slug: solidago-patula

scientific: Solidago patula

authorship: Muhl. ex Willd.

epithet: patula

preferred: roundleaf goldenrod

Aster asperatus

authorship: Kuntze

Solidago patula var. macra

authorship: Farw.

codes: ALA ARK CNT DEL FLA GEO ILL INI IOW KTY LOU MRY MAS MIC MSI MSO NWH NWJ NWY NCA OHI OKL PEN SCA TEN TEX VER VRG WVA WIS

Alabama

code: ALA

Arkansas

code: ARK

Connecticut

code: CNT

Delaware

code: DEL

Florida

code: FLA

Georgia

code: GEO

Illinois

code: ILL

Iowa

code: IOW

Kentucky

code: KTY

Louisiana

code: LOU

Maryland

code: MRY

Massachusetts

code: MAS

Mississippi

code: MSI

Missouri

code: MSO

New Hampshire

code: NWH

New Jersey

code: NWJ

North Carolina

code: NCA

Ohio

code: OHI

Oklahoma

code: OKL

Pennsylvania

code: PEN

South Carolina

code: SCA

Tennessee

code: TEN

Texas

code: TEX

Vermont

code: VER

Virginia

code: VRG

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 932 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
roundleaf goldenrod
Rough-leaf Goldenrod

partners:
Ancistrocerus adiabatus
Andrena hirticincta
Augochloropsis viridula
Bombus impatiens
Dolichovespula arenaria
Dolichovespula maculata
Sphex nudus
Vespula vidua

note: The protologue citation: who published the name, in which work and year, and the IPNI record it resolves to. This is naming provenance, not a description.


slug: solidago-petiolaris

scientific: Solidago petiolaris

authorship: Aiton

genus: Solidago

epithet: petiolaris

family: Asteraceae

rank: species

taxonomic_status: accepted

accepted_according_to: World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06

preferred: downy ragged goldenrod

source: wikidata

Solidago angusta

authorship: Torr. & A.Gray

Solidago lindheimeriana

authorship: Scheele

Solidago milleriana

authorship: Mack. ex Small

Solidago petiolaris var. wardii

authorship: Fernald

Solidago squarrulosa

authorship: (Torr. & A.Gray) Alph.Wood

Solidago wardii

authorship: Britton

note: Full per-image metadata (photographer, licence, licence URL, attribution, derivative restrictions and image URLs) is on the per-species JSON at per_image_metadata_url. Each image is licensed individually; this bulk file omits the per-image matrix to stay small and cleanly licensed.

scheme: TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3

source: Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)

license: CC BY 3.0

excludes: introduced extinct location_doubtful

codes: ALA ARK FLA GEO ILL KAN LOU MXE MSO NEB NWM NCA OKL SCA TEX

Alabama

code: ALA

continent: NORTHERN AMERICA

region: Southeastern U.S.A.

Arkansas

code: ARK

Florida

code: FLA

Georgia

code: GEO

Illinois

code: ILL

region: North-Central U.S.A.

Kansas

code: KAN

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

region: Mexico

Nebraska

code: NEB

New Mexico

code: NWM

region: South-Central U.S.A.

mean_annual_temp_c: degrees Celsius

min_temp_coldest_month_c: degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)

max_temp_warmest_month_c: degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)

annual_precip_mm: millimetres per year

precip_driest_quarter_mm: millimetres in the driest quarter

source: CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec

citation: Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.

occurrences: iNaturalist Research-grade Observations

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 308 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

hardiness_zone_note: min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other.

model: Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)

source: Kew World Checklist of Useful Plant Species

license: CC-BY 4.0

note: Categories in which this species is recorded as a useful plant. A record of use, not a recommendation, a dose or a safety claim.

source: Wikidata (P1843, CC0) + GBIF vernacular names

license: CC0 / per-source

type: visitedBy

label: Visited by

partners:
Ancistrocerus adiabatus
Anthidium manicatum
Bombus impatiens
Cerceris kennicottii
Chauliognathus pensylvanicus
Nathalis iole
Strymon melinus

type: eatenBy

label: Eaten by

type: hasParasite

label: Parasites

source: Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI)

license: CC-BY 4.0 (aggregate) / per-source

note: Species recorded interacting with this plant in the wild, aggregated across many source datasets by GloBI. Provenance is asserted at the GloBI aggregate level, not per partner, and partners are the most frequently recorded per interaction type.

