QLD SOA TAS VIC WAU

New South Wales

code: NSW

continent: AUSTRALASIA

region: Australia

Queensland

code: QLD

South Australia

code: SOA

Tasmania

code: TAS

Victoria

code: VIC

Western Australia

code: WAU

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 323 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Sea Heath
southern sea-heath

authors: DC.

reason: Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted.

reason: Only 29 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: frankenia-pulverulenta

scientific: Frankenia pulverulenta

authorship: L.

epithet: pulverulenta

preferred: European seaheath

Frankenia cespitosa

authorship: Lowe

Frankenia intermedia

authorship: Costa

name: Frankenia pulverulenta subsp. pulverulenta

licences: CC0 CC-BY CC-BY-SA

codes: ALG AZO CNY EGY LBY MDR MOR NGR SEL SEN SOC SUD TUN AFG ALT CHN CYP EAI GST CHI IRN IRQ KAZ KGZ KUW LBS MON NCS OMA PAL SAU SIN TZK TCS TKM TUR UZB WSB CHX YEM IND PAK WHM ALB BAL BUL COR RUE FRA GRC ITA KRI KRY YUG POR ROM SAR SIC SPA UKR

Algeria

code: ALG

region: Northern Africa

Azores

code: AZO

Canary Is.

code: CNY

Egypt

code: EGY

Libya

code: LBY

Madeira

code: MDR

Morocco

code: MOR

Niger

code: NGR

Selvagens

code: SEL

Senegal

code: SEN

Socotra

code: SOC

region: Northeast Tropical Africa

Sudan-South Sudan

code: SUD

Tunisia

code: TUN

Afghanistan

code: AFG

Altay

code: ALT

China North-Central

code: CHN

region: China

Cyprus

code: CYP

East Aegean Is.

code: EAI

Gulf States

code: GST

Inner Mongolia

code: CHI

Iran

code: IRN

Iraq

code: IRQ

Kazakhstan

code: KAZ

Kirgizstan

code: KGZ

Kuwait

code: KUW

Lebanon-Syria

code: LBS

Mongolia

code: MON

region: Mongolia

North Caucasus

code: NCS

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 334 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Франкения порошистая

names: Frankénie pulvérulente, Frankénie cotonneuse, Frankénie annuelle

names: Франкенія припорошена

names: פרנקניה מאובקת

reason: Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready.

reason: No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page.


slug: frankenia-repens

scientific: Frankenia repens

authorship: (P.J.Bergius) Fourc.

epithet: repens

published_in: Mem. Bot. Surv. South Africa 20: 43 (1941)

Frankenia krebsii

authorship: Cham. & Schltdl.

Frankenia nothria

authorship: Thunb.

Cape Provinces

code: CPP

region: Southern Africa

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 63 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Mat Sea Heath
Seaheath

value: non-woody

authors: (P.J.Bergius) Fourc.

published_in: Mem. Bot. Surv. South Africa 20: 43

reason: No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name.


slug: frankenia-salina

scientific: Frankenia salina

authorship: (Molina) I.M.Johnst.

epithet: salina

published_in: Contr. Gray Herb. 70: 92 (1924)

preferred: Alkali Heath

english:
Alkali Heath
alkali seaheath

Franca grandifolia

authorship: (Cham. & Schltdl.) Greene

Frankenia berteroana

authorship: Gay

Frankenia campestris

authorship: (A.Gray) Tidestr.

Frankenia grandiflora var. micrantha

authorship: Gay ex W.L.Bray

Frankenia grandifolia subsp. campestris

authorship: (A.Gray) A.E.Murray

Frankenia micrantha subsp. berteroana

authorship: (Gay) W.Bray

Frankenia salina var. micrantha

authorship: (Gay) Gunckel

Ocimum salinum

authorship: Molina

codes: CAL MXI MXE MXN NEV CLC

California

code: CAL

Mexican Pacific Is.

code: MXI

region: Mexico

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

Nevada

code: NEV

Chile Central

code: CLC

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2027 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
alkali seaheath
Alkali Heath

names:
flor de cal
yerba reuma

names: Франкения солончаковая

partners:
Bombus vosnesenskii
Agapostemon texanus
Anthophora flavocincta
Anthophora urbana
Apis mellifera
Bembix americana
Bombus californicus
Bombus sonorus

partners:
Bembix americana
Polistes dominula
Sphex ichneumoneus
Vespula pensylvanica

partners:
Anas platyrhynchos
Fulica americana
Idiodonus heidemanni
Oxyura jamaicensis
Agapostemon texanus
Allograpta exotica
Anas acuta
Apis mellifera

value: perennial

label: Fruit type

value: capsule


slug: frankenia-sessilis

scientific: Frankenia sessilis

authorship: Summerh.

epithet: sessilis

codes: NSW SOA VIC WAU

New South Wales

code: NSW

South Australia

code: SOA

Victoria

code: VIC

Western Australia

code: WAU

value: shrub

authors: Summerh.

published_in: J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 48: 353

reason: Fewer than 30 georeferenced research-grade observations of this taxon, which is too few to state a percentile range for the conditions it grows in. We would rather show nothing than a range computed from eight points in one county.

reason: Only 10 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: frankenia-thymifolia

scientific: Frankenia thymifolia

authorship: Desf.

epithet: thymifolia

Frankenia reuteri

authorship: Boiss.

codes: ALG MOR TUN WSA SPA

Algeria

code: ALG

Morocco

code: MOR

Tunisia

code: TUN

Western Sahara

code: WSA

Spain

code: SPA

region: Southwestern Europe

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 39 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

value: woody

published_in: Fl. Atlant. 1: 316

reason: Only 0 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: frankenia-triandra

scientific: Frankenia triandra

epithet: triandra

Anthobryum aretioides

authorship: Phil.

Anthobryum clarenii

authorship: (R.E.Fr.) Cabrera

Anthobryum triandrum

authorship: (J.Rémy) Surgis

Pycnophyllum sulcatum

authorship: Griseb.

codes: AGW BOL CLN PER

Argentina Northwest

code: AGW

Bolivia

code: BOL

region: Western South America

Chile North

code: CLN

Peru

code: PER

climate: montane tropical

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 91 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

published_in: Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 3, 8: 237

reason: Only 12 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: franklandia-fucifolia

scientific: Franklandia fucifolia

genus: Franklandia

epithet: fucifolia

family: Proteaceae

published_in: Trans. Linn. Soc. London 10: 157 (1810)

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 60 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

label: Least Concern

published_in: Trans. Linn. Soc. London 10(1): 157


slug: frasera-albicaulis

scientific: Frasera albicaulis

genus: Frasera

epithet: albicaulis

family: Gentianaceae

preferred: whitestem frasera

Frasera caerulea

authorship: Mulford

Frasera nitida

authorship: Benth.

