slug: cymbopogon-caesius

scientific: Cymbopogon caesius

authorship: (Hook. & Arn.) Stapf

epithet: caesius

published_in: Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1906: 341 (1906)

Andropogon bicornis

authorship: Forssk.

Andropogon caesius

authorship: Hook. & Arn.

Andropogon connatus

authorship: Hochst. ex A.Rich.

Andropogon excavatus

authorship: Hochst.

Andropogon nardoides var. minor

authorship: Nees

Andropogon schoenanthus var. caesius

authorship: (Hook. & Arn.) Hack.

name: Andropogon schoenanthus var. gracillimus

Cymbopogon caesius var. gracillimus

authorship: (Hook.f.) E.G.Camus & A.Camus

Cymbopogon connatus

authorship: Chiov.

Cymbopogon excavatus

authorship: (Hochst.) Stapf

name: Cymbopogon giganteus var. madagascariensis

Cymbopogon plicatus

authorship: Stapf

Cymbopogon suaveolens

authorship: Pilg.

Gymnanthelia connata

authorship: (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Schweinf. & Asch.

codes: ANG BOT BKN BUR CPP COM ZAI SWZ ETH OFS KEN NAT LES MDG MLW MOZ NAM TVL RWA REU SOM SUD TAN UGA ZAM ZIM AFG YEM BAN IND PAK SRL

Angola

code: ANG

region: South Tropical Africa

Botswana

code: BOT

Burkina

code: BKN

region: West Tropical Africa

Burundi

code: BUR

region: West-Central Tropical Africa

Comoros

code: COM

region: Western Indian Ocean

DR Congo

code: ZAI

Eswatini

code: SWZ

Ethiopia

code: ETH

region: Northeast Tropical Africa

Free State

code: OFS

Kenya

code: KEN

region: East Tropical Africa

KwaZulu-Natal

code: NAT

Lesotho

code: LES

Madagascar

code: MDG

Malawi

code: MLW

Mozambique

code: MOZ

Namibia

code: NAM

Northern Provinces

code: TVL

Rwanda

code: RWA

Réunion

code: REU

Somalia

code: SOM

Sudan-South Sudan

code: SUD

Tanzania

code: TAN

Uganda

code: UGA

Zambia

code: ZAM

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 83 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Broad-Leaved Turpentine
Broad-leaved Turpentine Grass

names: إذخر رمادي أزرق

names:
Breitblattriges pfeffergras
Breitblättriges Pfeffergras

partners:
Doratulina longivertex
Kobus ellipsiprymnus

name: Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)

reason: Only 7 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: cymbopogon-citratus

scientific: Cymbopogon citratus

authorship: (DC.) Stapf

genus: Cymbopogon

epithet: citratus

family: Poaceae

rank: species

taxonomic_status: accepted

accepted_according_to: World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06

published_in: Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1906: 322 (1906)

preferred: lemon grass

source: wikidata

Andropogon cerifer

authorship: Hack.

Andropogon citratus

authorship: DC.

Andropogon citriodorus

authorship: Desf.

Andropogon nardus subsp. ceriferus

authorship: (Hack.) Hack.

Andropogon roxburghii

authorship: Nees ex Wight & Arn.

Cymbopogon nardus subvar. citratus

authorship: (DC.) Roberty

licences: CC0 CC-BY CC-BY-SA

note: Full per-image metadata (photographer, licence, licence URL, attribution, derivative restrictions and image URLs) is on the per-species JSON at per_image_metadata_url. Each image is licensed individually; this bulk file omits the per-image matrix to stay small and cleanly licensed.

scheme: TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3

source: Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)

license: CC BY 3.0

excludes: introduced extinct location_doubtful

codes: IND SRL

India

code: IND

continent: ASIA-TROPICAL

region: Indian Subcontinent

Sri Lanka

code: SRL

lifeform: perennial

climate: wet tropical

mean_annual_temp_c: degrees Celsius

min_temp_coldest_month_c: degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)

max_temp_warmest_month_c: degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)

annual_precip_mm: millimetres per year

precip_driest_quarter_mm: millimetres in the driest quarter

source: CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec

citation: Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.

occurrences: iNaturalist Research-grade Observations

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 579 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

hardiness_zone_note: min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other.

model: Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)

source: Kew World Checklist of Useful Plant Species

license: CC-BY 4.0

note: Categories in which this species is recorded as a useful plant. A record of use, not a recommendation, a dose or a safety claim.

Citral

activities: Allergenic Antiallergenic Antiallergic Antianaphylactic Antibacterial Anticancer Antihelicobacter Antiherpetic

Myrcene

activities: ACE-Inhibitor Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor Allergenic Analgesic Antibacterial Anticonvulsant Antimutagenic Antinitrosaminic

Geraniol

activities:
Allergenic
Anthelmintic
Antibacterial
Anticancer (Pancreas)
Anticariogenic
Antimelanomic
Antisalmonella
Antiseptic

Quercetin

activities: 11B-HSD-Inhibitor 5-Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor ATPase-Inhibitor Aldehyde-Oxidase-Inhibitor Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor Allelochemic Allergenic Analgesic

Luteolin

activities: Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor AntiHIV Antiallergic Antiangiogenic Antiatherogenic Antibacterial Anticarcinogenic Anticarcinomic

Rutin

activities: 5-HT-Inhibitor Aldehyde-Oxidase-Inhibitor Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor Allelochemic AntiCVI Antiaggregant Antiallergic Antiapoplectic

Linalool

activities: Acaricide Allergenic Analgesic Anesthetic Antiacetylcholinesterase Antiallergic Antianaphylactic Antibacterial

activities: (-)-Chronotropic (-)-Inotropic Acaricide Allelopathic Allergenic Anesthetic Anthelmintic Antiacetylcholinesterase

source: Dr. Duke's Phytochemical & Ethnobotanical Database

note: A snapshot of the reported literature 1992-2016, not a current assay. An activity is attributed to the compound in that literature; it is not a claim about the plant.

names:
lemon grass
West Indian lemongrass

names:
Citronela
Hierba luisa

names: 柠檬草 香茅草

names: capim-limão capim-cidreira

names: Челнобородник лимоный

names: Lemongras Zitronengras

names: Citronnelle citronelle

names: Serai Sereh

names:
Palczatka cytrynowa
Trawa cytrynowa

source: Wikidata (P1843, CC0) + GBIF vernacular names

license: CC0 / per-source

type: eatenBy

label: Eaten by

partners:
Polyphagozerra coffeae
Taractrocera ina

source: Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI)

license: CC-BY 4.0 (aggregate) / per-source

note: Species recorded interacting with this plant in the wild, aggregated across many source datasets by GloBI. Provenance is asserted at the GloBI aggregate level, not per partner, and partners are the most frequently recorded per interaction type.

label: Growth habit

category: Form and habit

value: graminoid

source: USDA PLANTS

source: GIFT

source: EOL TraitBank / ECOCROP (FAO)

source: EOL TraitBank / USDA PLANTS

license: Public domain (U.S. Government work)

value: herb

source: EOL TraitBank / Flora do Brasil

key: woodiness

label: Woodiness

value: non-woody

key: succulence

label: Succulence

value: non-succulent

label: Life form

value: hemicryptophyte

label: Growth form

value: Multiple Stem

label: Leaf retention

category: Foliage

value: evergreen

label: Life cycle

category: Life cycle

value: perennial

name: GIFT (Global Inventory of Floras and Traits)

EOL TraitBank (via Zenodo)

license: Per record: CC0 / CC BY 4.0 / public domain only

name: Traits mined from USDA NRCS plant guides

source: USDA PLANTS, GIFT, Wikidata, EOL TraitBank (via Zenodo) and traits mined from USDA NRCS plant guides

license: per source (public domain, CC BY 4.0, CC0)

note: Structured growth characteristics merged from four open sources (USDA PLANTS, GIFT, Wikidata, EOL TraitBank via Zenodo) plus traits mined from public-domain USDA NRCS guides. A documented record, not care advice. Each value keeps every source that reported it; a value marked extracted:true was read from prose, carries a verbatim quote and source_url, and has no structured source corroborating it.

note: The protologue citation: who published the name, in which work and year, and the IPNI record it resolves to. This is naming provenance, not a description.

World Flora Online Plant List

note: accepted name, authority, classification

iNaturalist

note: photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only

Wikidata

note: common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)

note: native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form

reason: Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted.

reason: Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready.

reason: No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page.

reason: Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all.

reason: Only 1 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.

note: This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew).


slug: cymbopogon-goeringii

scientific: Cymbopogon goeringii

authorship: (Steud.) A.Camus

epithet: goeringii

published_in: Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Colon. 1: 286 (1921)

Andropogon goeringii

authorship: Steud.

Andropogon nardus var. goeringii

authorship: (Steud.) Hack.

Cymbopogon angustispica

authorship: Nakai

Cymbopogon goeringii var. hongkongensis

authorship: Soenarko

Cymbopogon goeringii var. viridis

authorship: Honda

Cymbopogon nardus var. goeringii

authorship: (Steud.) Rendle

Cymbopogon tortilis subsp. goeringii

authorship: (Steud.) T.Koyama

Cymbopogon tortilis var. goeringii

authorship: (Steud.) Hand.-Mazz.

codes: CHN CHC CHS JAP KOR NNS OGA TAI VIE

China North-Central

code: CHN

continent: ASIA-TEMPERATE

region: China

China South-Central

code: CHC

China Southeast

code: CHS

Japan

code: JAP

region: Eastern Asia

Korea

code: KOR

Nansei-shoto

code: NNS

Ogasawara-shoto

code: OGA

Taiwan

code: TAI

Vietnam

code: VIE

region: Indo-China

climate: subtropical

names: 臭草 芸香草

USDA PLANTS Database

license: Public domain (US Government work)

license: CC BY 4.0

published_in: Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Colon. 1921, i. 286

source: IPNI (International Plant Names Index)

iNaturalist

license: per photograph

field: care

field: toxicity

reason: No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name.

reason: Fewer than 30 georeferenced research-grade observations of this taxon, which is too few to state a percentile range for the conditions it grows in. We would rather show nothing than a range computed from eight points in one county.

field: phenology

reason: Only 8 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.

data: CC BY 4.0


slug: cymbopogon-marginatus

scientific: Cymbopogon marginatus

authorship: (Steud.) Stapf

epithet: marginatus

licences: CC-BY CC-BY-SA

Cape Provinces

code: CPP

continent: AFRICA

region: Southern Africa

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 75 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

label: Height

category: Size

label: Photosynthetic pathway

category: Physiology

authors: (Steud.) Stapf

published_in: Ann. Transvaal Mus. 3(3): 121

reason: Only 3 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: cymbopogon-nardus

scientific: Cymbopogon nardus

authorship: (L.) Rendle

epithet: nardus

preferred: citronella grass

Andropogon grandis

authorship: Nees ex Steud.

Andropogon nardus

authorship: L.

Andropogon nardus subsp. grandis

authorship: (Nees ex Steud.) Hack.

Andropogon nardus var. confertiflorus

authorship: (Steud.) Stapf ex Bor

Andropogon nardus var. prolixus

authorship: Stapf

Andropogon nilagiricus

authorship: Hochst.

authorship: Hochst. ex Hack.