label: Growth habit

category: Form and habit

value: herb

source: USDA PLANTS

source: GIFT

source: EOL TraitBank / USDA PLANTS

license: Public domain (U.S. Government work)

key: woodiness

label: Woodiness

value: non-woody

label: Life cycle

category: Life cycle

value: perennial

name: GIFT (Global Inventory of Floras and Traits)

EOL TraitBank (via Zenodo)

license: Per record: CC0 / CC BY 4.0 / public domain only

name: Traits mined from USDA NRCS plant guides

source: USDA PLANTS, GIFT, Wikidata, EOL TraitBank (via Zenodo) and traits mined from USDA NRCS plant guides

license: per source (public domain, CC BY 4.0, CC0)

note: Structured growth characteristics merged from four open sources (USDA PLANTS, GIFT, Wikidata, EOL TraitBank via Zenodo) plus traits mined from public-domain USDA NRCS guides. A documented record, not care advice. Each value keeps every source that reported it; a value marked extracted:true was read from prose, carries a verbatim quote and source_url, and has no structured source corroborating it.

World Flora Online Plant List

note: accepted name, authority, classification

iNaturalist

note: photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only

Wikidata

note: common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)

note: native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form

reason: Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted.

reason: Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready.

reason: No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page.

reason: Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all.

reason: Only 21 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.

note: This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew).


slug: solidago-ptarmicoides

scientific: Solidago ptarmicoides

authorship: (Torr. & A.Gray) B.Boivin

epithet: ptarmicoides

preferred: prairie goldenrod

Aster albus

authorship: (Nutt.) Eaton & Wright

Diplopappus albus

authorship: (Nutt.) Lindl. ex Hook.

Diplopappus ptarmicoides

authorship: Lindl. ex DC.

Doellingeria ptarmicoides

authorship: Nees

Eucephalus albus

authorship: (Nutt.) Nutt.

Heleastrum album

authorship: (Nutt.) DC.

Inula alba

authorship: Nutt.

Oligoneuron album

authorship: (Nutt.) G.L.Nesom

Solidago asteroides

authorship: Semple

Unamia alba

authorship: (Nutt.) Rydb.

Unamia georgiana

authorship: Greene

Unamia ptarmicoides

authorship: (Torr. & A.Gray) Greene

licences: CC-BY CC-BY-SA

codes: COL CNT ILL INI IOW MAN MIC MIN MSO MNT NWH NWY OHI OKL ONT QUE SAS SCA SDA VER WIS WYO

Colorado

code: COL

region: Northwestern U.S.A.

Connecticut

code: CNT

region: Northeastern U.S.A.

Indiana

code: INI

Iowa

code: IOW

Manitoba

code: MAN

region: Western Canada

Michigan

code: MIC

Minnesota

code: MIN

Missouri

code: MSO

Montana

code: MNT

New Hampshire

code: NWH

New York

code: NWY

Ohio

code: OHI

Ontario

code: ONT

region: Eastern Canada

Québec

code: QUE

Saskatchewan

code: SAS

South Dakota

code: SDA

Wisconsin

code: WIS

Wyoming

code: WYO

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2012 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
prairie goldenrod
Upland White Aster

names:
verge d'or faux-ptarmica
verge-d'or faux-ptarmica

type: flowerVisitedBy

partners:
Bombus borealis
Bombus rufocinctus
Chauliognathus pensylvanicus
Pieris rapae
Polites coras
Schinia arcigera
Scolia dubia dubia
Toxomerus marginatus

partners:
Halictus confusus
Halictus rubicundus
Pseudopanurgus andrenoides
Scolia dubia dubia

name: Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)


slug: solidago-puberula

scientific: Solidago puberula

epithet: puberula

preferred: downy goldenrod

Aster pulverulentus

authorship: Kuntze

Solidago puberula var. borealis

authorship: Vict.