Frasera nitida var. albicaulis

authorship: (Griseb.) Card

Frasera nitida var. albida

authorship: Suksd.

Frasera nitida var. cusickii

authorship: (A.Gray) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.

Frasera pahutensis

authorship: Reveal

Leucocraspedum albicaule

authorship: (Griseb.) Rydb.

Leucocraspedum caeruleum

authorship: (Mulford) Rydb.

Swertia albicaulis

authorship: (Griseb.) Douglas ex Kuntze

Swertia albicaulis f. alba

authorship: (H.St.John) H.St.John

Swertia albicaulis var. columbiana

authorship: (H.St.John) J.S.Pringle

Swertia albicaulis var. cusickii

authorship: (A.Gray) J.S.Pringle

Swertia albicaulis var. modocensis

authorship: (H.St.John) T.N.Ho

Swertia albicaulis var. nitida

authorship: (Benth.) Jeps.

Swertia columbiana f. albida

authorship: (Suksd.) H.St.John

Swertia cusickii

authorship: (A.Gray) H.St.John

Swertia nitida subsp. cusickii

authorship: (A.Gray) Abrams

Swertia pahutensis

authorship: (Reveal) J.S.Pringle

codes: BRC CAL IDA MNT NEV ORE WAS

British Columbia

code: BRC

region: Western Canada

California

code: CAL

Idaho

code: IDA

Montana

code: MNT

Oregon

code: ORE

Washington

code: WAS

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 735 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
whitestem frasera
Cusick's frasera

partners:
Bombus vosnesenskii
Andrena nigrocaerulea
Bombus bifarius
Bombus centralis
Bombus fervidus
Bombus huntii
Dialictus
Eucera edwardsii

partners:
Erynnis propertius
Trichodes ornatus

authors: Griseb.

published_in: Fl. Bor.-Amer. (Hooker) 2(8): 67


slug: frasera-albomarginata

scientific: Frasera albomarginata

epithet: albomarginata

published_in: Botany [Fortieth Parallel] : 280 (1871)

preferred: desert frasera

Frasera albomarginata var. induta

authorship: (Tidestr.) Card

Frasera induta

authorship: Tidestr.

Leucocraspedum albomarginatum

authorship: (S.Watson) Rydb.

Swertia albomarginata

authorship: (S.Watson) Kuntze

Swertia albomarginata subsp. purpusii

authorship: (Jeps.) A.E.Murray

codes: ARI CAL COL NEV NWM UTA

Arizona

code: ARI

Colorado

code: COL

Nevada

code: NEV

New Mexico

code: NWM

Utah

code: UTA

lifeform: biennial or perennial

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 437 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
desert frasera
desert green gentian

label: Eaten by

published_in: Botany [Fortieth Parallel] 280


slug: frasera-caroliniensis

scientific: Frasera caroliniensis

authorship: Walter

epithet: caroliniensis

preferred: American columbo

Frasera officinalis

authorship: Barton

Frasera verticillata

authorship: Raf.

Frasera walteri

authorship: Michx.

Swertia carolinensis

authorship: Baill. ex Gilg

authorship: (Walter) Kuntze

Swertia frasera

authorship: Sm.

codes: ALA ARK GEO ILL INI KTY MIC MSI MSO NWY NCA OHI OKL ONT PEN SCA TEN VRG WIS

Alabama

code: ALA

region: Southeastern U.S.A.

Arkansas

code: ARK

Georgia

code: GEO

Illinois

code: ILL

region: North-Central U.S.A.

Indiana

code: INI

region: Northeastern U.S.A.

Kentucky

code: KTY

Michigan

code: MIC

Mississippi

code: MSI

Missouri

code: MSO

New York

code: NWY

North Carolina

code: NCA

Ohio

code: OHI

Oklahoma

code: OKL

Ontario

code: ONT

region: Eastern Canada

Pennsylvania

code: PEN

South Carolina

code: SCA

Tennessee

code: TEN

Virginia

code: VRG

Wisconsin

code: WIS

lifeform: monocarpic perennial

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2025 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
American columbo
Carolina Gentian

partners:
Bombus impatiens
Bombus bimaculatus
Speyeria cybele
Strangalepta abbreviata

label: Visited by


slug: frasera-fastigiata

scientific: Frasera fastigiata

authorship: (Pursh) A.Heller

epithet: fastigiata

published_in: Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 312 (1897)

preferred: clustered green gentian

Frasera thyrsiflora

authorship: Hook.

Swertia fastigiata

authorship: Pursh

codes: IDA WAS

Idaho

code: IDA

region: Northwestern U.S.A.

Washington

code: WAS

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 360 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Anacrabro ocellatus
Andrena virginiana
Anoplodera pubera
Anthrenus museorum
Ashmeadiella bucconis
Cerceris clypeata
Cerceris deserta
Cheilosia capillata

partners:
Apis mellifera
Anthemoessa abrupta
Bombias separatus
Bombus bifarius
Bombus flavifrons
Bombus pensylvanicus
Bombus rufocinctus
Bombus vancouverensis

published_in: Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24(6): 312


slug: frasera-gypsicola

scientific: Frasera gypsicola

authorship: (Barneby) D.M.Post

epithet: gypsicola

preferred: Sunnyside frasera

Swertia gypsicola

authorship: Barneby

codes: NEV UTA

Nevada

code: NEV

region: Southwestern U.S.A.

Utah

code: UTA

names:
Sunnyside frasera
Sunnyside green gentian

authors: (Barneby) D.M.Post

reason: Only 4 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: frasera-montana

scientific: Frasera montana

authorship: Mulford

epithet: montana

preferred: white frasera

Leucocraspedum montanum

authorship: (Mulford) Rydb.

Swertia montana

authorship: (Mulford) H.St.John

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 100 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: Mulford

reason: Only 5 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: frasera-neglecta

scientific: Frasera neglecta

epithet: neglecta

preferred: pine green gentian

Swertia neglecta

authorship: (H.M.Hall) Jeps.

California

code: CAL

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 129 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Ammophila
Trichodes ornatus
Bombus vosnesenskii


slug: frasera-paniculata

scientific: Frasera paniculata

authorship: Torr.

epithet: paniculata

published_in: Pacif. Railr. Rep. Whipple, Bot. 4(5; 4): 126 (1857)

preferred: tufted frasera

Leucocraspedum utahense

authorship: (M.E.Jones) Rydb.