Cymbopogon claessensii

authorship: Robyns

Cymbopogon nardus var. confertiflorus

authorship: (Steud.) Bor

Cymbopogon nardus var. luridus

authorship: (Hook.f.) N.Rama Rao

Cymbopogon prolixus

authorship: (Stapf) E.Phillips

Cymbopogon thwaitesii

authorship: (Hook.f.) Willis

Cymbopogon validus

authorship: (Stapf) Stapf

Cymbopogon virgatus

authorship: Stapf ex Bor

Sorghum nardus

authorship: (L.) Kuntze

codes: ANG BOT BUR CPP ZAI SWZ OFS KEN NAT LES MDG MOZ TVL RWA SEY SUD TAN UGA ZIM ASS BAN CBD EHM IND LAO MYA SRL VIE WHM

Angola

code: ANG

Botswana

code: BOT

Burundi

code: BUR

DR Congo

code: ZAI

Eswatini

code: SWZ

Free State

code: OFS

Kenya

code: KEN

KwaZulu-Natal

code: NAT

Lesotho

code: LES

Madagascar

code: MDG

Mozambique

code: MOZ

Northern Provinces

code: TVL

Rwanda

code: RWA

Seychelles

code: SEY

Zimbabwe

code: ZIM

Assam

code: ASS

Bangladesh

code: BAN

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 109 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

Methyl-isoeugenol

activities: Anesthetic Antiaggregant Antibacterial Antihistaminic Antispasmodic Cancer-Preventive Candidicide Expectorant

Perillaldehyde

activities: Acaricide Antibacterial Antimelanomic Antiproliferative Antiseptic Candidicide Fungicide Mutagenic

Citronellol

activities: Allergenic Antibacterial Antiseptic Antistaphylococcic Antistreptococcic Candidicide FLavor Fungicide

Ethanol

activities: Allergenic Anesthetic Anhydrotic Antiatherosclerotic Antibacterial Antipruritic Antiseptic CNS-Depressant

Methyl-eugenol

activities:
Anesthetic
Antibacterial
Anticonvulsant
Antidote (Strychnine)
Antifeedant
Antioxidant
Antiradicular
Antiseptic

Caryophyllene

activities: Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor Allergenic Analgesic Antiacne Antiasthmatic Antibacterial Anticariogenic Antidermatitic

Geranyl-acetate

activities: Allergenic FLavor Insectiphile Perfumery Sedative

names: Померанцевая трава

names:
citronnelle de Ceylan
citronnelle de Sri Lanka

names: ಕಮಾಚಿ ಹುಲ್ಲು

names: စပါးလင်ဆီမွှေး

published_in: Catalogue of the African Plants collected by Dr. Friedrich Welwitsch in 1853-61 2(1)

reason: Only 5 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: cymbopogon-obtectus

scientific: Cymbopogon obtectus

epithet: obtectus

published_in: Pap. Dept. Biol. Univ. Queensland 2(3): 55 (1944)

preferred: Silky Heads

codes: NSW NTA QLD SOA WAU

New South Wales

code: NSW

continent: AUSTRALASIA

region: Australia

Northern Territory

code: NTA

Queensland

code: QLD

South Australia

code: SOA

Western Australia

code: WAU

climate: desert or dry shrubland

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 128 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

iucn_category: LC

label: Least Concern

source: IUCN Red List category via Wikidata (P141)

license: CC0 (Wikidata); IUCN category is a factual label

names:
Silky Heads
lemon-scent grass

value: 1 m

published_in: Pap. Dept. Biol. Univ. Queensland. ii. No. 3, 55 (1944)

reason: Only 6 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: cymbopogon-pospischilii

scientific: Cymbopogon pospischilii

authorship: (K.Schum.) C.E.Hubb.

epithet: pospischilii

Andropogon nardus var. stenanthus

authorship: Hack.

Cymbopogon stracheyi

authorship: (Hook.f.) Raizada & S.K.Jain

codes: BOT CPP ERI SWZ ETH OFS KEN NAT LES MOZ NAM TVL SOM TAN UGA ZIM CHC OMA CHT YEM NEP PAK WHM

Botswana

code: BOT

Cape Provinces

code: CPP

Eritrea

code: ERI

Eswatini

code: SWZ

Ethiopia

code: ETH

Free State

code: OFS

Namibia

code: NAM

Somalia

code: SOM

Tanzania

code: TAN

Uganda

code: UGA

China South-Central

code: CHC

Oman

code: OMA

region: Arabian Peninsula

Tibet

code: CHT

Yemen

code: YEM

Nepal

code: NEP

Pakistan

code: PAK

West Himalaya

code: WHM

climate: seasonally dry tropical

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 173 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Bitter Turpentine Grass
Bushveld Turpentine Grass

names: Bittergraspol Smalblaarterpentyngras


slug: cymbopogon-refractus

scientific: Cymbopogon refractus

authorship: (R.Br.) A.Camus

epithet: refractus

published_in: Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Colon. 1: 270 (1921)

preferred: barbwire grass

Anatherum refractum

authorship: (R.Br.) P.Beauv.

Andropogon refractus var. luxurians

authorship: Domin

Andropogon tahitensis

authorship: Hook. & Arn.

Cymbopogon nardus var. refractus

authorship: (R.Br.) Roberty

Sorghum refractum

authorship: (R.Br.) Kuntze

codes: NSW NFK NTA QLD VIC

New South Wales

code: NSW

Norfolk Is.

code: NFK

Northern Territory

code: NTA

Queensland

code: QLD

Victoria

code: VIC

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1448 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
barbwire grass
barbed-wire grass

value: 5 m

authors: (R.Br.) A.Camus

published_in: Revue de Botanique Appliqu?e 1


slug: cymbopogon-tortilis

scientific: Cymbopogon tortilis

authorship: (J.Presl) A.Camus

epithet: tortilis

published_in: Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Colon. 5: 206 (1925)

Andropogon nardus subsp. hamatulus

authorship: (Hook. & Arn.) Hack.

Andropogon nardus var. tortilis

authorship: (J.Presl) Merr.

Cymbopogon hamatulus

authorship: (Hook. & Arn.) A.Camus

Cymbopogon jinshaensis

authorship: R.Zhang & C.H.Li

Cymbopogon nardus subsp. hamatulus

authorship: (Hook. & Arn.) Rendle

Cymbopogon nardus var. tortilis

authorship: (J.Presl) Merr. ex Griff.

Cymbopogon tortilis

authorship: (J.Presl) Hitchc.

codes: CHC CHS CHH TAI LSI MOL PHI VIE

China Southeast

code: CHS

Hainan

code: CHH

Taiwan

code: TAI

Lesser Sunda Is.

code: LSI

region: Malesia

Maluku

code: MOL

Philippines

code: PHI

Vietnam

code: VIE

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 131 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: 扭鞘香茅 野香茅

authors: (Presl) A.Camus

published_in: Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Colon. v. 206 (1925), in obs

reason: Only 24 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: cymodocea-nodosa

scientific: Cymodocea nodosa

authorship: (Ucria) Asch.

genus: Cymodocea

epithet: nodosa

family: Cymodoceaceae

published_in: Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 1869: 4 (1869)

preferred: Slender Seagrass

Cymodocea major

authorship: (Willd.) Grande

Cymodocea preauxiana

authorship: Webb & Berthel.

Kernera nodosa

authorship: (Ucria) Schult. & Schult.f.

Phucagrostis major

authorship: Theophr. ex Cavolini

authorship: Willd.

Phucagrostis nodosa

authorship: (Ucria) Kuntze

Zostera mediterranea

authorship: DC.

Zostera nodosa

authorship: Ucria

codes: ALG CNY EGY GAM LBY MTN MOR SEN TUN WSA CYP EAI PAL SIN TUR ALB BAL COR FRA GRC ITA KRI YUG POR SAR SIC SPA TUE

Algeria

code: ALG

region: Northern Africa

Canary Is.

code: CNY

region: Macaronesia

Egypt

code: EGY

Gambia

code: GAM

Libya

code: LBY

Mauritania

code: MTN

Morocco

code: MOR

Senegal

code: SEN

Tunisia

code: TUN

Western Sahara

code: WSA

Cyprus

code: CYP

region: Western Asia

East Aegean Is.

code: EAI

Palestine

code: PAL

Sinai

code: SIN

Türkiye

code: TUR

Albania

code: ALB

continent: EUROPE

region: Southeastern Europe

Baleares

code: BAL

region: Southwestern Europe

Corse

code: COR

France

code: FRA

Greece

code: GRC

Italy

code: ITA

Kriti

code: KRI

NW. Balkan Pen.

code: YUG

Portugal

code: POR

Sardegna

code: SAR

Sicilia

code: SIC

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 519 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Cymodocée noueuse, Zostère noueuse, Paille de mer

partners:
Diplodus sargus
Paracentrotus lividus
Echinoidea
Gammarus insensibilis
Holothuria arguinensis
Idotea chelipes
Sarpa salpa
Scorpaena porcus

published_in: Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin (1869) 4

reason: Only 0 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: cymopterus-aboriginum

scientific: Cymopterus aboriginum

genus: Cymopterus

epithet: aboriginum

family: Apiaceae

preferred: Indian springparsley

Aulospermum aboriginum

authorship: (M.E.Jones) Mathias

codes: CAL NEV

California

code: CAL

continent: NORTHERN AMERICA

region: Southwestern U.S.A.

Nevada

code: NEV

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 162 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

published_in: Contr. W. Bot. 12: 22


slug: cymopterus-alpinus

scientific: Cymopterus alpinus

epithet: alpinus

preferred: alpine oreoxis

source: usda

Oreoxis alpina

authorship: (A.Gray) J.M.Coult. & Rose

Podistera albensis

authorship: Jeps.

codes: ARI COL NWM UTA WYO

Arizona

code: ARI

Colorado

code: COL

region: Northwestern U.S.A.

New Mexico

code: NWM

region: South-Central U.S.A.

Utah

code: UTA

Wyoming

code: WYO

climate: temperate

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 179 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

published_in: Amer. J. Sci. Arts ser. 2, 33: 408

USDA PLANTS Database

note: common name, checklist symbol ORAL

license: public domain

reason: Only 20 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: cymopterus-bakeri

scientific: Cymopterus bakeri

epithet: bakeri

preferred: Baker's alpineparsley

Oreoxis bakeri

authorship: J.M.Coult. & Rose

codes: COL NWM UTA

climate: subalpine or subarctic

published_in: Contr. W. Bot. 12: 28

note: common name, checklist symbol ORBA

reason: Only 2 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: cymopterus-basalticus

scientific: Cymopterus basalticus

epithet: basalticus

preferred: basalt springparsley

Aulospermum basalticum

authorship: (M.E.Jones) Tidestr.

Coriophyllus basalticus

authorship: (M.E.Jones) Rydb.

codes: NEV UTA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 33 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

published_in: Contr. W. Bot. 12: 16


slug: cymopterus-cinerarius

scientific: Cymopterus cinerarius

epithet: cinerarius

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 6: 535 (1865)

preferred: gray springparsley

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 76 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts vi. (1864-65) 535


slug: cymopterus-deserticola

scientific: Cymopterus deserticola

authorship: Brandegee

epithet: deserticola

published_in: Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 6: 168 (1915)

preferred: desert springparsley

names:
desert springparsley
desert cymopterus

authors: Brandegee

published_in: Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 6: 168


slug: cymopterus-filifolius

scientific: Cymopterus filifolius

authorship: (Mathias, Constance & W.L.Theob.) B.L.Turner

epithet: filifolius

published_in: Sida, Bot. Misc. 24: 6 (25 April 2003).

preferred: Trans-Pecos Indian parsley

Aletes filifolius

authorship: Mathias, Constance & W.L.Theob.

codes: NWM TEX

Texas

code: TEX

value: subshrub

published_in: Sida, Bot. Misc. 24: 6

USDA PLANTS Database

note: common name, checklist symbol ALFI3


slug: cymopterus-gilmanii

scientific: Cymopterus gilmanii

epithet: gilmanii

published_in: J. Washington Acad. Sci. 25: 309 (1935)

preferred: Gilman's springparsley

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 67 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Gilman's springparsley
Gilman's cymopterus


slug: cymopterus-glaucus

scientific: Cymopterus glaucus

authorship: Nutt.

epithet: glaucus

published_in: J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 7: 28 (1834)

preferred: waxy springparsley

Epallageiton glaucum

authorship: (Nutt.) Koso-Pol.

codes: IDA MNT

Idaho

code: IDA

Montana

code: MNT

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 38 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: Nutt.

published_in: J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia vii. (1834) 28


slug: cymopterus-globosus

scientific: Cymopterus globosus

authorship: (S.Watson) S.Watson

epithet: globosus

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 11: 141 (1876)

preferred: globe springparsley

codes: CAL NEV UTA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 113 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
globe springparsley
globose cymopterus

authors: (S.Watson) S.Watson

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 11: 141


slug: cymopterus-glomeratus

scientific: Cymopterus glomeratus

authorship: (Nutt.) DC.

epithet: glomeratus

preferred: adobe desertparsley

Cogswellia concinna

authorship: Osterh.