Solidago puberula var. pulverulenta

authorship: (Nutt.) Chapm.

codes: ALA CNT DEL FLA GEO KTY LOU MAI MRY MAS MSI NBR NWH NWJ NWY NCA NSC OHI ONT PEN QUE RHO SCA TEN VER VRG WVA

Alabama

code: ALA

Connecticut

code: CNT

Delaware

code: DEL

Florida

code: FLA

Georgia

code: GEO

Kentucky

code: KTY

Louisiana

code: LOU

Maine

code: MAI

Maryland

code: MRY

Massachusetts

code: MAS

Mississippi

code: MSI

New Brunswick

code: NBR

New Jersey

code: NWJ

North Carolina

code: NCA

Nova Scotia

code: NSC

Pennsylvania

code: PEN

Rhode I.

code: RHO

South Carolina

code: SCA

Tennessee

code: TEN

Vermont

code: VER

Virginia

code: VRG

West Virginia

code: WVA

lifeform: perennial

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1009 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
downy goldenrod
short pubescent goldenrod

names:
solidage pubérulente
verge d'or pubérulente


slug: solidago-pulchra

scientific: Solidago pulchra

authorship: Small

epithet: pulchra

preferred: Carolina goldenrod

climate: temperate

names:
Carolina goldenrod
Beautiful Goldenrod

USDA PLANTS Database

license: Public domain (US Government work)

license: CC BY 4.0

authors: Small

published_in: Man. S.E. Fl. [Small] 1356

source: IPNI (International Plant Names Index)

iNaturalist

license: per photograph

field: care

field: toxicity

reason: Fewer than 30 georeferenced research-grade observations of this taxon, which is too few to state a percentile range for the conditions it grows in. We would rather show nothing than a range computed from eight points in one county.

field: phenology

reason: Only 2 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.

data: CC BY 4.0


slug: solidago-racemosa

scientific: Solidago racemosa

epithet: racemosa

Solidago anticostensis

authorship: Fernald

Solidago glutinosa var. racemosa

authorship: (Greene) Cronquist

Solidago purshii var. racemosa

authorship: (Greene) Farw.

Solidago simplex var. racemosa

authorship: (Greene) G.S.Ringius

Solidago spathulata var. racemosa

authorship: (Greene) Gleason

licences: CC0 CC-BY CC-BY-SA

codes: MAI MRY NBR NWY PEN QUE VER WVA

New York

code: NWY

Québec

code: QUE

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 130 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Racemose Goldenrod
Lake Ontario Goldenrod

names:
verge d'or à grappes
verge-d'or simple variété à grappes

authors: Greene

reason: No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name.


slug: solidago-radula

scientific: Solidago radula

epithet: radula

published_in: J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia vii. (1834) 102.

preferred: western rough goldenrod

Solidago radula var. rotundifolia

authorship: (DC.) A.Gray

Solidago rotundifolia

authorship: DC.

Solidago scaberrima

authorship: Torr. & A.Gray

codes: ARK GEO ILL KAN KTY LOU MSO NCA OKL SCA TEX

Arkansas

code: ARK

Georgia

code: GEO

Illinois

code: ILL

Kansas

code: KAN

Kentucky

code: KTY

Louisiana

code: LOU

Missouri

code: MSO

Oklahoma

code: OKL

Texas

code: TEX

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 279 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
western rough goldenrod
Rough Goldenrod

authors: Nutt.

published_in: J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 7: 102

reason: Only 12 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: solidago-randii

scientific: Solidago randii

authorship: (Porter) Britton

epithet: randii

codes: MAI MAS MIC NWH NWY PEN QUE VER VRG WVA

Maine

code: MAI

Massachusetts

code: MAS

Michigan

code: MIC

New Hampshire

code: NWH

Pennsylvania

code: PEN

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 43 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Rand's goldenrod
serpentine goldenrod

names:
verge d'or de Rand
verge d'or de la serpentine

authors: (Porter) Britton

published_in: Man. Fl. N. States [Britton] 937

reason: Only 14 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: solidago-riddellii

scientific: Solidago riddellii

authorship: Frank

epithet: riddellii

published_in: Syn. Fl. West. States 57. 1835 [Jan-Apr 1835]

preferred: Riddell's goldenrod

source: usda

Oligoneuron riddellii

authorship: (Frank) Rydb.

codes: ILL INI MAN MIC MIN MSO OHI ONT WIS

Indiana

code: INI

Manitoba

code: MAN

Minnesota

code: MIN

Ohio

code: OHI

Ontario

code: ONT

Wisconsin

code: WIS

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 777 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

iucn_category: LC

label: Least Concern

source: IUCN Red List category via Wikidata (P141)

license: CC0 (Wikidata); IUCN category is a factual label

label: Flower-visited by

partners:
Bombus impatiens
Ancistrocerus adiabatus
Ancistrocerus gazella
Dolichovespula maculata
Epargyreus clarus
Eremnophila aureonotata
Eristalis dimidiata
Eumenes fraternus

partners:
Apatelodes torrefacta
Apis mellifera
Arilus cristatus
Erynnis baptisiae
Estigmene acrea
Feltia herilis
Halictus ligatus
Harmonia axyridis

partners:
Ancistrocerus adiabatus
Ancistrocerus gazella
Bombus impatiens
Dolichovespula maculata
Euodynerus foraminatus
Eupeodes americanus
Megacyllene robiniae
Parancistrocerus perennis

label: Flowering months

category: Flowers and fruit

value: Sep-Oct

authors: Frank

USDA PLANTS Database

note: common name, checklist symbol OLRI2

license: public domain


slug: solidago-rigida

scientific: Solidago rigida

authorship: L.