Swertia bigelowii

authorship: Kuntze

Swertia utahensis

authorship: (M.E.Jones) H.St.John

codes: ARI COL NWM UTA

Arizona

code: ARI

Colorado

code: COL

New Mexico

code: NWM

region: South-Central U.S.A.

lifeform: biennial

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 77 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
tufted frasera
Paniculate Frasera

authors: Torr.

published_in: Pacif. Railr. Rep. 4(5, 4): 126

reason: Only 7 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: frasera-parryi

scientific: Frasera parryi

epithet: parryi

preferred: Coahuila frasera

Swertia parryi

authorship: (Torr.) Kuntze

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 653 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Halictus farinosus
Judolia sexspilota
Leptotes marina
Mordella hubbsi
Strymon melinus
Trichodes ornatus

published_in: Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. 156


slug: frasera-puberulenta

scientific: Frasera puberulenta

authorship: Davidson

epithet: puberulenta

published_in: Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 11: 77 (1912)

preferred: Inyo frasera

Swertia albomarginata var. purpusii

authorship: Jeps.

Swertia puberulenta

authorship: (Davidson) Jeps.

codes: CAL NEV

climate: subalpine or subarctic

authors: Davidson

published_in: Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 11: 77


slug: frasera-speciosa

scientific: Frasera speciosa

authorship: Douglas ex Griseb.

epithet: speciosa

preferred: monument plant

english:
monument plant
elkweed

Frasera ampla

authorship: Greene

Frasera angustifolia

authorship: (Rydb.) Rydb.

Frasera speciosa var. angustifolia

authorship: Rydb.

Swertia radiata

authorship: (Kellogg) Kuntze

Swertia radiata var. macrophylla

authorship: (Greene) H.St.John

Swertia radiata var. maderensis

authorship: Henrickson

Tessaranthium macrophyllum

authorship: (Greene) Rydb.

Tessaranthium radiatum

authorship: Kellogg

Tessaranthium speciosum

authorship: (Douglas ex Griseb.) Rydb.

codes: ARI CAL COL IDA MXE MXN MNT NEV NWM ORE SDA TEX UTA WAS WYO

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

Montana

code: MNT

Oregon

code: ORE

South Dakota

code: SDA

Texas

code: TEX

Wyoming

code: WYO

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1994 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Andrena crataegi
Andrena madronitens
Anthophora terminalis
Apis mellifera
Apoidea
Bombus
Bombus centralis
Bombus flavifrons

partners:
Anthophora terminalis
Bombus centralis
Bombus huntii
Bombus melanopygus
Halictus
Halictus rubicundus
Andrena crataegi
Apis mellifera

partners:
Anthophora bomboides
Anthophora terminalis
Bombus centralis
Bombus flavifrons
Bombus insularis
Bombus nevadensis
Bombus rufocinctus
Cosmosalia chrysocoma

partners:
Aphis fraserae
Apoidea
Bombus centralis
Bombus huntii
Bombus insularis
Epargyreus clarus
Leptotes marina
Pyrobombus


slug: frasera-tubulosa

scientific: Frasera tubulosa

authorship: Coville

epithet: tubulosa

published_in: Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 7: 71 (1892)

preferred: Kern frasera

Swertia tubulosa

authorship: (Coville) Jeps.

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 117 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Anthophora urbana
Osmia

authors: Coville

published_in: Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 7: 71

reason: Only 6 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: fraxinus-albicans

scientific: Fraxinus albicans

authorship: Buckley

genus: Fraxinus

epithet: albicans

family: Oleaceae

published_in: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia  14: 4 (1862 publ. 1863)

preferred: Texas ash

source: usda

Fraxinus americana subsp. texensis

authorship: (A.Gray) G.S.Mill.

Fraxinus americana var. albicans

authorship: (Buckley) Lingelsh.

Fraxinus texensis

authorship: (A.Gray) Sarg.

codes: MXE OKL TEX

Oklahoma

code: OKL

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2004 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

iucn_category: NT

label: Near Threatened

names: 山梣 德州梣

value: tree

authors: Buckley

USDA PLANTS Database

note: common name, checklist symbol FRAL3

license: public domain

reason: Only 2 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: fraxinus-americana

scientific: Fraxinus americana

authorship: L.

epithet: americana

preferred: white ash

english:
white ash
American Ash
American ash
White Ash

Aplilia macrophyla

authorship: (Hoffmanns.) Raf.

Calycomelia acuminata

authorship: (Lam.) Kostel.

Calycomelia alba

authorship: (Marshall) Kostel.

Calycomelia americana

authorship: (L.) Kostel.

Calycomelia biltmoreana

authorship: (Beadle) Nieuwl.

Calycomelia epiptera

authorship: (Michx.) Kostel.

Calycomelia pistaciifolia

authorship: Nieuwl.

Calycomelia viridis

authorship: (Bosc) Kostel.

Fraxinoides alba

authorship: (Marshall) Medik.

Fraxinus acuminata

authorship: Lam.

Fraxinus alba

authorship: Marshall

Fraxinus americana f. acuminata

authorship: (Lam.) Voss

Fraxinus americana f. ascidiata

authorship: (Meun.) Rehder

Fraxinus americana f. iodocarpa

authorship: Fernald

Fraxinus americana subsp. biltmoreana

authorship: (Beadle) A.E.Murray

Fraxinus americana subsp. novae-angliae

authorship: (Mill.) Wesm.

Fraxinus americana subsp. typicum

authorship: Wesm.

Fraxinus americana var. acuminata

authorship: (Lam.) Wesm.

authorship: (Lam.) K.Koch

Fraxinus americana var. alba

authorship: (Marshall) Castigl.

authorship: (Marshall) Weston

Fraxinus americana var. ascidiata

authorship: Meun.

Fraxinus americana var. biltmoreana

authorship: (Beadle) J.W.Wright ex Fernald

Fraxinus americana var. crassifolia

authorship: Sarg.

Fraxinus americana var. curtissii

authorship: (Vasey) Sudw.

Fraxinus americana var. epiptera

authorship: (Michx.) Wesm.

Fraxinus americana var. juglandifolia

authorship: Rehder

Fraxinus americana var. latifolia

authorship: (Vahl) Loudon

Fraxinus americana var. longifolia

authorship: (Vahl) Wesm.

Fraxinus biltmoreana

authorship: Beadle

Fraxinus biltmoreana var. subcoriacea

authorship: (Sarg.) J.J.N.Campb.