Cymopterus acaulis

authorship: Raf.

Cymopterus acaulis var. fendleri

authorship: (A.Gray) Goodrich

Cymopterus acaulis var. greeleyorum

authorship: J.W.Grimes & P.L.Packard

Cymopterus acaulis var. higginsii

authorship: (S.L.Welsh) Goodrich

Cymopterus acaulis var. parvus

authorship: Goodrich

Cymopterus glomeratus var. leibergii

authorship: (J.M.Coult. & Rose) M.E.Jones

Cymopterus grayanus

authorship: Tidestr.

Ferula palmella

authorship: Hook.

Lomatium concinnum

authorship: (Osterh.) Mathias

Selinum acaule

authorship: Pursh

codes: ABT ARI COL IDA KAN MAN MXE MIN MNT NEB NWM NDA OKL ORE SAS SDA TEX UTA WYO

Alberta

code: ABT

region: Western Canada

Kansas

code: KAN

region: North-Central U.S.A.

Manitoba

code: MAN

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

region: Mexico

Minnesota

code: MIN

Nebraska

code: NEB

North Dakota

code: NDA

Oklahoma

code: OKL

Oregon

code: ORE

Saskatchewan

code: SAS

South Dakota

code: SDA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1194 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Plains Cymopterus
Plains Wavewing

type: flowerVisitedBy

label: Flower-visited by

partners:
Thecla sheridanii
Vanessa cardui


slug: cymopterus-goodrichii

scientific: Cymopterus goodrichii

authorship: S.L.Welsh & Neese

epithet: goodrichii

preferred: Toiyabe springparsley

Nevada

code: NEV

names:
Toiyabe springparsley
Goodrich Biscuitroot

authors: S.L.Welsh & Neese


slug: cymopterus-hallii

scientific: Cymopterus hallii

authorship: (A.Gray) B.L.Turner

epithet: hallii

published_in: Sida, Bot. Misc. 24: 6 (25April 2003).

preferred: stemless Indian parsley

Aletes acaulis

authorship: J.M.Coult. & Rose

Aletes obovata

authorship: Rydb.

Carum hallii

authorship: (A.Gray) S.Watson

Deweya acaulis

authorship: Torr.

Oreosciadium acaule

authorship: (Torr.) A.Gray

Zizia hallii

authorship: (A.Gray) J.M.Coult. & Rose

codes: COL MXE NWM TEX

Colorado

code: COL

New Mexico

code: NWM

authors: (A.Gray) B.L.Turner

USDA PLANTS Database

note: common name, checklist symbol ALAC2


slug: cymopterus-hendersonii

scientific: Cymopterus hendersonii

authorship: (J.M.Coult. & Rose) Cronquist

epithet: hendersonii

preferred: Henderson's wavewing

Aletes hendersonii

authorship: (J.M.Coult. & Rose) W.A.Weber

Aletes longiloba

authorship: (Rydb.) W.A.Weber

name: Pseudocymopterus anisatus var. longilobus

authorship: (Rydb.) Tidestr.

Pteryxia hendersonii

authorship: (J.M.Coult. & Rose) Mathias & Constance

codes: COL IDA MNT NEV NWM UTA WYO

Utah

code: UTA

Wyoming

code: WYO

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 62 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Henderson's desertparsley
Henderson's springparsley

authors: (J.M.Coult. & Rose) Cronquist

published_in: Vasc. Pl. Pacif. N. W. [C.L. Hitchcock & al.] 3: 527

note: common name, checklist symbol PTHE


slug: cymopterus-jonesii

scientific: Cymopterus jonesii

epithet: jonesii

published_in: Rev. N. Amer. Umbell. 80. 1888

preferred: Jones' springparsley

Aulospermum jonesii

authorship: (J.M.Coult. & Rose) J.M.Coult. & Rose

Coriophyllus jonesii

authorship: (J.M.Coult. & Rose) Rydb.

Cymopterus purpureus var. jonesii

authorship: (J.M.Coult. & Rose) Goodrich

Epallageiton jonesii

authorship: (J.M.Coult. & Rose) Koso-Pol.

names:
Jones' springparsley
Jones wavewing

authors: J.M.Coult. & Rose

published_in: Rev. N. Amer. Umbell. 80, fig. 82

reason: Kew's World Checklist of Vascular Plants does not cover this taxon.


slug: cymopterus-lemmonii

scientific: Cymopterus lemmonii

authorship: (J.M.Coult. & Rose) Dorn

epithet: lemmonii

published_in: Man. Vasc. Pl. Wyoming 2: 1343 (1977)

preferred: alpine false springparsley

Cymopterus grayanus var. filicinus

authorship: (Wooton & Standl.) Tidestr.

Cymopterus grayanus var. purpureus

authorship: (J.M.Coult. & Rose) Tidestr.

Cymopterus grayanus var. tenuifolius

authorship: (A.Gray) Tidestr.

Cymopterus ligusticoides var. puniceus

authorship: Tidestr.

name: Cymopterus ligusticoides var. tenuifolius

authorship: (A.Gray) M.E.Jones

Ligusticum montanum

authorship: (A.Gray) A.Gray

Pseudocymopterus filicinus

authorship: Wooton & Standl.

name: Pseudocymopterus montanus var. multifidus

name: Pseudocymopterus montanus var. purpureus

name: Pseudocymopterus montanus var. tenuifolius

Pseudocymopterus multifidus

authorship: (Rydb.) Rydb.

Pseudocymopterus tenuifolius

authorship: (A.Gray) Rydb.

codes: ARI COL MXE MXN MXS NWM TEX UTA WYO

Arizona

code: ARI

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

Mexico Southwest

code: MXS

Texas

code: TEX

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1493 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Lemmon's spring-parsley
ligusticoid spring-parsley

type: pollinatedBy

label: Pollinated by

partners:
Lasioglossum
Thricops septentrionalis
Aedes sp.
Agulla
Allograpta obliqua
Altica
Andrena
Andrena cyanophila

partners:
Andrena
Andrena cyanophila
Anthomyia
Bombus bifarius
Epidemia dorcas florus
Eupeodes lapponicus
Halictus
Halictus confusus

partners:
Apis mellifera
Celastrina ladon echo
Lasioglossum
Papilio zelicaon

source: EOL TraitBank / NMNH Botany specimens


slug: cymopterus-longipes

scientific: Cymopterus longipes

epithet: longipes

published_in: Botany [Fortieth Parallel] : 124 (1871)

preferred: longstalk springparsley

source: wikidata

Aulospermum ibapense

authorship: J.M.Coult. & Rose

Aulospermum longipes

authorship: (S.Watson) J.M.Coult. & Rose

Cymopterus watsonii

authorship: (J.M.Coult. & Rose) M.E.Jones

Epallageiton ibapense

authorship: (M.E.Jones) Koso-Pol.

Epallageiton longipes

authorship: (S.Watson) Koso-Pol.

codes: IDA NEV ORE UTA WYO

Idaho

code: IDA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 435 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

published_in: Botany [Fortieth Parallel] 124


slug: cymopterus-longiradiatus

scientific: Cymopterus longiradiatus

authorship: (Mathias, Constance & W.L.Theob.) B.L.Turner

epithet: longiradiatus

preferred: Trans-Pecos false mountainparsley

Pseudocymopterus longiradiatus

authorship: Mathias, Constance & W.L.Theob.

USDA PLANTS Database

note: common name, checklist symbol PSLO3


slug: cymopterus-minimus

scientific: Cymopterus minimus

authorship: Mathias

epithet: minimus

preferred: Cedar Breaks springparsley

note: Full per-image metadata (photographer, licence, licence URL, attribution, derivative restrictions and image URLs) is on the per-species JSON at per_image_metadata_url. Each image is licensed individually; this bulk file omits the per-image matrix to stay small and cleanly licensed.

source: Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)

authors: Mathias

published_in: Brittonia 2: 245

reason: No dated flowering annotations found for this taxon.


slug: cymopterus-newberryi

scientific: Cymopterus newberryi

epithet: newberryi

preferred: sweetroot springparsley

Cymopterus fendleri var. newberryi

authorship: (S.Watson) M.E.Jones

Ferula newberryi

authorship: (S.Watson) S.Watson

codes: ARI UTA

source: CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 31 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

note: Categories in which this species is recorded as a useful plant. A record of use, not a recommendation, a dose or a safety claim.

names:
sweetroot springparsley
sticky spring-parsley

reason: Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted.


slug: cymopterus-nivalis

scientific: Cymopterus nivalis

epithet: nivalis

published_in: Botany [Fortieth Parallel] : 123 (1871)

preferred: snowline springparsley

Aletes nivalis

authorship: (S.Watson) W.A.Weber

Pseudocymopterus humboldtensis

authorship: (M.E.Jones) Mathias

Pseudoreoxis bipinnatus

authorship: (S.Watson) Rydb.

Pseudoreoxis nivalis

authorship: Rydb.

codes: IDA MNT NEV ORE WYO

Montana

code: MNT

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 86 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

published_in: Botany [Fortieth Parallel] 123

reason: Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready.


slug: cymopterus-panamintensis

scientific: Cymopterus panamintensis

authorship: J.M.Coult. & Rose ex Coville

epithet: panamintensis

published_in: Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. iv, 116. 1895

preferred: Panamint springparsley

Aulospermum panamintense

authorship: (J.M.Coult. & Rose) J.M.Coult. & Rose

name: Aulospermum panamintense var. acutifolium

Epallageiton panamitense

authorship: Koso-Pol.

published_in: Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 4: 116

reason: No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page.


slug: cymopterus-petraeus

scientific: Cymopterus petraeus

epithet: petraeus

preferred: rockloving wavewing

Aletes petraea

authorship: (M.E.Jones) W.A.Weber

Cymopterus terebinthinus var. petraeus

authorship: (Jones) Goodrich

Pteryxia petraea

authorship: (M.E.Jones) J.M.Coult. & Rose

codes: ARI CAL COL IDA NEV NWM ORE UTA

California

code: CAL

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 71 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Papilio indra
Papilio zelicaon

published_in: Contr. W. Bot. 8: 32

USDA PLANTS Database

note: common name, checklist symbol PTPE

reason: Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all.

reason: Only 7 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: cymopterus-purpureus

scientific: Cymopterus purpureus

epithet: purpureus

published_in: Amer. Naturalist 7: 300 (1873)

preferred: purple springparsley

Aulospermum purpureum

authorship: (S.Watson) J.M.Coult. & Rose

codes: ARI COL NWM UTA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 188 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

published_in: Amer. Naturalist vii. (1873) 300


slug: cymopterus-ripleyi

scientific: Cymopterus ripleyi

authorship: Barneby

epithet: ripleyi

preferred: Ripley's springparsley

names:
Ripley's springparsley
ripley's cymopterus

authors: Barneby

published_in: Leafl. W. Bot. 3: 81


slug: cymopterus-rosei

scientific: Cymopterus rosei

epithet: rosei

preferred: Rose's springparsley

Aulospermum rosei

authorship: Jones ex J.M.Coult. & Rose

Coriophyllus rosei

authorship: (M.E.Jones ex J.M.Coult. & Rose) Rydb.