epithet: rigida

preferred: stiff-leaved goldenrod

english:
stiff-leaved goldenrod
stiff goldenrod

source: inat

Leioligo corymbosa

authorship: Raf.

Oligoneuron bombycinum

authorship: Lunell

Oligoneuron canescens

authorship: Rydb.

Oligoneuron corymbosum

authorship: (Raf.) Small

Oligoneuron corymbosum var. humile

authorship: (Porter) B.M.Kapoor & Beaudry

Oligoneuron jacksonii

authorship: (Kuntze) Small

Oligoneuron rigidum var. glabratum

authorship: (E.L.Braun) G.L.Nesom

Oligoneuron rigidum var. humilis

authorship: (Porter) G.L.Nesom

Solidago bombycinum

authorship: (Lunell) Friesner

Solidago canescens

authorship: (Rydb.) Friesner

Solidago corymbosa

authorship: Elliott

Solidago jacksonii

authorship: (Kuntze) Fernald

Solidago jacksonii var. humilis

authorship: (Porter) Beaudry

Solidago parvirigida

authorship: Beaudry

Solidago rigida var. canescens

authorship: (Rydb.) Breitung

Solidago rigida var. humilis

authorship: Porter

Solidago rigida var. laevicaulis

authorship: Shinners

Solidago rigida var. magna

authorship: Clute

codes: ALA ABT ARK COL CNT DEL GEO ILL INI IOW KAN KTY LOU MAN MRY MAS MIC MIN MSI MSO MNT NEB NWJ NWM NWY NCA NDA OHI OKL ONT PEN RHO SAS SCA SDA TEN TEX VRG WVA WIS WYO

Alabama

code: ALA

Alberta

code: ABT

Arkansas

code: ARK

Colorado

code: COL

Connecticut

code: CNT

Delaware

code: DEL

Georgia

code: GEO

Illinois

code: ILL

Iowa

code: IOW

Kansas

code: KAN

Maryland

code: MRY

Mississippi

code: MSI

Montana

code: MNT

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1961 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Золотарник жёсткий

partners:
Alyson trianguliferus
Andrena miserabilis
Apallates coxendix
Bombylius helvus
Chaetochlorops inquilinus
Chlorops proximus
Cremastogaster lineolata
Epimelissodes oligolege

partners:
Colias eurytheme
Danaus plexippus
Prionyx atratus
Strymon melinus
Ageniella accepta
Ammophila procera
Ancistrocerus capra
Apis mellifera

partners:
Andrena asteris
Andrena hirticincta
Andrena nubecula
Achyra rantalis
Acontia candefacta
Ammophila ferruginosa
Ammophila nigricans
Ancistrocerus adiabatus

partners:
Ammophila nigricans
Ancistrocerus adiabatus
Ancistrocerus campestris
Ancistrocerus gazella
Apis mellifera
Augochlora pura
Bison
Bombus citrinus

partners:
Basidiophora entospora
Golovinomyces orontii

iNaturalist

note: photographs, flowering annotations and the common name, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only


slug: solidago-rigidiuscula

scientific: Solidago rigidiuscula

authorship: (Torr. & A.Gray) Porter

epithet: rigidiuscula

published_in: Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 319 (1894)