Fraxinus canadensis

authorship: Gaertn.

Fraxinus carolinensis

authorship: hort. ex Lavallée

authorship: Wangenh.

Fraxinus caroliniana

authorship: Willd.

Fraxinus caroliniana var. latifolia

authorship: Roem. & Schult.

authorship: (Vahl) Willd.

Fraxinus curtissii

authorship: Vasey

Fraxinus discolor

authorship: Muhl.

Fraxinus discolor var. juglandifolia

authorship: (Lam.) Muhl.

Fraxinus epiptera

authorship: Michx.

Fraxinus glauca

authorship: Raf.

Fraxinus macrophylla

authorship: Hoffmanns.

Fraxinus nigra var. juglandifolia

authorship: (Lam.) Castigl.

Fraxinus novae-angliae

authorship: Mill.

authorship: Mill

name: Fraxinus pennsylvanica subsp. novae-angliae

authorship: (Mill.) Buttler

Fraxinus pistaciifolia

authorship: E.Hall ex A.Gray.

Fraxinus pubescens var. latifolia

authorship: Vahl

Fraxinus viridis

authorship: Bosc

Leptalix acuminata

authorship: (Lam.) Raf.

Leptalix alba

authorship: (Marshall) Raf.

Leptalix epiptera

authorship: (Michx.) Raf.

Leptalix viridis

authorship: (Bosc) Raf.

Ornanthes americana

authorship: (L.) Raf.

Ornus americana

authorship: (L.) Bosc

codes: ALA ARK CNT DEL WDC FLA GEO ILL INI IOW KAN KTY LOU MAI MRY MAS MXE MIC MIN MSI MSO NEB NBR NWH NWJ NWY NCA NSC OHI OKL ONT PEN PEI QUE RHO SCA TEN TEX VER VRG WVA WIS

Alabama

code: ALA

Arkansas

code: ARK

Connecticut

code: CNT

Delaware

code: DEL

District of Columbia

code: WDC

Florida

code: FLA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2031 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

Betulin

activities: AntiHIV Anticarcinomic Antifeedant Antiflu Antiinflammatory Antitumor Antiviral Aphidifuge

names: Ясень американский

names: アメリカアッシュ アメリカタモ

names:
Amerika dişbudağı
Amerika Beyaz Dişbudağı

names: 미국물푸레 미국물푸레나무

names: מילה אמריקנית

partners:
Acanthoscelides obtectus
Ammophila procera
Andrena nuda
Anthidium maculifrons
Anthrenus museorum
Cerceris clypeata
Coelioxys alternata
Coelioxys brevis

partners:
Accipiter striatus
Corvus brachyrhynchos
Cyanocitta cristata
Regulus satrapa
Sciurus carolinensis
Sitta canadensis
Sitta carolinensis
Tamiasciurus hudsonicus

partners:
Agrilus subcinctus
Alsophila pometaria
Baliosus nervosus
Camponotus castaneus
Dasineura pellex
Dasineura tumidosae
Dioctria hyalipennis
Halysidota tessellaris

partners:
Agrilus planipennis
Ceratomia undulosa
Automeris io
Callosamia promethea
Ennomos magnaria magnaria
Ennomos subsignaria
Erannis tiliaria
Euchlaena marginaria

partners:
Aceria fraxinicola
Ageniaspis bicoloripes
Agrilus planipennis
Aphytis
Chrysobothris sexsignata
Dicerca divaricata
Mymaromella pala
Pediobius liocephalatus

quote: Flowers are numerous, very small, green to purplish

quote: This species flowers in April-May, the male first, before appearance of the leaves

reason: Only 8 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: fraxinus-angustifolia

scientific: Fraxinus angustifolia

epithet: angustifolia

preferred: Narrow-leafed Ash

source: wikidata

Fraxinus americana var. calabriensis

authorship: Weston

Fraxinus angustifolia f. acuminata

authorship: Jovan.

Fraxinus angustifolia f. lanceolata

authorship: Cout.

Fraxinus angustifolia f. monophylla

authorship: (Dippel) Rehder

Fraxinus angustifolia f. oxycarpa

authorship: (M.Bieb. ex Willd.) P.D.Sell

Fraxinus angustifolia f. pendula

authorship: (Loudon) Rehder

Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. danubialis

authorship: Pouzar

name: Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. microphylla

authorship: Dippel

Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. pannonica

authorship: Soó & T.Simon

authorship: Soó & Simon

name: Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. pyramidalis

Fraxinus angustifolia var. algeriensis

authorship: (Lingelsh.) Maire

Fraxinus angustifolia var. australis

authorship: (Cambess.) C.K.Schneid.

Fraxinus angustifolia var. cuspidata

authorship: Maire & Trab.

name: Fraxinus angustifolia var. lentiscifolia

authorship: (Desf.) A.Henry

Fraxinus angustifolia var. numidica

authorship: (Dippel) Maire

Fraxinus angustifolia var. obtusa

authorship: Rouy & Foucaud

Fraxinus angustifolia var. oligophylla

authorship: (Boiss.) Fukarek

Fraxinus angustifolia var. oxycarpa

authorship: (M.Bieb. ex Willd.) Fukarek

Fraxinus angustifolia var. pannonica

authorship: Fukarek

Fraxinus angustifolia var. persica

authorship: (Boiss.) Azadi

Fraxinus angustifolia var. pilosa

authorship: Azadi

Fraxinus angustifolia var. pojarkoviana

authorship: Kárpáti

Fraxinus angustifolia var. rostrata

authorship: (Guss.) Rouy & Foucaud

Fraxinus angustifolia var. rotundifolia

authorship: (Mill.) A.Henry

Fraxinus angustifolia var. subrostrata

authorship: Maire

Fraxinus australis

authorship: J.Gay ex K.Koch

authorship: Mont. ex Gren. & Godr.

authorship: (Cambess.) J.Gay

Fraxinus dentata

authorship: Tausch

Fraxinus elongatifolia

authorship: Sennen

Fraxinus excelsior prol. angustifolia

authorship: (Vahl) Rouy

Fraxinus excelsior prol. australis

authorship: (Cambess.) Rouy

Fraxinus excelsior prol. oxycarpa

authorship: (M.Bieb. ex Willd.) Rouy

Fraxinus excelsior prol. parvifolia

authorship: Rouy

Fraxinus excelsior subsp. angustifolia

authorship: (Vahl) Wesm.

Fraxinus excelsior subsp. australis

authorship: (Cambess.) Nyman

Fraxinus excelsior subsp. oxycarpa

authorship: (M.Bieb. ex Willd.) Wesm.