Cymopterus purpureus var. rosei

authorship: (M.E.Jones) Goodrich

published_in: Contr. W. Bot. 12: 17


slug: cymopterus-sessiliflorus

scientific: Cymopterus sessiliflorus

authorship: (W.L.Theob. & C.C.Tseng) R.L.Hartm.

epithet: sessiliflorus

preferred: sessileflower Indian parsley

Aletes macdougalii subsp. breviradiatus

authorship: W.L.Theob. & C.C.Tseng

authors: (W.L.Theob. & C.C.Tseng) R.L.Hartm.

USDA PLANTS Database

note: common name, checklist symbol ALSE5

reason: Only 1 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: cymopterus-terebinthinus

scientific: Cymopterus terebinthinus

authorship: (Hook.) Torr. & A.Gray

epithet: terebinthinus

preferred: turpentine wavewing

Cymopterus albiflorus

authorship: Torr. & A.Gray

Cymopterus californicus

authorship: (J.M.Coult. & Rose) M.E.Jones

Cymopterus terebinthinus var. calcareus

authorship: (M.E.Jones) Cronquist

name: Cymopterus terebinthinus var. californicus

authorship: (J.M.Coult. & Rose) Jeps.

Pteryxia albiflora

authorship: (Torr. & A.Gray) Nutt. ex J.M.Coult. & Rose

Pteryxia californica

authorship: J.M.Coult. & Rose

Pteryxia elrodii

authorship: (M.E.Jones) Rydb.

Pteryxia foeniculacea

authorship: Nutt.

Pteryxia terebinthina

authorship: (Hook.) J.M.Coult. & Rose

Pteryxia terebinthina var. albiflora

authorship: (Torr. & A.Gray) Mathias

Pteryxia terebinthina var. californica

authorship: (J.M.Coult. & Rose) Mathias

Selinum terebinthinum

authorship: Hook.

codes: CAL COL IDA MNT NEV ORE UTA WAS WYO

Washington

code: WAS

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 476 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Turpentine Waxwing
turpentine wavewing

type: visitedBy

label: Visited by

partners:
Alypia ridingsii
Andrena prunorum
Anthrenus lepidus
Celastrina ladon echo
Eupeodes fumipennis
Hippodamia convergens
Paragus haemorrhous
Polistes aurifer

partners:
Coenonympha california california
Lasioglossum cembrilacus

note: Species recorded interacting with this plant in the wild, aggregated across many source datasets by GloBI. Provenance is asserted at the GloBI aggregate level, not per partner, and partners are the most frequently recorded per interaction type.

note: Structured growth characteristics merged from four open sources (USDA PLANTS, GIFT, Wikidata, EOL TraitBank via Zenodo) plus traits mined from public-domain USDA NRCS guides. A documented record, not care advice. Each value keeps every source that reported it; a value marked extracted:true was read from prose, carries a verbatim quote and source_url, and has no structured source corroborating it.

authors: (Hook.) Torr. & A.Gray

published_in: Fl. N. Amer. (Torr. & A. Gray) 1(4): 624

note: common name, checklist symbol PTTE


slug: cymopterus-williamsii

scientific: Cymopterus williamsii

authorship: R.L.Hartm. & Constance

epithet: williamsii

preferred: Williams' springparsley

authors: R.L.Hartm. & Constance

published_in: Brittonia 37: 91, fig

note: The protologue citation: who published the name, in which work and year, and the IPNI record it resolves to. This is naming provenance, not a description.

World Flora Online Plant List

note: accepted name, authority, classification

iNaturalist

note: photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only

reason: Fewer than 30 georeferenced research-grade observations of this taxon, which is too few to state a percentile range for the conditions it grows in. We would rather show nothing than a range computed from eight points in one county.


slug: cynanchica-aristata

scientific: Cynanchica aristata

authorship: (L.f.) P.Caputo & Del Guacchio

genus: Cynanchica

epithet: aristata

family: Rubiaceae

Asperula aristata f. floribunda

authorship: Batt.

Asperula aristata f. glabra

authorship: (W.D.J.Koch) Hayek

Asperula aristata f. glabrescens

authorship: (Boiss.) H.Lindb.

Asperula aristata f. leiantha

authorship: (A.Kern. ex Wettst.) Hayek

Asperula aristata f. macrosiphon

authorship: (Lange) Jiménez Mun.

Asperula aristata f. scabra

authorship: (C.Presl) Batt.

Asperula aristata subf. laevifolia

authorship: Rohlena

Asperula aristata subf. sublongiflora

authorship: (Borbás) Hayek

Asperula aristata subsp. calabra

authorship: (Fiori) Del Guacchio & P.Caputo

Asperula aristata subsp. condensata

authorship: (Heldr. ex Boiss.) Ehrend. & Krendl

Asperula aristata subsp. laevis

authorship: Arcang.

Asperula aristata subsp. longiflora

authorship: (Waldst. & Kit.) Hayek

Asperula aristata subsp. nestia

authorship: (Rech.f.) Ehrend. & Krendl

Asperula aristata subsp. oreophila

authorship: (Briq.) Hayek

Asperula aristata subsp. peristeraea

authorship: Halácsy ex Hayek

Asperula aristata subsp. scabra

authorship: (C.Presl) Nyman

Asperula aristata subsp. thessala

authorship: (Boiss. & Heldr.) Hayek

Asperula aristata subsp. umbellulata

authorship: (Reut.) Hayek

Asperula aristata var. canescens

authorship: (Vis.) Nyman

Asperula aristata var. condensata

authorship: (Heldr. ex Boiss.) Hayek

Asperula aristata var. glabrescens

authorship: (Boiss.) Lange

Asperula aristata var. laevis

authorship: Lange

Asperula aristata var. longiflora

authorship: (Waldst. & Kit.) Batt.

Asperula aristata var. macrorrhiza

authorship: (Hoffmanns. & Link) Nyman

Asperula aristata var. papillosa

authorship: (Lange) Pau

Asperula aristata var. pubescens

authorship: (Boiss.) Ortega Oliv. & Devesa

Asperula calabra

authorship: (Fiori) Ehrend. & Krendl

authorship: (Fiori) Gavioli

Asperula canescens

authorship: Vis.

Asperula cynanchica f. glabra

authorship: Fiori

Asperula cynanchica subsp. aristata

authorship: (L.f.) Bég.

authorship: (L.f.) Briq. & Cavill.

Asperula cynanchica subsp. longiflora

authorship: (Waldst. & Kit.) Bonnier & Layens

Asperula cynanchica subsp. oreophila

authorship: (Briq.) J.-M.Tison

Asperula cynanchica var. breviflora

authorship: (Batt.) Maire

Asperula cynanchica var. exaristata

authorship: (Lacaita) Gavioli

Asperula cynanchica var. longiflora

authorship: (Waldst. & Kit.) Vis.

Asperula cynanchica var. oreophila

authorship: Briq.

Asperula cynanchica var. scabra

authorship: (C.Presl) Jahand. & Maire

Asperula digyna

authorship: Dufour

Asperula exaristata

authorship: Lacaita

Asperula flaccida

authorship: Ten.

Asperula longiflora

authorship: Waldst. & Kit.

Asperula longiflora subsp. flaccida

authorship: (Ten.) Nyman

Asperula longiflora subvar. vestita

authorship: Halácsy

Asperula longiflora var. aristata

authorship: (L.f.) Rchb.

Asperula longiflora var. condensata

authorship: Heldr. ex Boiss.

Asperula longiflora var. leiantha

authorship: A.Kern. ex Wettst.

Asperula longiflora var. ramosior

authorship: Boiss.

Asperula longiflora var. thessala

authorship: (Boiss. & Heldr.) Nyman

Asperula macrorrhiza

authorship: Hoffmanns. & Link

Asperula papillosa var. mauritii

authorship: Sennen

Asperula suaveolens

authorship: Schrad. ex DC.

Asperula sublongiflora

authorship: Borbás

Asperula thessala

authorship: Boiss. & Heldr.

Asperula umbellulata

authorship: Reut.

codes: ALG LBY MOR TUN TCS ALB AUT BUL FRA GRC ITA YUG POR SIC SPA SWI

Algeria

code: ALG

Libya

code: LBY

Morocco

code: MOR

Tunisia

code: TUN

Transcaucasus

code: TCS

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 151 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Ясменник остистый

note: native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form

reason: No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name.

note: This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew).


slug: cynanchica-cristata

scientific: Cynanchica cristata

authorship: (Sommier & Levier) P.Caputo & Del Guacchio

epithet: cristata

Asperula cristata

authorship: (Sommier & Levier) V.I.Krecz.

Asperula cynanchica var. cristata

authorship: Sommier & Levier

region: Caucasus

names: Ясменник гребенчатый

published_in: Pl. Biosystems 154(5): 771


slug: cynanchica-diminuta

scientific: Cynanchica diminuta

authorship: (Klokov) P.Caputo & Del Guacchio

epithet: diminuta

Asperula diminuta

authorship: Klokov

codes: NCS TCS RUE RUS

North Caucasus

code: NCS

East European Russia

code: RUE

region: Eastern Europe

South European Russia

code: RUS

names: Ясменник уменьшенный

authors: (Klokov) P.Caputo & Del Guacchio


slug: cynanchica-graveolens

scientific: Cynanchica graveolens

authorship: (M.Bieb. ex Besser) P.Caputo & Del Guacchio

epithet: graveolens

Asperula danilewskiana

authorship: Basiner

Asperula graveolens

authorship: M.Bieb. ex Besser

authorship: M.Bieb. ex Schult. & Schult.f.

name: Asperula graveolens subsp. danilewskiana

authorship: (Basiner) Pyatunina

name: Asperula graveolens subsp. leiograveolens

authorship: (Popov & Chrshan.) Pjatunina

Asperula leiograveolens

authorship: Popov & Chrshan.

codes: KAZ RUC RUE KRY RUS UKR

Kazakhstan

code: KAZ

region: Central Asia

Central European Russia

code: RUC

Krym

code: KRY

Ukraine

code: UKR

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 43 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Ясменник пахучий

value: shrub

value: woody

label: Flowering months

category: Flowers and fruit

value: Jun-Jul


slug: cynanchica-neilreichii

scientific: Cynanchica neilreichii

authorship: (Beck) P.Caputo & Del Guacchio

epithet: neilreichii

Asperula cynanchica var. alpina

authorship: Neilr.

Asperula neilreichii

authorship: Beck

Galium neilreichii

authorship: (Beck) F.Herm.

codes: AUT CZE GER SWI

Austria

code: AUT

region: Middle Europe

Czechia-Slovakia

code: CZE

Germany

code: GER

Switzerland

code: SWI

lifeform: perennial or subshrub

names: Ясменник Нейльрейха

names: Felsen-Meier Ostalpen-Meier

partners:
Aphis galiiscabri
Aulagromyza buhri
Catarhoe putridaria
Chersotis margaritacea
Cnephasia incertana
Decticus albifrons
Decticus verrucivorus
Dysaphis pyri

authors: (Beck) P.Caputo & Del Guacchio

published_in: Pl. Biosystems 154(5): 772


slug: cynanchica-pyrenaica

scientific: Cynanchica pyrenaica

authorship: (L.) P.Caputo & Del Guacchio

epithet: pyrenaica

Asperugalium occidentale

authorship: (Rouy) P.Fourn.

Asperula alpigena

authorship: Schur

Asperula arenicola

authorship: Reut.

Asperula aristata var. brachysiphon

authorship: Lange

Asperula bazargiciensis

authorship: Prodan

Asperula capillacea

authorship: (Lange) R.Vilm. ex Kerguélen

Asperula collina

authorship: Salisb.

Asperula cynanchica

authorship: L.