Fraxinus excelsior subsp. oxyphylla

authorship: Batt.

Fraxinus excelsior subsp. parvifolia

authorship: (Dum.Cours.) Arcang.

authorship: (Boiss.) Wesm.

Fraxinus excelsior subsp. rostrata

authorship: (Guss.) Arcang.

Fraxinus excelsior var. angustifolia

authorship: (Vahl) Fiori & Paol.

Fraxinus excelsior var. australis

authorship: (J.Gay) Gren. & Godr.

authorship: Cambess.

authorship: Wesm.

Fraxinus excelsior var. leptocarpa

authorship: (A.DC.) Wesm.

Fraxinus excelsior var. oxycarpa

authorship: (Willd.) Zernov

authorship: (M.Bieb. ex Willd.) Fiori & Paol.

Fraxinus excelsior var. oxyphylla

authorship: (M.Bieb.) Par.

Fraxinus excelsior var. parvifolia

authorship: (Boiss.) Arcang.

Fraxinus excelsior var. rostrata

authorship: (Guss.) Wesm.

Fraxinus humilior

authorship: Garsault

Fraxinus lentiscifolia

authorship: Desf.

Fraxinus lentiscifolia f. pendula-vera

authorship: Schelle

Fraxinus lentiscifolia var. nana

authorship: Jacob-Makoy

Fraxinus lentiscifolia var. pendula

authorship: Loudon

name: Fraxinus lentiscifolia var. tamariscifolia

authorship: (Vahl) Willd.

Fraxinus microphylla

authorship: Willd.

Fraxinus nana

authorship: Dippel ex Koehne

Fraxinus obtusa

authorship: Willk. & Lange

Fraxinus orientalis

authorship: Colla

Fraxinus ornus var. parvifolia

authorship: (Dum.Cours.) Ten.

Fraxinus oxycarpa

authorship: M.Bieb. ex Willd.

Fraxinus oxycarpa f. bornmuelleri

authorship: Lingelsh.

Fraxinus oxycarpa f. cuspidata

authorship: (Dippel) Lingelsh.

codes: ALG MOR TUN AFG IRN IRQ LBS NCS PAL TKM TUR PAK ALB AUT BAL BUL COR CZE FRA GRC HUN ITA KRY YUG POR ROM SAR SIC SPA TUE

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2051 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Fresno de Hoja Estrecha
Fresno de hojas estrechas

names: مران رفيع الأوراق

names: Ясень узколистный

names:
Frassino meridionale
frassino a foglie strette

names:
Dar Yapraklı Dişbudak
Sivri meyveli dişbudak

names: Ясен вузьколистий

names:
Νερόφραξος
Στενόφυλλος φράξος

partners:
Capreolus capreolus italicus
Chidaea orangensis
Psittacula krameri
Psyllopsis fraxinicola
Stereonychus fraxini
Tyligma dandavalex

partners:
Hymenoscyphus albidus
Hymenoscyphus fraxineus
Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus


slug: fraxinus-anomala

scientific: Fraxinus anomala

authorship: Torr. ex S.Watson

epithet: anomala

published_in: Botany [Fortieth Parallel] : 283 (1871)

preferred: single-leaf ash

english:
single-leaf ash
singleleaf ash

Fraxinus anomala subsp. lowellii

authorship: (Sarg. ex Rehder) A.E.Murray

Fraxinus anomala var. lowellii

authorship: (Sarg. ex Rehder) Little

Fraxinus lowellii

authorship: Sarg. ex Rehder

source: Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)

codes: ARI CAL COL NEV NWM UTA WYO

Arizona

code: ARI

California

code: CAL

Nevada

code: NEV

Utah

code: UTA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1555 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
single-leaf ash
singleleaf ash

names: Ясень аномальный

label: Parasites

value: nanophanerophyte

label: Growth rate

value: moderate

label: Height

value: deciduous

reason: Only 22 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: fraxinus-berlandieriana

scientific: Fraxinus berlandieriana

epithet: berlandieriana

preferred: Mexican ash

Fraxinus americana var. berlanderiana

authorship: (A.DC.) Wesm.

Fraxinus pubescens var. berlandieriana

authorship: (A.DC.) Wenz.

Fraxinus viridis f. berlandieriana

authorship: (A.DC.) Voss

Fraxinus viridis var. berlandieriana

authorship: (A.DC.) Torr.

codes: LOU MXG MXE TEX

Louisiana

code: LOU

Mexico Gulf

code: MXG

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

source: CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 733 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Mexican ash
Berlandier ash

names: fresno plumero

source: EOL TraitBank / NMNH Botany specimens

label: Life form

value: phanerophyte

reason: Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all.

reason: Only 3 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: fraxinus-caroliniana

scientific: Fraxinus caroliniana

authorship: Mill.

epithet: caroliniana

preferred: Carolina ash

Calycomelia caroliniana

authorship: (Mill.) Kostel.

Calycomelia pallida

authorship: (Bosc) Kostel.

Calycomelia platycarpa

authorship: (Michx.) Kostel.

Fraxinus americana var. caroliniana

authorship: (Mill.) D.J.Browne

Fraxinus americana var. triptera

authorship: (Nutt.) D.J.Browne

Fraxinus caroliniana f. hypomalaca

authorship: Fernald

Fraxinus caroliniana f. lasiophylla

authorship: Fernald & B.G.Schub.

Fraxinus caroliniana f. pubescens

authorship: (M.A.Curtis) Fernald & B.G.Schub.

Fraxinus caroliniana subsp. cubensis

authorship: (Griseb.) Borhidi

Fraxinus caroliniana var. cubensis

authorship: (Griseb.) Lingelsh.

Fraxinus caroliniana var. pauciflora

authorship: (Nutt.) D.B.Ward

Fraxinus caroliniana var. platycarpa

authorship: (Michx.) Lingelsh.

Fraxinus caroliniana var. pubescens

authorship: (M.A.Curtis) Fernald

Fraxinus cordata

authorship: Raf.

Fraxinus cubensis

authorship: Griseb.

Fraxinus curvidens

authorship: Hoffmanns.

Fraxinus floridana

authorship: (Wenz.) Sarg.

Fraxinus nigra subsp. caroliniana

authorship: (Mill.) Wesm.

Fraxinus nigrescens

authorship: Buckley

Fraxinus pallida

authorship: Bosc

Fraxinus pauciflora

authorship: Nutt.

Fraxinus pennsylvanica subsp. cubensis

authorship: (Griseb.) A.E.Murray

Fraxinus platycarpa

authorship: Michx.