Asperula cynanchica f. densiflora

authorship: Velen.

Asperula cynanchica f. girbaui

authorship: Sennen

Asperula cynanchica subsp. brachysiphon

authorship: (Lange) O.Bolòs & Vigo

Asperula cynanchica subsp. capillacea

authorship: (Lange) Rouy

Asperula cynanchica subsp. neglecta

authorship: (Guss.) Arcang.

Asperula cynanchica subsp. occidentalis

authorship: (Rouy) Stace

Asperula cynanchica subsp. pyrenaica

authorship: (L.) Nyman

Asperula cynanchica subvar. macroclada

authorship: (A.Huet) Nyman

Asperula cynanchica var. alpina

authorship: (M.Bieb.) Boiss.

Asperula cynanchica var. ansotana

authorship: P.Monts. & L.Villar

Asperula cynanchica var. arenicola

authorship: (Reut.) Nyman

Asperula cynanchica var. australis

authorship: Rouy

Asperula cynanchica var. brachysiphon

authorship: (Lange) Briq. & Cavill.

Asperula cynanchica var. bulgarica

authorship: Soó

Asperula cynanchica var. densiflora

authorship: Gren.

Asperula cynanchica var. ebusitana

authorship: O.Bolòs & Vigo

Asperula cynanchica var. glauca

authorship: Vayr.

Asperula cynanchica var. heterophylla

authorship: DC.

Asperula cynanchica var. hirsuta

authorship: Heuff.

Asperula cynanchica var. multiflora

authorship: (Lapeyr.) Nyman

name: Asperula cynanchica var. pseudotinctoria

Asperula cynanchica var. saxatilis

authorship: (Lam.) DC.

Asperula cynanchica var. scabrida

authorship: Freyn

Asperula cynanchica var. tenuiflora

authorship: (Jord.) St.-Lag. & Cariot

authorship: (Jord.) Nyman

Asperula graveolens var. pirotica

authorship: Adamovic

Asperula heteroclada

authorship: Hausskn.

Asperula kerneri

authorship: Procupiu ex O.Deg.

Asperula minor

authorship: Gray

Asperula multiflora

authorship: Lapeyr.

Asperula neglecta

authorship: Guss.

Asperula neglecta var. nitens

authorship: (Guss.) Nyman

name: Asperula occidentalis var. cynanchiciformis

Asperula pyrenaica var. ansotana

authorship: (P.Monts. & L.Villar) L.Villar

Asperula rubeola

authorship: Gratel.

authorship: Lam.

Asperula tenuiflora

authorship: Jord.

Asperula tinctoria var. pyrenaica

authorship: (L.) Rouy

Galium cynanchicum

authorship: (L.) Scop.

codes: NCS ALB AUT BAL BLR BGM BUL RUC CZE FRA GER GRB GRC HUN IRE ITA YUG NET POL ROM SAR RUS SPA SWI UKR

Albania

code: ALB

Baleares

code: BAL

Belarus

code: BLR

Belgium

code: BGM

Bulgaria

code: BUL

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1815 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Apis mellifera
Bombus lucorum
Bombylius
Cheilosia morio
Cheilosia vernalis
Chrysotoxum bicincta
Chrysotoxum festivum
Cylindromyia brevicornis


slug: cynanchica-rumelica

scientific: Cynanchica rumelica

authorship: (Boiss.) P.Caputo & Del Guacchio

epithet: rumelica

Asperula affrena

authorship: Klokov

Asperula barthae

authorship: Pénzes

Asperula cynanchica subsp. rumelica

authorship: (Boiss.) Pjatunina

Asperula cynanchica subvar. montana

authorship: (Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) Nyman

Asperula divergens

authorship: Boiss.

Asperula montana

authorship: Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.

Galium affrenum

authorship: (Klokov) Ostapko

codes: TUR BUL RUC GRC KRY ROM RUS TUE UKR

Türkiye

code: TUR

Greece

code: GRC

Romania

code: ROM

Türkiye-in-Europe

code: TUE

names: Ясменник горный

authors: (Boiss.) P.Caputo & Del Guacchio

published_in: Pl. Biosystems 154(5): 774


slug: cynanchica-supina

scientific: Cynanchica supina

authorship: (M.Bieb.) P.Caputo & Del Guacchio

epithet: supina

Asperula aemulans

authorship: V.I.Krecz. ex Klokov

Asperula caespitans

authorship: Juz.

Asperula supina subsp. caespitans

authorship: (Juz.) Pjatunina

codes: NCS KRY RUS

North Caucasus

code: NCS

South European Russia

code: RUS

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 89 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Ясменник низкий

value: Jun-Aug

authors: (M.Bieb.) P.Caputo & Del Guacchio

published_in: Pl. Biosystems 154(5): 775

reason: Only 9 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: cynanchica-tephrocarpa

scientific: Cynanchica tephrocarpa

authorship: (Czern. ex Popov & Chrshan.) P.Caputo & Del Guacchio

epithet: tephrocarpa

Asperula exasperata subsp. petraea

authorship: (V.I.Krecz. ex Klokov) Pjatunina

Asperula exasperata subsp. tephrocarpa

authorship: (Czern. ex Popov & Chrshan.) Pjatunina

Asperula tephrocarpa

authorship: Czern. ex Popov & Chrshan.

codes: WSB RUC RUE RUS UKR

West Siberia

code: WSB

region: Siberia

Central European Russia

code: RUC

East European Russia

code: RUE

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 144 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Ясменник сероплодный

names: Маренка сіроплодна

published_in: Pl. Biosystems 154(5): 776

reason: Only 10 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: cynanchum-acidum

scientific: Cynanchum acidum

authorship: (Roxb.) Oken

genus: Cynanchum

epithet: acidum

family: Apocynaceae

Asclepias acida

authorship: Roxb.

Asclepias aphylla

authorship: Roxb. ex Wight

Sarcostemma acidum

authorship: (Roxb.) Voigt

Sarcostemma brevistigma

authorship: Wight & Arn.

source: Kew World Checklist of Useful Plant Species

Beta-sitosterol

activities:
Androgenic
Angiogenic
Anorexic
Antiadenomic
Antiandrogenic
Antibacterial
Anticancer (Breast)
Anticancer (Cervix)

Lupeol

activities: AntiEBV Antiangiogenic Antiedemic Antiflu Antihyperglycemic Antiinflammatory Antilithic Antimalarial

Tannin

activities: Anthelmintic AntiHIV Antibacterial Anticancer Anticariogenic Antidiarrheic Antidysenteric Antihepatotoxic

Malic-acid

activities:
Antiatherosclerotic
Antibacterial
Antifibromyalgic
Antioxidant Synergist
Antiseborrheic
Antiseptic
Antitubercular
Antitumor

Alpha-amyrin

activities: Analgesic Antiedemic Antiinflammatory Antinociceptive Antitumor Antiulcer Cytotoxic Gastroprotective

Beta-amyrin

activities: Analgesic Antiedemic Antiinflammatory Antinociceptive Antiulcer Gastroprotective Hepatoprotective Larvicide

Succinic-acid

activities: Additive Antifeedant Bruchiphobe Cancer-Preventive Dye Perfumery Pesticide

Lupeol-acetate

activities: Antihyperglycemic Antiulcer

Phytosterols

activities: Antiprostatotic Hypocholesterolemic

note: A snapshot of the reported literature 1992-2016, not a current assay. An activity is attributed to the compound in that literature; it is not a claim about the plant.

authors: Oken

published_in: Allg. Naturgesch. iii. (2) 1032 (1841); fide Merrill in Journ. Arn. Arb. xxxi.275 (1950)


slug: cynanchum-acutum

scientific: Cynanchum acutum

authorship: L.

epithet: acutum

Cyathella cathayensis

authorship: (Tsiang & H.D.Zhang) C.Y.Wu & D.Z.Li

Cynanchum acutum var. longifolium

authorship: (G.Martens) Ledeb.

Cynanchum acutum var. monspeliacum

authorship: (L.) Gren. & Godr.

Cynanchum cathayense

authorship: Tsiang & H.D.Zhang

Cynanchum excelsum

authorship: Desf.

Cynanchum fissum

authorship: Pomel

Cynanchum hastatum

authorship: Lam.

Cynanchum maritimum

authorship: Salisb.

Cynanchum orientale

authorship: Willd. ex Spreng.

Cynanchum sibiricum

authorship: Willd.

name: Cynanchum sibiricum var. triangularilobatum

authorship: Rassulova & B.A.Sharipova

Sarmasikia dondonaei

authorship: Bubani

Solenostemma acutum

authorship: (L.) Wehmer

Vincetoxicum acutum

authorship: (L.) Kuntze

Vincetoxicum excelsum

authorship: (Desf.) Kuntze

codes: ALG CNY EGY LBY MOR TUN AFG ALT CHN CYP EAI CHI IRN IRQ KAZ KGZ LBS MON NCS PAL SAU TZK CHT TCS TKM TUR UZB WSB CHX PAK WHM ALB BAL BUL FRA GRC ITA KRI KRY YUG POR ROM SIC RUS SPA TUE UKR

Algeria

code: ALG

Canary Is.

code: CNY

Egypt

code: EGY

Libya

code: LBY

Morocco

code: MOR

Tunisia

code: TUN

Afghanistan

code: AFG

Altay

code: ALT

China North-Central

code: CHN

region: China

Cyprus

code: CYP

East Aegean Is.

code: EAI

Inner Mongolia

code: CHI

Iran

code: IRN

Iraq

code: IRQ

Kazakhstan

code: KAZ

Kirgizstan

code: KGZ

Lebanon-Syria

code: LBS

Mongolia

code: MON

region: Mongolia

Palestine

code: PAL

Saudi Arabia

code: SAU

region: Arabian Peninsula

Tadzhikistan

code: TZK

Tibet

code: CHT

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1979 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
عليق مدبب
مديد مدبب

names: Ластовень острый

names: Scammonée aiguë, Scammonée de Montpellier

names: Цинанхум гострий

names: Сибирь тэмээнхөх

partners:
Polistes sp.
Scolia bifasciata rossi
unidentified
Vespa orientalis

partners:
Cerceris tuberculata
Cryptocheilus rubellus
Danaus chrysippus
Eristalinus aeneus
Euodynerus fastidiosus
Lasioglossum malachurum
Oxythyrea
Parabatozonus lacerticida

partners:
Caenocoris nerii
Rhynchium oculatum
Sphex pruinosus

partners:
Danaus chrysippus
Neoaliturus fenestratus

partners:
Tomato leaf curl virus
Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus - Il


slug: cynanchum-africanum

scientific: Cynanchum africanum

authorship: (L.) Hoffmanns.

epithet: africanum

Cynanchum africanum var. crassifolium

authorship: (R.Br.) N.E.Br.

Cynanchum obtusifolium var. pilosum

authorship: (R.Br.) Schltr.

Cynanchum rotundifolium

authorship: Thunb. ex Decne.

Cynoctonum crassifolium var. pilosum

authorship: (R.Br.) Decne.

Vincetoxicum pilosum

authorship: (Decne.) G.Nicholson

Cape Provinces

code: CPP

region: Southern Africa

lifeform: climbing subshrub

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 553 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Aloeides thyra thyra
Chrysoritis felthami felthami
Chrysoritis pan pan
Chrysoritis thysbe osbecki
Lampides boeticus
Phasis thero thero
Pieris brassicae
Pontia helice helice

value: variable

authors: (L.) Hoffmanns.

published_in: Verz. Pfl.-Kult. 54


slug: cynanchum-annularium

scientific: Cynanchum annularium

authorship: (Roxb.) Liede & Khanum

epithet: annularium

Asclepias annularia

authorship: Roxb.

Asclepias convolvulacea

authorship: B.Heyne ex Decne.

Cynanchum annulare

authorship: B.Heyne ex Wight

Gomphocarpus volubilis

authorship: Buch.-Ham. ex Hook.f.

Holostemma ada-kodien

authorship: Schult.

Holostemma annulare

authorship: (Roxb.) K.Schum.

Holostemma brunonianum

authorship: Royle

Holostemma rheedei

authorship: Wall.

Holostemma rheedianum

authorship: Spreng.

Sarcostemma annulare

authorship: Roth

codes: CHC CHS ASS BAN EHM IND MYA NEP PAK SRL THA WHM

China South-Central

code: CHC

China Southeast

code: CHS

Assam

code: ASS

region: Indian Subcontinent

Bangladesh

code: BAN

East Himalaya

code: EHM

India

code: IND

Myanmar

code: MYA

region: Indo-China

Nepal

code: NEP

Pakistan

code: PAK

Sri Lanka

code: SRL

Thailand

code: THA

West Himalaya

code: WHM

lifeform: climber

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 35 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Dudruli Shidodi

names: Arkapushpi Jivanti

authors: (Roxb.) Liede & Khanum

reason: Only 18 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: cynanchum-auriculatum

scientific: Cynanchum auriculatum

authorship: Royle ex Wight

epithet: auriculatum

published_in: Contrib. Bot. Ind. 58.

Diploglossum auriculatum

authorship: (Royle ex Wight) Meisn.

Endotropis auriculata

authorship: (Royle ex Wight) Decne.

Vincetoxicum auriculatum

authorship: (Royle ex Wight) Kuntze

codes: CHC CHT EHM NEP PAK WHM

lifeform: climbing shrub

names: 徐长卿 飞来鹤

authors: Royle ex Wight

published_in: Contr. Bot. India [Wight] 58


slug: cynanchum-boudieri

scientific: Cynanchum boudieri

authorship: H.Lév. & Vaniot

epithet: boudieri

published_in: Bull. Soc. Bot. France 51: cxliv (1907)

Cynanchum auriculatum var. amamianum

authorship: (Hatus.) T.Yamaz.

Cynanchum macrorhizon

authorship: Carrière

Cynanchum wilfordii var. amamianum

authorship: Hatus.

codes: CHN CHC CHS NNS TAI

China North-Central

code: CHN

Nansei-shoto

code: NNS

region: Eastern Asia

Taiwan

code: TAI

lifeform: climbing tuberous geophyte

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 183 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: 折冠牛皮消 薄葉牛皮消

partners:
Byasa polyeuctes
Carinoscolia hoozanensis
Vespa mandarinia

authors: H.Lév. & Vaniot

published_in: Bull. Soc. Bot. France 51(Sess. Extraord.): cxliv

reason: Only 17 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: cynanchum-callialatum

scientific: Cynanchum callialatum

authorship: Buch.-Ham. ex Wight

epithet: callialatum

published_in: Contr. Bot. India : 56 (1834)

preferred: gulf coast swallow-wort

Cyathella callialata

authorship: (Buch.-Ham. ex Wight) C.Y.Wu & D.Z.Li

Cynanchum angustifolium

authorship: Wight & Arn.

Cynanchum robertsoniae

authorship: Liede

Cynoctonum angustifolium

authorship: Decne.

Cynoctonum callialata

authorship: (Buch.-Ham. ex Wight) Decne.

Vincetoxicum callialata

authorship: (Buch.-Ham. ex Wight) Kuntze

codes: CHC CHS BAN IND MYA NEP PAK

names:
Dog Strangling Vine
few-flowered cynanchum

names: 美翼杯冠藤 萝摩藤

value: vine

authors: Buch.-Ham. ex Wight

published_in: Contr. Bot. India [Wight] 56

USDA PLANTS Database

note: common name, checklist symbol CYAN5


slug: cynanchum-chinense

scientific: Cynanchum chinense

epithet: chinense

published_in: Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1: 44 (1811)

preferred: hairy swallow-wort

Cynanchum deltoideum

authorship: Hance

Cynanchum pubescens

authorship: Bunge

Vincetoxicum pubescens

authorship: (Bunge) Kuntze

codes: CHN CHS CHI KOR CHM MON CHQ

Inner Mongolia

code: CHI

Korea

code: KOR

Manchuria

code: CHM

Mongolia

code: MON

Qinghai

code: CHQ

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 246 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: 鹅绒藤 祖子花

published_in: Asclepiadeae 33

Wikidata

note: common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)


slug: cynanchum-daltonii

scientific: Cynanchum daltonii

authorship: (Decne.) Liede & Meve

epithet: daltonii

Sarcostemma nudum

authorship: C.Sm. ex Decne.

Cape Verde

code: CVI

region: Macaronesia

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 49 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: (Decne.) Liede & Meve

reason: Only 4 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: cynanchum-elegans

scientific: Cynanchum elegans

authorship: (Benth.) Domin

epithet: elegans

Vincetoxicum elegans

authorship: Benth.

New South Wales

code: NSW

region: Australia

label: Fruit type

value: follicle

authors: Domin

published_in: Biblioth. Bot. lxxxix. 531 (1928)


slug: cynanchum-ellipticum

scientific: Cynanchum ellipticum

authorship: (Harv.) R.A.Dyer

epithet: ellipticum

Bunburia elliptica

authorship: Harv.

Cynanchum capense

authorship: Thunb.

codes: CPP NAT MOZ TVL

Cape Provinces

code: CPP

KwaZulu-Natal

code: NAT

Mozambique

code: MOZ

region: South Tropical Africa

Northern Provinces

code: TVL

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 401 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Excelsior Monkeyrope

partners:
Achaea lienardi
Allodape pernix
Allodapula melanopus
Allodapula variegata
Amauris ochlea ochlea
Apis mellifera
Belonogaster
Bicyclus safitza

partners:
Danaus chrysippus orientis
Hypolimnas misippus
Pseudanaphaeis gidica abyssinica
Tachytes observabilis

authors: (Harv.) R.A.Dyer

published_in: Mem. Bot. Surv. South Africa 17: 138


slug: cynanchum-floribundum

scientific: Cynanchum floribundum

epithet: floribundum

published_in: Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. : 463 (1810)

Cynoctonum floribundum

authorship: (R.Br.) Decne.

Schizocorona floribunda

authorship: (R.Br.) F.Muell.

codes: NSW NTA QLD SOA WAU

Northern Territory

code: NTA

Queensland

code: QLD

South Australia

code: SOA

Western Australia

code: WAU

lifeform: shrub

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 46 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

value: 2 m

published_in: Asclepiadeae 34


slug: cynanchum-foetidum

scientific: Cynanchum foetidum

authorship: (Cav.) Kunth

epithet: foetidum

Asclepias foetida

authorship: Cav.

Cynanchum lignosum

authorship: (Vail) Woodson

Pergularia laevis

authorship: Sessé & Moc.

Roulinia foetida

authorship: (Cav.) Standl.

Rouliniella foetida

authorship: (Cav.) Vail

Rouliniella lignosa

authorship: Vail

Telminostelma foetidum

authorship: (Cav.) Fontella & E.A.Schwarz

codes: MXC MXE MXT MXS

Mexico Central

code: MXC

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

Mexico Southeast

code: MXT

Mexico Southwest

code: MXS

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 90 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

value: herb

authors: (Cav.) Kunth


slug: cynanchum-gerrardii

scientific: Cynanchum gerrardii

authorship: (Harv.) Liede

epithet: gerrardii

Cynanchum bekinolense

authorship: Choux

Cynanchum edule

authorship: Jum. & H.Perrier

Cynanchum gerrardi subsp. bekinolense

authorship: (Choux) Liede & Meve

Cynanchum lenewtonii

authorship: Liede

codes: CPP CPV COM ZAI ERI SWZ ETH KEN NAT MDG MOZ TVL SOC SOM SUD TAN UGA ZAM ZIM OMA SAU YEM

Caprivi Strip

code: CPV

Comoros

code: COM

region: Western Indian Ocean

DR Congo

code: ZAI

region: West-Central Tropical Africa

Eritrea

code: ERI

region: Northeast Tropical Africa

Eswatini

code: SWZ

Ethiopia

code: ETH

Kenya

code: KEN

region: East Tropical Africa

Madagascar

code: MDG

Socotra

code: SOC

Somalia

code: SOM

Sudan-South Sudan

code: SUD

Tanzania

code: TAN

Uganda

code: UGA

Zambia

code: ZAM

Zimbabwe

code: ZIM

Oman

code: OMA

Saudi Arabia

code: SAU

Yemen

code: YEM

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 97 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: (Harv.) Liede


slug: cynanchum-graphistemmatoides

scientific: Cynanchum graphistemmatoides

authorship: Liede & Khanum

epithet: graphistemmatoides

Graphistemma pictum

authorship: (Champ. ex Benth.) Benth. ex Maxim.

Holostemma pictum

authorship: Champ. ex Benth.

codes: CHS CHH VIE

China Southeast

code: CHS

Hainan

code: CHH

Vietnam

code: VIE

authors: Liede & Khanum


slug: cynanchum-insipidum

scientific: Cynanchum insipidum

authorship: (E.Mey.) Liede & Khanum

epithet: insipidum

codes: BOT BUR CMN CPP CPV CON ERI SWZ ETH OFS KEN NAT MLW MOZ NAM TVL RWA SOM SUD TAN UGA ZAM ZIM

Botswana

code: BOT

Burundi

code: BUR

Cameroon

code: CMN

Cape Provinces

code: CPP

Caprivi Strip

code: CPV

Congo

code: CON

Eritrea

code: ERI

Eswatini

code: SWZ

Free State

code: OFS

KwaZulu-Natal

code: NAT

Malawi

code: MLW

Mozambique

code: MOZ

Namibia

code: NAM

Northern Provinces

code: TVL

Rwanda

code: RWA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 505 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.


slug: cynanchum-laeve

scientific: Cynanchum laeve

authorship: (Michx.) Pers.

epithet: laeve

preferred: honeyvine

Ampelamus albidus

authorship: (Nutt.) Britton

Ampelamus laevis

authorship: (Michx.) Krings

Ampelamus riparius

authorship: Raf.

Enslenia albida

authorship: Nutt.

Enslenia cinerea

authorship: Spreng.

Gonolobus laevis

authorship: Michx.

Gonolobus nuttallii

authorship: Decne.

Vincetoxicum gonocarpos var. laevis

authorship: (Michx.) Britton

codes: ALA ARK DEL WDC FLA GEO ILL INI IOW KAN KTY LOU MRY MIC MIN MSI MSO NEB NWJ NWY NCA OHI OKL PEN SCA TEN TEX VRG WVA

Alabama

code: ALA

region: Southeastern U.S.A.

Arkansas

code: ARK

Delaware

code: DEL

District of Columbia

code: WDC

Florida

code: FLA

Georgia

code: GEO

Illinois

code: ILL

region: North-Central U.S.A.

Indiana

code: INI

region: Northeastern U.S.A.

Iowa

code: IOW

Kansas

code: KAN

Kentucky

code: KTY

Louisiana

code: LOU

Maryland

code: MRY

Michigan

code: MIC

Minnesota

code: MIN

Mississippi

code: MSI

Missouri

code: MSO

Nebraska

code: NEB

New Jersey

code: NWJ

New York

code: NWY

North Carolina

code: NCA

Ohio

code: OHI

Oklahoma

code: OKL

Pennsylvania

code: PEN

South Carolina

code: SCA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2026 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Ammobia nuda
Ammophila
Anthophora aeneiventris
Apis mellifera
Bombus griseocollis
Calliphora
Chlorion
Chrysanthrax cypris


slug: cynanchum-lanhsuense

scientific: Cynanchum lanhsuense

epithet: lanhsuense

Taiwan

code: TAI

names: 蘭嶼牛皮消 蘭嶼白薇


slug: cynanchum-ligulatum

scientific: Cynanchum ligulatum

authorship: (Benth.) Woodson

epithet: ligulatum

published_in: Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 28: 210 (1941)

preferred: Mexican swallow-wort

Ampelamus ligulatus

authorship: (Benth.) A.Heller

Cynanchum sinaloense

authorship: (Brandegee) Woodson

Enslenia ligulata

authorship: Benth.