Fraxinus platycarpa var. floridana

authorship: Wenz.

Fraxinus platycarpa var. triptera

authorship: (Nutt.) Alph.Wood

Leptalix caroliniana

authorship: (Mill.) Raf.

Leptalix pallida

authorship: (Bosc) Raf.

Leptalix platycarpa

authorship: (Michx.) Raf.

Samarpses triptera

authorship: (Nutt.) Raf.

codes: ALA ARK FLA GEO LOU MSI NCA SCA TEX VRG CUB

Georgia

code: GEO

Mississippi

code: MSI

North Carolina

code: NCA

South Carolina

code: SCA

Virginia

code: VRG

Cuba

code: CUB

region: Caribbean

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 583 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

source: Kew World Checklist of Useful Plant Species

label: Endangered

names:
Carolina ash
Florida ash

source: Wikidata (P1843, CC0) + GBIF vernacular names

reason: Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted.


slug: fraxinus-chinensis

scientific: Fraxinus chinensis

authorship: Roxb.

epithet: chinensis

preferred: Chinese ash

Fraxinus chinensis var. rhynchophylla

authorship: (Hance) Hemsl.

Fraxinus chinensis var. rotundata

authorship: Lingelsh.

Fraxinus densata

authorship: Nakai

Fraxinus hopeiensis

authorship: Tang

Fraxinus japonica

authorship: Blume ex K.Koch

Fraxinus japonica f. intermedia

authorship: (Nakai) Hara

Fraxinus japonica f. stenocarpa

authorship: (Koidz.) T.Yamaz.

Fraxinus japonica var. stenocarpa

authorship: (Koidz.) Ohwi

Fraxinus koshiensis

authorship: Koidz.

Fraxinus lingelsheimii

authorship: Rehder

Fraxinus ornus var. bungeana

authorship: Hance

name: Fraxinus rhynchophylla var. angusticarpa

Fraxinus rhynchophylla var. densata

authorship: (Nakai) Y.N.Lee

Fraxinus rhynchophylla var. hopeiensis

authorship: (Tang) Chü ex J.Z.Liu

name: Fraxinus rhynchophylla var. huashanensis

authorship: J.L.Wu & Z.W.Xie

name: Fraxinus rhynchophylla var. lasiorhachis

Fraxinus rhynchophylla var. mollis

authorship: Uyeki

codes: CHN CHC CHS CHI JAP KOR CHM PRM CHQ CHT LAO THA VIE

China North-Central

code: CHN

China South-Central

code: CHC

China Southeast

code: CHS

Inner Mongolia

code: CHI

Japan

code: JAP

region: Eastern Asia

Korea

code: KOR

Manchuria

code: CHM

Primorye

code: PRM

region: Russian Far East

Qinghai

code: CHQ

Tibet

code: CHT

Laos

code: LAO

region: Indo-China

Thailand

code: THA

Vietnam

code: VIE

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 91 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

Esculin

activities: Analgesic AntiCVS Antiaging Antialopecic Antiarthritic Anticapillary-Fragility Anticellulitic Antidermatitic

Esculetin

activities: 5-Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor Analgesic Antiarrhythmic Antiasthmatic? Antibacterial Anticapillary-Fragility Antidysenteric Antiescherichic

Fraxetin

activities: Antiarthritic Antibacterial Antibronchitic Antidysenteric Antipyretic Antirheumatic Antiseptic Candidistat

Fraxin

activities: Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor Antiinflammatory Antioxidant Antiseptic Candidistat Diuretic Pesticide Sunscreen

source: IUCN Red List category via Wikidata (P141)

names: 白蜡 白蜡树

names: Ясень китайский

partners:
Agrilus planipennis
Apolygus lucorum
Caloptilia albicapitata
Caloptilia arsenievi
Caloptilia ussuriella
Chamaepetes goudotii
Coreana raphaelis
Ussuriana fani

type: hasPathogen

label: Pathogens

source: USDA PLANTS, GIFT, Wikidata, EOL TraitBank (via Zenodo) and traits mined from USDA NRCS plant guides

reason: Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready.


slug: fraxinus-cuspidata

scientific: Fraxinus cuspidata

authorship: Torr.

epithet: cuspidata

preferred: fragrant ash

Fraxinus cuspidata subsp. macropetala

authorship: (Eastw.) A.E.Murray

Fraxinus cuspidata var. macropetala

authorship: (Eastw.) Rehder

Fraxinus macropetala

authorship: Eastw.

Fraxinus mexicana

authorship: Sweet

Ornus cuspidata

authorship: (Torr.) Nieuwl.

codes: ARI MXE NEV NWM TEX

Arizona

code: ARI

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

Nevada

code: NEV

New Mexico

code: NWM

Texas

code: TEX

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 144 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
fragrant ash
flowering ash

names: Ясень длинноостроконечный

source: GIFT

published_in: Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. 166

source: IPNI (International Plant Names Index)

reason: No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page.


slug: fraxinus-dipetala

scientific: Fraxinus dipetala

authorship: Hook. & Arn.

epithet: dipetala

published_in: Bot. Beechey Voy. : 362 (1839)

preferred: California ash

english:
California ash
Two-Petal Ash

Chionanthus fraxinifolius

authorship: Kellogg

Fraxinus ciliata

authorship: Dippel

Fraxinus dipetala subsp. trifoliolata

authorship: (Torr.) A.E.Murray

Fraxinus jonesii

authorship: Lingelsh.

Fraxinus parryi

authorship: Moran

Fraxinus trifoliolata

authorship: (Torr.) F.H.Lewis & Epling

Ornus dipetala

authorship: (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.

Ornus quadrialata

authorship: Jacques

Petlomelia dipetala

authorship: (Hook. & Arn.) Nieuwl.

codes: ARI CAL MXN NEV UTA

California

code: CAL

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

Utah

code: UTA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 624 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
California ash
Two-Petal Ash

names: Ясень двухлепестный

label: Photosynthetic pathway

authors: Hook. & Arn.

published_in: Bot. Beechey Voy. pt. 8: 362


slug: fraxinus-excelsior

scientific: Fraxinus excelsior

authorship: L.

epithet: excelsior

preferred: European ash

english:
European ash
ash

source: inat

Aplilia laciniata

authorship: Raf.

Aplilia pendula

authorship: (Aiton) Raf.

Fraxinus angustifolia var. obliqua

authorship: (Tausch) Fukarek

Fraxinus apetala

authorship: Lam.

Fraxinus appendiculata

authorship: Pers.

Fraxinus ararica

authorship: Gand.

Fraxinus atrovirens

authorship: (Pers.) Desf.

Fraxinus aurea

authorship: Willd.

Fraxinus baurieri

authorship: Sennen & Gonzalo

Fraxinus biloba

authorship: Gren. & Godr.

Fraxinus brevidentata

authorship: Sennen & Elías

Fraxinus bumelia

authorship: Bedevian

Fraxinus ceretanica

authorship: Sennen

Fraxinus coriariifolia

authorship: Scheele

Fraxinus crispa

authorship: (Willd.) Bosc

Fraxinus cucullata

authorship: Baltet ex Dippel

Fraxinus excelsior f. angustifolia

authorship: (Schelle) P.D.Sell

Fraxinus excelsior f. antonii

authorship: Nyár.

Fraxinus excelsior f. argentea

authorship: (Dum.Cours.) Dippel

Fraxinus excelsior f. argenteovariegata

authorship: (Weston) Schelle

Fraxinus excelsior f. asplenifolia

authorship: (G.Kirchn.) Rehder

Fraxinus excelsior f. aurea

authorship: (Willd.) Schelle

Fraxinus excelsior f. aurea-pendula

authorship: (Dum.Cours.) Rehder

Fraxinus excelsior f. aureopunctata

authorship: Beissner

authorship: Schelle

Fraxinus excelsior f. aureovariegata

authorship: (Weston) Rehder

Fraxinus excelsior f. crispa

authorship: (Willd.) Lingelsh.

Fraxinus excelsior f. digitata

authorship: Nordin & Iwarsson

Fraxinus excelsior f. diversifolia

authorship: (Aiton) Lingelsh.

name: Fraxinus excelsior f. heterophylla-variegata

authorship: Loudon

Fraxinus excelsior f. horizontalis

authorship: (Pers.) Lingelsh.

Fraxinus excelsior f. kincairniae

authorship: (Loudon) Lingelsh.

Fraxinus excelsior f. leucocarpa

authorship: (Beissn.) Lingelsh.

Fraxinus excelsior f. lutea

authorship: (Weston) Lodd. ex Dippel

name: Fraxinus excelsior f. monophylla-pendula

Fraxinus excelsior f. mucronata

authorship: Domin

Fraxinus excelsior f. pendula

authorship: (Aiton) Schelle

Fraxinus excelsior f. purpurascens

authorship: Descemet ex Loudon

Fraxinus excelsior f. spectabilis

authorship: (Jacob-Makoy) Rehder

Fraxinus excelsior f. verrucosa

authorship: (Dum.Cours.) K.Koch

Fraxinus excelsior prol. heterophylla

authorship: (Vahl) Rouy

Fraxinus excelsior subsp. biloba

authorship: (Gren. & Godr.) Arcang.

name: Fraxinus excelsior subvar. aurea-pendula

Fraxinus excelsior unranked aucubifolia

authorship: Jacob-Makoy

name: Fraxinus excelsior unranked edentata-pendula

authorship: Van Geert

name: Fraxinus excelsior unranked pendula-folia-variegata

authorship: Pynaert

Fraxinus excelsior var. acuminata

authorship: Schur

Fraxinus excelsior var. albovariegata

authorship: Hayne

name: Fraxinus excelsior var. argenteovariegata

authorship: Weston

Fraxinus excelsior var. atrovirens

authorship: (Pers.) Dippel

Fraxinus excelsior var. aurea

authorship: (Willd.) Pers.

Fraxinus excelsior var. aurea-pendula

authorship: (Dum.Cours.) Loudon

Fraxinus excelsior var. biloba

authorship: (Gren. & Godr.) Wesm.

Fraxinus excelsior var. communis

authorship: Aiton

Fraxinus excelsior var. coriariifolia

authorship: (Scheele) Boiss.

Fraxinus excelsior var. cucullata

authorship: Carrière

Fraxinus excelsior var. heterocarpa

authorship: Bertrand

Fraxinus excelsior var. heterophylla

authorship: (Vahl) Willd. ex Wesm.

authorship: (Vahl) Gray

Fraxinus excelsior var. integrifolia

authorship: Pott

Fraxinus excelsior var. leucocarpa

authorship: Beissn.

Fraxinus excelsior var. monophylla

authorship: (Dum.Cours.) Gren. & Godr.

Fraxinus excelsior var. nana

authorship: (Pers.) Hayne

Fraxinus excelsior var. obliqua

authorship: (Tausch) Wesm.

name: Fraxinus excelsior var. pendula-variegata

name: Fraxinus excelsior var. scolopendrifolia

name: Fraxinus heterophylla unranked pendula-folia-variegata

codes: EAI IRN LBS NCS TCS TUR AUT BLT BLR BGM BUL RUC CZE DEN RUE FRA GER GRB GRC HUN IRE ITA KRY YUG NET NOR POL ROM SIC RUS SPA SWE SWI UKR

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1977 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
شجر الرماد الأوروبي
شجر الرماد الشائع

names:
Ясень обыкновенный
jasen vysokij

names:
Ясен звичайний
Ясен високий

names: מילה אירופאית

names:
Κοινός φράξινος
Μεγάλος φράξος

partners:
Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale
Aceria fraxinivora
Acronicta rumicis
Arthrocnodax fraxinella
Brumus quadripustulatus
Bryonia cretica
Caloptilia stigmatella
Camponotus ligniperda

partners:
Agrilus planipennis
Atethmia centrago
Cossus cossus
Euzophera pinguis
Hylesinus crenatus
Hylesinus varius
Issus muscaeformis
Myodes glareolus

partners:
Aceria fraxinivora
Phyllactinia fraxini
Psyllopsis discrepans
Psyllopsis fraxini
Psyllopsis fraxinicola
Aceria fraxinicola
Aculus epiphyllus
Aculus fraxini

partners:
Hymenoscyphus fraxineus
Agrilus planipennis
Aureobasidium
Fusarium oxysporum
Heterobasidion annosum
Hymenoscyphus albidus
Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus
Nectria ditissima


slug: fraxinus-gooddingii

scientific: Fraxinus gooddingii

authorship: Little

epithet: gooddingii

published_in: J. Washington Acad. Sci.  42: 373 (1952)

preferred: Goodding's Ash

english:
Goodding's Ash
Goodding's ash

Fraxinus greggii subsp. gooddingii

authorship: (Little) A.E.Murray

codes: ARI MXE MXN

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 31 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Goodding's ash
Goodding ash

name: GIFT (Global Inventory of Floras and Traits)

name: Traits mined from USDA NRCS plant guides

authors: Little

published_in: J. Wash. Acad. Sci. xlii. 373 (1952)

name: Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)

reason: No dated flowering annotations found for this taxon.


slug: fraxinus-greggii

scientific: Fraxinus greggii

epithet: greggii

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts  12: 63 (1877)

preferred: Gregg's ash

Fraxinus greggii f. nummularis

authorship: (M.E.Jones) C.H.Mull.