Mellichampia ligulata

authorship: (Benth.) Vail

Mellichampia sinaloensis

authorship: (Brandegee) Kearney & Peebles

Roulinia ligulata

authorship: Pittier

Roulinia sinaloensis

authorship: Brandegee

codes: ARI MXC MXE MXN MXS

Arizona

code: ARI

region: Southwestern U.S.A.

Mexico Central

code: MXC

region: Mexico

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

Mexico Southwest

code: MXS

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 111 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Mexican swallow-wort
panegua

authors: (Benth.) Woodson

published_in: Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 28(2): 210


slug: cynanchum-macrolobum

scientific: Cynanchum macrolobum

authorship: Jum. & H.Perrier

epithet: macrolobum

published_in: Compt. Rend. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci. 152: 1016 (1911)

Madagascar

code: MDG

value: non-woody

authors: Jum. & H.Perrier

published_in: Compt. Rend. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci. 1911, clii. 1016; et in Rev. Gen. Bot. 1911, xxiii. 257

reason: Only 0 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: cynanchum-maximoviczii

scientific: Cynanchum maximoviczii

authorship: Pobed.

epithet: maximoviczii

Cynanchum boudieri subsp. caudatum

authorship: (Miq.) P.T.Li, M.G.Gilbert & W.D.Stevens

Cynanchum caudatum

authorship: (Miq.) Maxim.

Cynanchum caudatum var. tanzawamontanum

authorship: Kigawa

Cynanchum ikema

authorship: Siebold ex Ohwi

Endotropis caudata

authorship: Miq.

codes: JAP KUR SAK

Japan

code: JAP

Kuril Is.

code: KUR

region: Russian Far East

Sakhalin

code: SAK

lifeform: climbing perennial

names: Цинанхум хвостатый

partners:
Apis cerana
Leptura ochraceofasciata
Polistes snelleni
Vespa simillima xanthoptera
Vespa tropica
Xylocopa appendiculata circumvolans

value: Jul-Aug

authors: Pobed.

reason: Only 3 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: cynanchum-montevidense

scientific: Cynanchum montevidense

authorship: Spreng.

epithet: montevidense

Asclepias cordata

authorship: Vell.

Cynanchum jamaicense

authorship: (Griseb.) Woodson

Cynanchum magdalenicum

authorship: Dugand

Cynanchum tamifolium

authorship: Hook. & Arn.

Enslenia jamaicensis

authorship: Griseb.

Roulinia acuta

authorship: Decne.

Roulinia cordata

authorship: (Vell.) J.F.Macbr.

Roulinia mannii

authorship: Rusby

Roulinia montevidensis

authorship: (Spreng.) Malme

Roulinia tamifolia

authorship: (Hook. & Arn.) Decne.

Roulinia versicolor

authorship: Lem.

Roulinia voglii

authorship: Suess.

Rouliniella jamaicensis

authorship: (Griseb.) Rendle

Vincetoxicum montevidense

authorship: (Spreng.) Kuntze

codes: AGE AGW BOL BZN BZE BZS BZL BZC CLM JAM PAN PAR PER URU VEN

Argentina Northeast

code: AGE

continent: SOUTHERN AMERICA

region: Southern South America

Argentina Northwest

code: AGW

Bolivia

code: BOL

region: Western South America

Brazil North

code: BZN

region: Brazil

Brazil Northeast

code: BZE

Brazil South

code: BZS

Brazil Southeast

code: BZL

Brazil West-Central

code: BZC

Colombia

code: CLM

Jamaica

code: JAM

region: Caribbean

Panamá

code: PAN

region: Central America

Paraguay

code: PAR

Peru

code: PER

Uruguay

code: URU

Venezuela

code: VEN

region: Northern South America

partners:
Danaus eresimus plexaure
Pepsis
Plecia sp.
unidentified

partners:
Danaus eresimus plexaure
Pepsis
Plecia
unidentified

value: liana


slug: cynanchum-mooreanum

scientific: Cynanchum mooreanum

authorship: Hemsl.

epithet: mooreanum

Vincetoxicum affine

authorship: (Hemsl.) Kuntze

codes: CHC CHS TAI

China South-Central

code: CHC

region: China

China Southeast

code: CHS

Taiwan

code: TAI

region: Eastern Asia

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 40 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: 毛白前 白地牛

authors: Hemsl.

published_in: J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 108

reason: Only 8 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: cynanchum-natalitium

scientific: Cynanchum natalitium

authorship: Schltr.

epithet: natalitium

published_in: Beibl. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 32 (1894)

codes: CPP NAT

Cape Provinces

code: CPP

region: Southern Africa

KwaZulu-Natal

code: NAT

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 173 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: Schltr.

published_in: Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 18(4, Beibl. 45): 32


slug: cynanchum-obtusifolium

scientific: Cynanchum obtusifolium

epithet: obtusifolium

name: Cynanchum obtusifolium var. obtusifolium

Vincetoxicum dregeanum

authorship: Kuntze

Vincetoxicum obtusifolium

authorship: (L.f.) Kuntze

codes: CPP NAT MOZ

Mozambique

code: MOZ

region: South Tropical Africa

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 619 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Roundleaf Buckhorn
monkey-rope

names: Melkbobbejaantou bostou

partners:
Apis mellifera
Belenois gidica abyssinica
Belonogaster
Bembix melanopa
Campsomeriella caelebs
Degenea sp. (and others?)
Leomeris leonine
Liris sp.

published_in: Suppl. Pl. 169


slug: cynanchum-orangeanum

scientific: Cynanchum orangeanum

authorship: (Schltr.) N.E.Br.

epithet: orangeanum

codes: BOT CPP OFS NAM TVL

Botswana

code: BOT

Free State

code: OFS

Namibia

code: NAM

Northern Provinces

code: TVL

lifeform: rhizomatous geophyte


slug: cynanchum-pulchellum

scientific: Cynanchum pulchellum

authorship: (Wall.) Liede & Khanum

epithet: pulchellum

Asclepias pulchella

authorship: (Wall.) Roxb.

Oxystelma pulchellum

authorship: (Wall.) D.Dietr.

Pergularia campanulata

authorship: Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.

Raphistemma pulchellum

authorship: Wall.

codes: CHC CHS ASS BAN EHM IND LAO MLY MYA NEP THA VIE

Assam

code: ASS

region: Indian Subcontinent

Bangladesh

code: BAN

East Himalaya

code: EHM

India

code: IND

Laos

code: LAO

region: Indo-China

Malaya

code: MLY

region: Malesia

Myanmar

code: MYA

Nepal

code: NEP

Thailand

code: THA

Vietnam

code: VIE

partners:
Danaus
Danaus chrysippus
Danaus genutia

authors: (Wall.) Liede & Khanum

reason: No dated flowering annotations found for this taxon.


slug: cynanchum-purpureum

scientific: Cynanchum purpureum

authorship: (Pall.) K.Schum.

epithet: purpureum

Asclepias davurica

authorship: Willd.

Asclepias purpurea

authorship: Pall.

Cyathella purpurea

authorship: (Pall.) C.Y.Wu & D.Z.Li

Cynanchum dahuricum

authorship: Willd. ex Decne.

Cynoctonum purpureum

authorship: (Pall.) Pobed.

Cynoctonum roseum

authorship: (R.Br.) Decne.

Vincetoxicum purpureum

authorship: (Pall.) Kuntze

codes: AMU BRY CHN CTA CHI IRK KHA KOR MON PRM

Amur

code: AMU

Buryatiya

code: BRY

region: Siberia

China North-Central

code: CHN

Chita

code: CTA

Inner Mongolia

code: CHI

Irkutsk

code: IRK

Khabarovsk

code: KHA

Korea

code: KOR

Mongolia

code: MON

region: Mongolia

Primorye

code: PRM

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 43 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: 徐长卿 紫花杯冠藤

value: May-Jun

published_in: Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] iv. 2 (1895) 253

reason: Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted.

reason: Only 2 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: cynanchum-rostellatum

scientific: Cynanchum rostellatum

authorship: (Turcz.) Liede & Khanum

epithet: rostellatum

preferred: rough potato

Cynanchum thunbergii

authorship: K.P.Ma, J.H.Xue & Chepinoga

Metaplexis chinensis

authorship: Decne.

Metaplexis japonica

authorship: (Thunb.) Makino

Metaplexis japonica f. albiflora

authorship: Honda

Metaplexis rostellata

authorship: Turcz.

Metaplexis stauntonii

authorship: Schult.

Pergularia japonica

authorship: Thunb.

Urostelma chinense

authorship: Bunge

codes: AMU CHN CHC CHS CHI JAP KHA KOR KUR CHM PRM CHQ CHT

China South-Central

code: CHC

China Southeast

code: CHS

Japan

code: JAP

Kuril Is.

code: KUR

Manchuria

code: CHM

Qinghai

code: CHQ

Tibet

code: CHT

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1475 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Abrostola triplasia
Acanthoscelides obtectus
Aips cerna
Anadevidia peponis
Apis cerana
Autographa amurica
Bombus diversus
Bradina

partners:
Papilio xuthus
Parnara guttatus
Polygonia c-aureum

partners:
Danaus chrysippus
Glyphodes quadrimaculalis
Polygonia c-aureum

value: perennial

value: May-Jul

reason: Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready.

reason: No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page.


slug: cynanchum-thesioides

scientific: Cynanchum thesioides

authorship: (Freyn) K.Schum.

epithet: thesioides

Alexitoxicon sibiricum

authorship: (L.) Pobed.

Antitoxicum lanceolatum

authorship: Grubov

Asclepias sibirica

authorship: L.

Cynanchum sibiricum f. hypopsilum

authorship: Nakai & Kitag.

Cynanchum sibiricum f. latifolium

authorship: (Kitag.) Kitag.

Cynanchum sibiricum var. australe

authorship: (Maxim.) Maxim. ex Kom.

Cynanchum sibiricum var. boreale

authorship: (Maxim.) Kom.

Cynanchum sibiricum var. latifolium

authorship: Kitag.

Cynanchum sibiricum var. thesioides

authorship: (Freyn) Kom.

Cynanchum thesioides var. australe

authorship: (Maxim.) Y.Tsiang & P.T.Li

Rhodostegiella sibirica

authorship: (L.) C.Y.Wu & D.Z.Li

Rhodostegiella sibirica var. australis

authorship: (Maxim.) C.Y.Wu & D.Z.Li

Vincetoxicum lanceolatum

authorship: (Grubov) Grubov

Vincetoxicum sibiricum

authorship: (L.) Decne.

Vincetoxicum sibiricum f. linearifolium

authorship: Debeaux

Vincetoxicum sibiricum var. australe

authorship: Maxim.

Vincetoxicum sibiricum var. gracilentum

authorship: (Nakai & Kitag.) Kitag.

Vincetoxicum thesioides

authorship: Freyn

codes: ALT AMU BRY CHN CHS CTA CHI IRK KAZ KOR KRA CHM MON PRM TVA WSB CHX

Altay

code: ALT

Amur

code: AMU

Kazakhstan

code: KAZ

region: Central Asia

Krasnoyarsk

code: KRA

Tuva

code: TVA

West Siberia

code: WSB

Xinjiang

code: CHX

lifeform: scrambling perennial

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 392 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: 地梢瓜 地稍瓜

names: Ластовень сибирский

published_in: Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] iv. 2 (1895) 252

reason: Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all.


slug: cynanchum-tunicatum

scientific: Cynanchum tunicatum

authorship: (Retz.) Alston

epithet: tunicatum

published_in: Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6(Suppl.): 194 (1931)

preferred: Dog Strangling Vine

english:
Dog Strangling Vine
few-flowered cynanchum

Cynanchum inconspicuum

authorship: Griff.