Fraxinus greggii subsp. nummularis

authorship: (M.E.Jones) A.E.Murray

Fraxinus schiedeana var. parvifolia

authorship: Torr.

Ornus greggii

authorship: (A.Gray) Nieuwl.

codes: MXG MXE MXN MXS TEX

Mexico Gulf

code: MXG

Mexico Southwest

code: MXS

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 257 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Gregg's ash
Gregg ash

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 12: 63

reason: Only 1 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: fraxinus-griffithii

scientific: Fraxinus griffithii

epithet: griffithii

Fraxinus bracteata

authorship: Hemsl.

Fraxinus eedenii

authorship: Boerl. & Koord.

Fraxinus floribunda var. integerrima

authorship: Wenz.

Fraxinus formosana

authorship: Hayata

Fraxinus griffithii var. koshunensis

authorship: (K.Mori) T.Yamaz.

Fraxinus guilinensis

authorship: S.K.Lee & F.N.Wei

Fraxinus philippinensis

authorship: Merr.

Fraxinus sasakii

authorship: Masam.

codes: CHC CHS CHH NNS TAI BAN JAW LSI MYA PHI VIE

China South-Central

code: CHC

region: China

China Southeast

code: CHS

Hainan

code: CHH

Nansei-shoto

code: NNS

Taiwan

code: TAI

Bangladesh

code: BAN

region: Indian Subcontinent

Jawa

code: JAW

region: Malesia

Lesser Sunda Is.

code: LSI

Myanmar

code: MYA

Philippines

code: PHI

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 986 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Evergreen tropical ash
Formosan ash

names: 光蜡树 光蠟樹

names: Ясень Гриффита

label: Pollinated by

partners:
Polistes jadwigae
Xylocopa appendiculata

partners:
Alisterus scapularis
Dolbina formosana
Pochazia shantungensis
Polistes rothneyi
Ricania shantungensis

source: Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI)

published_in: Fl. Brit. India [J. D. Hooker] 3(9): 605

reason: No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name.


slug: fraxinus-insularis

scientific: Fraxinus insularis

epithet: insularis

Fraxinus floribunda subsp. insularis

authorship: (Hemsl.) S.S.Sun

Fraxinus insularis var. henryana

authorship: (Oliv.) Z.Wei

Fraxinus retusa

authorship: Champ. ex Benth.

Fraxinus retusa var. henryana

authorship: Oliv.

Fraxinus retusa var. integra

authorship: Lingelsh.

codes: CHN CHC CHS CHH JAP NNS TAI

China North-Central

code: CHN

Japan

code: JAP

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 132 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: 臺灣梣 苦枥木

names: shima-tago シマタゴ

partners:
Parathyma ranga
Ussuriana michaelis takarana

label: Growth habit

label: Leaf retention

authors: Hemsl.

published_in: J. Linn. Soc., Bot. xxvi. (1889) 86


slug: fraxinus-latifolia

scientific: Fraxinus latifolia

authorship: Benth.

epithet: latifolia

published_in: Bot. Voy. Sulphur : 33 (1844)

preferred: Oregon Ash

english:
Oregon Ash
Oregon ash

Fraxinus americana subsp. oregana

authorship: (Nutt.) Wesm.

Fraxinus californica

authorship: Dippel

Fraxinus oregon var. riparia

authorship: Nutt.

Fraxinus oregona f. pulverulenta

authorship: Diek ex Beissn.

authorship: Dieck ex Beissn.

Fraxinus oregona var. latifolia

authorship: (Benth.) Lingelsh.

Fraxinus pennsylvanica subsp. oregona

authorship: (Nutt.) G.S.Mill.

codes: BRC CAL ORE WAS

British Columbia

code: BRC

California

code: CAL

Oregon

code: ORE

Washington

code: WAS

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2040 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: 阔叶梣 奧立岡梣

names: Oregon-Esche Oregonesche

names:
Frêne de l'Oregon
frêne d'Orégon

partners:
Vilbasteana oculata
Homoncocnemis fortis
Xylocopa sonorina

quote: this native, deciduous tree is variable in shape and form.

label: Woodiness

label: Growth form

value: Single Stem

quote: can reach a height of 75 feet in height

label: Leaf type

value: compound

quote: The compound leaves are 6 to 12 inches in length and consist of 5 or 7 yellow green leaflets

quote: generally ceases growth and drops its leaves when conditions become hot and dry

quote: Flowers are produced from March to April in California and through May further north and at higher elevations.


slug: fraxinus-mandshurica

scientific: Fraxinus mandshurica

authorship: Rupr.

epithet: mandshurica

published_in: Bull. Cl. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg  15: 371 (1857)

preferred: Manchurian ash

Fraxinus elatior

authorship: Thunb. ex Palib.

Fraxinus excelsa

authorship: Thunb.

Fraxinus excelsissima

authorship: Koidz.

Fraxinus mammifera

authorship: Steud.

name: Fraxinus mandshurica subsp. brevipedicellata

authorship: S.Z.Qu & T.C.Cui

Fraxinus mandshurica var. japonica

authorship: Maxim.

Fraxinus nigra subsp. mandshurica

authorship: (Rupr.) S.S.Sun

Fraxinus nigra var. mandshurica

authorship: (Rupr.) Lingelsh.

codes: AMU CHN CHC CHS CHI JAP KHA KOR KUR CHM PRM SAK

Amur

code: AMU

Inner Mongolia

code: CHI

Khabarovsk

code: KHA

Korea

code: KOR

Kuril Is.

code: KUR

Manchuria

code: CHM

Primorye

code: PRM

Sakhalin

code: SAK

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 133 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

label: Least Concern

names:
Manchurian ash
Japanese ash

names: 水曲柳 东北梣

names: Ясень маньчжурский

names: yachidamo ヤチダモ

names:
Asiatische Schwarzesche
mandschurische Esche

partners:
Agrilus planipennis
Agrilus japanocarinatus
Coreana raphaelis
Hebata fissurata
Okubasca okubella
Stictocephala bisonia
Ussuriana stygiana

partners:
Agrilus planipennis
Hymenoscyphus fraxineus
Ileostylus micranthus

reason: Only 0 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.