Cynoctonum pauciflorum

authorship: Decne.

Periploca tunicata

authorship: Retz.

Vincetoxicum tunicatum

authorship: (Retz.) Kuntze

codes: IND SRL

India

code: IND

Sri Lanka

code: SRL

authors: (Retz.) Alston

published_in: Handb. Fl. Ceylon vi. Suppl., 194 (1931)


slug: cynanchum-viminale

scientific: Cynanchum viminale

epithet: viminale

Apocynum viminale

authorship: Bassi

authorship: Bassi ex Schult.

Asclepias aphylla

authorship: Thunb.

Asclepias nuda

authorship: Thonn. & Schumach.

Asclepias stipitacea

authorship: Forssk.

Cynanchum aphyllum

authorship: L.

authorship: (Schult.) Schltr.

Cynanchum mulanjense

authorship: (Liede & Meve) Liede & Meve

Cynanchum tetrapterum

authorship: (Turcz.) R.A.Dyer ex Bullock

Cynanchum viminale

authorship: Blanco

Decanemopsis aphylla

authorship: Costantin & Gallaud

Euphorbia pendula

authorship: (Haw.) Sweet

Monostemma aphyllum

authorship: (Schult.) Turcz.

Monostemma tetrapterum

authorship: Turcz.

Sarcostemma andongense

authorship: Hiern

Sarcostemma aphyllum

authorship: Schult.

Sarcostemma brachystigma

authorship: Hook.

Sarcostemma brevistylum

authorship: Royle

Sarcostemma brunonianum

authorship: Wight & Arn.

Sarcostemma daltoni

authorship: Decne. ex Webb

Sarcostemma madagascariense

authorship: Desc.

Sarcostemma mulanjense

authorship: Liede & Meve

Sarcostemma stipitaceum

authorship: (Forssk.) Schult.

Sarcostemma viminale subsp. australe

authorship: (R.Br.) P.I.Forst.

Sarcostemma viminale subsp. brunonianum

authorship: (Wight & Arn.) P.I.Forst.

Sarcostemma viminale subsp. odontolepis

authorship: (Balf.f.) Meve & Liede

Sarcostemma viminale subsp. stipitaceum

authorship: (Forssk.) Meve & Liede

Sarcostemma viminale subsp. stocksii

authorship: (Hook.f.) Ali

Sarcostemma viminale subsp. suberosum

authorship: Meve & Liede

Sarcostemma viminale subsp. thunbergii

authorship: (G.Don) Liede & Meve

Tithymalus pendulus

authorship: Haw.

codes: ALD ANG BEN BOT BKN BUR CPP COM ZAI DJI EQG ERI SWZ ETH OFS GHA KEN NAT LES MDG MLW MLI MOZ NAM NGA TVL ROD RWA REU SEY SOC SOM SUD TAN UGA ZAM ZIM CHS CHH OMA SAU YEM BAN IND MLY MYA NEP PAK PHI SRL THA VIE NSW NTA QLD SOA WAU NWC

Aldabra

code: ALD

region: Western Indian Ocean

Angola

code: ANG

Benin

code: BEN

region: West Tropical Africa

Botswana

code: BOT

Burkina

code: BKN

Burundi

code: BUR

region: West-Central Tropical Africa

Cape Provinces

code: CPP

Comoros

code: COM

DR Congo

code: ZAI

Djibouti

code: DJI

region: Northeast Tropical Africa

Equatorial Guinea

code: EQG

Eritrea

code: ERI

Eswatini

code: SWZ

Ethiopia

code: ETH

Free State

code: OFS

Ghana

code: GHA

Kenya

code: KEN

region: East Tropical Africa

KwaZulu-Natal

code: NAT

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1864 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Acraea natalica
Acraea neobule neobule
Anthene amarah amarah
Anthene definita definita
Anthrenus
Axiocerses amanga amanga
Axiocerses perion
Azanus jesous

partners:
Afrogegenes
Anthene amarah amarah
Cacyreus marshalli
Dixeia charina charina
Hoshihananomia pseudoelegans
Hypolimnas misippus
Vanessa cardui


slug: cynanchum-zeyheri

scientific: Cynanchum zeyheri

authorship: Schltr.

epithet: zeyheri

published_in: Beibl. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 51: 3 (1895)

lifeform: subshrub

published_in: Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 20(5, Beibl. 51): 3

reason: Only 1 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: cynara-algarbiensis

scientific: Cynara algarbiensis

authorship: Coss. ex Mariz

genus: Cynara

epithet: algarbiensis

family: Asteraceae

codes: POR SPA

Portugal

code: POR

region: Southwestern Europe

Spain

code: SPA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 237 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: Coss. ex Mariz

published_in: Bol. Soc. Brot. 10: 236

reason: Only 21 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: cynara-cardunculus

scientific: Cynara cardunculus

authorship: L.

epithet: cardunculus

preferred: Artichoke Thistle

english:
Artichoke Thistle
cardoon

source: inat

Carduus cardunculus

authorship: (L.) Baill.

Cnicus communis

authorship: Lam.

Cynara cardunculus var. altilis

authorship: DC.

Cynara cardunculus var. elata

authorship: Cavara

Cynara cardunculus var. ferocissima

authorship: Lowe

Cynara cardunculus var. sativa

authorship: Moris

Cynara cardunculus var. sylvestris

authorship: (Lam.) Fiori

Cynara corsica

authorship: Viv.

Cynara ferox

authorship: Ten. ex Steud.

Cynara horrida

authorship: Aiton

Cynara hortensis

authorship: Mill.

codes: ALG CNY LBY MDR MOR TUN ALB BAL FRA ITA YUG POR SIC SPA

Algeria

code: ALG

region: Northern Africa

Canary Is.

code: CNY

region: Macaronesia

Libya

code: LBY

Madeira

code: MDR

Morocco

code: MOR

Tunisia

code: TUN

Albania

code: ALB

region: Southeastern Europe

Baleares

code: BAL

France

code: FRA

Italy

code: ITA

NW. Balkan Pen.

code: YUG

Sicilia

code: SIC

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2010 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

species: Cirsium vulgare

slug: cirsium-vulgare

species: Cirsium undulatum

slug: cirsium-undulatum

Cynarin

activities: Antibacterial Antidyspeptic Antilipolytic Antistaphylococcic Antistreptococcic Antisunburn CNS-Active Cholagogue

Pufa

activities: AntiMS Antiacne Antieczemic Antipolyneuritic

Linoleic-acid

activities: 5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor AntiMS Antiacne Antialopecic Antianaphylactic Antiandrogenic Antiarteriosclerotic Antiarthritic

Ascorbic-acid

activities: Acidulant Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor Analgesic Angiotensin-Receptor-Blocker AntiAGE AntiCFS AntiCTS AntiCrohn's

Mufa

activities: Allergenic Anemiagenic Antiinflammatory Antileukotriene-D4 Cancer-Preventive Choleretic Dermatitigenic FLavor

Palmitic-acid

activities: 5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor Antialopecic Antiandrogenic Antifibrinolytic Antioxidant FLavor Hemolytic Hypercholesterolemic

Oleic-acid

activities: 5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor Allergenic Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor Anemiagenic Antialopecic Antiandrogenic Antiinflammatory Antileukotriene-D4

source: Dr. Duke's Phytochemical & Ethnobotanical Database

names:
cardoon
Globe Artichoke

names:
Cardo de Castilla
alcachofa

names: 菜蓟 刺苞菜蓟

names: Cardo-do-coalho alcachofra

names: Артишок испанский

names: Artischocke Gemüse-Artischocke

names:
Artichaut
Artichauts sauvages et cultivés

names:
Karczoch hiszpański
Karczoch zwyczajny

names: Артишок звичайний

partners:
Apis mellifera
Andrena amieti
Andrena denticulata
Andrena hesperia
Andrena humilis
Andrena livens
Andrena nigroolivacea
Andrena pellucens

partners:
Apis mellifera
Terellia fuscicornis
Bombus lapidarius
Bombus ruderatus
Megachile perihirta
Oxythyrea funesta
Stictoleptura cordigera
Bombus lucorum

partners:
Apis mellifera
Bombus californicus
Bombus ruderatus
Camponotus barbaricus
Camponotus cruentatus
Carpocoris mediterraneus atlanticus
Heliotaurus ruficollis
Lasioglossum malachurum

partners:
Aphis fabae
Apis mellifera
Asymmetrasca decedens
Brachycaudus cardui
Megachile perihirta
Vanessa cardui
Vanessa carye
Acanthiophilus helianthi

type: hasParasite

label: Parasites

partners:
Leveillula taurica
Pnigalio soemius

type: hasPathogen

iNaturalist

note: photographs, flowering annotations and the common name, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only


slug: cynara-cornigera

scientific: Cynara cornigera

authorship: Lindl.

epithet: cornigera

Cynara humilis

authorship: Sm.

Cynara sibthorpiana

authorship: Boiss. & Heldr.

Cynara sibthorpiana var. elata

authorship: Bég. & Vacc.

Cynara sibthorpiana var. mauginiana

authorship: Pamp.

codes: EGY LBY CYP EAI GRC KRI

Egypt

code: EGY

Cyprus

code: CYP

region: Western Asia

East Aegean Is.

code: EAI

Greece

code: GRC

Kriti

code: KRI

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 91 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Артишок рогоносный

names:
Weiße Artischocke
Wilde Artischocke

names: Αγριαγκινάρα Χωστή

source: Wikidata (P1843, CC0) + GBIF vernacular names

value: hemicryptophyte

authors: Lindl.

published_in: Fl. Graec. (Sibthorp). 10(2): 74

reason: No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name.

reason: Only 20 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: cynara-humilis

scientific: Cynara humilis

authorship: L.

epithet: humilis

Bourgaea humilis

authorship: Coss.

Cynara humilis var. leucantha

authorship: (Coss.) Cout.

Cynara humilis var. reflexa

authorship: Batt.

Cynara humilis var. walliana

authorship: Maire

codes: ALG CNY MOR POR SPA

Algeria

code: ALG

Portugal

code: POR

Spain

code: SPA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2028 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Apis mellifera
Bombus terrestris
Calocoris nemoralis
Camponotus barbaricus
Colias croceus
Heliotaurus ruficollis
Lasioglossum malachurum
Oedemera barbara

source: Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI)

label: Flower colour

value: blue

value: Apr-Jul

value: achene

authors: L.


slug: cynara-tournefortii

scientific: Cynara tournefortii

authorship: Boiss. & Reut.

epithet: tournefortii

published_in: Diagn. Pl. Nov. Hisp. : 18 (1842)

Arcyna tournefortii

authorship: (Boiss. & Reut.) Wiklund

Bourgaea tournefortii

authorship: Willk.

Cynara macrocephala

authorship: Pau

codes: MOR POR SPA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 81 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: ALCACHOFRA-RASTEIRA Alcachofra-Mourisca

authors: Boiss. & Reut.

published_in: Diagn. Pl. Nov. Hisp. 18


slug: cynarospermum-asperrimum

scientific: Cynarospermum asperrimum

authorship: (Nees) Vollesen

genus: Cynarospermum

epithet: asperrimum

family: Acanthaceae

Blepharis asperrima

authorship: Nees

Justicia aspera

authorship: Perr. ex Nees

India

code: IND

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 115 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Akada Dikna

partners:
Papilio polytes
Sarangesa dasahara

label: Eaten by

partners:
Eurema drona
Papilio polytes
Sarangesa dasahara

authors: (Nees) Vollesen

reason: Only 25 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.