Solidago speciosa var. angustata

authorship: Torr. & A.Gray

codes: ILL INI IOW KAN KTY LOU MIC MIN MSO NEB NDA OHI OKL ONT SDA TEN TEX WIS

Indiana

code: INI

Kentucky

code: KTY

Louisiana

code: LOU

Michigan

code: MIC

Minnesota

code: MIN

Missouri

code: MSO

Nebraska

code: NEB

North Dakota

code: NDA

Oklahoma

code: OKL

South Dakota

code: SDA

Tennessee

code: TEN

Texas

code: TEX

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 535 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
showy goldenrod
stiff leaved showy goldenrod

partners:
Agrotis ipsilon
Autographa precationis
Bombus impatiens
Chauliognathus pensylvanicus
Danaus plexippus
Dolichovespula maculata
Euschistus variolarius
Euxoa messoria

partners:
Eristalis tenax
Melanchra adjuncta

reason: Only 27 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: solidago-roanensis

scientific: Solidago roanensis

epithet: roanensis

published_in: Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 19(4): 130. 1892

preferred: Roan Mountain goldenrod

Aster monticolus

authorship: (Torr. & A.Gray) Kuntze

Solidago alleghaniensis

authorship: House

Solidago maxonii

authorship: Pollard

Solidago monticola

authorship: (Torr. & A.Gray) Chapm.

Solidago roanensis var. monticola

authorship: Fernald

codes: ALA GEO MRY NCA PEN SCA TEN VRG WVA

Alabama

code: ALA

Georgia

code: GEO

North Carolina

code: NCA

Pennsylvania

code: PEN

South Carolina

code: SCA

Virginia

code: VRG

West Virginia

code: WVA

type: pollinatedBy

label: Pollinated by

partners: Apoidea Coleoptera Lepidoptera

authors: Porter

published_in: Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 19(4): 130

reason: Only 6 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: solidago-rugosa

scientific: Solidago rugosa

authorship: Mill.

epithet: rugosa

preferred: wrinkleleaf goldenrod

Aster archerianus

authorship: Kuntze

Solidago altissima

authorship: Aiton

Solidago celtidifolia

authorship: Small

Solidago rugosa var. glabrata

authorship: Farw.

Solidago villosa

authorship: Pursh

codes: ALA ARK CNT DEL FLA GEO ILL INI KTY LOU MAI MRY MAS MIC MSI MSO NBR NWJ NWY NFL NCA NSC OHI OKL ONT PEN PEI QUE RHO SCA TEN TEX VER VRG WVA WIS

Arkansas

code: ARK

Connecticut

code: CNT

Delaware

code: DEL

Florida

code: FLA

Illinois

code: ILL

Indiana

code: INI

Kentucky

code: KTY

Louisiana

code: LOU

Maine

code: MAI

Maryland

code: MRY

Massachusetts

code: MAS

Mississippi

code: MSI

New Brunswick

code: NBR

New Jersey

code: NWJ

New York

code: NWY

Newfoundland

code: NFL

Nova Scotia

code: NSC

Ohio

code: OHI

Ontario

code: ONT

Prince Edward I.

code: PEI

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1980 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
wrinkleleaf goldenrod
Rough-stem Goldenrod

names: 多皱一枝黄花 皱叶一枝黄花

names: Золотарник морщинистый

partners:
Andrena
Anthophora
Apoidea
Megacyllene robiniae
Polistes fuscatus

partners:
Euodynerus foraminatus
Bombus griseocollis
Strymon melinus
Adelphocoris lineolatus
Agrotis gladiaria
Ancistrocerus adiabatus
Ancistrocerus campestris
Andrena hirticincta

partners:
Polistes fuscatus
Ancistrocerus
Ancistrocerus adiabatus
Ancistrocerus antilope
Ancistrocerus campestris
Ancistrocerus capra
Ancistrocerus catskill
Andrena hirticincta


slug: solidago-sciaphila

scientific: Solidago sciaphila

epithet: sciaphila

preferred: shadowy goldenrod

codes: ILL IOW MIN WIS

Iowa

code: IOW

Minnesota

code: MIN

Wisconsin

code: WIS

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 68 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
shadowy goldenrod
Cliff Goldenrod

published_in: Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 13: 371

reason: Only 11 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: solidago-sempervirens-michx

scientific: Solidago sempervirens

authorship: Michx.

epithet: sempervirens

published_in: Fl. Bor.-Amer. (Michaux) 2: 119, partim. 1803 [19 Mar 1803]

preferred: northern seaside goldenrod

english:
northern seaside goldenrod
seaside goldenrod

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1953 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
seaside goldenrod
Salt-marsh Goldenrod

names: Solidage toujours vert, Solidage sempervirent

partners:
Hymenoptera
Moth sp1 M_PL_036

partners:
Apis mellifera
Bombus flavidus
Ceropales bipunctata bipunctata
Acalymma vittatum
Acontia leo
Agapostemon
Agapostemon splendens
Agapostemon virescens

partners:
Ancistrocerus adiabatus
Ancistrocerus campestris
Ancistrocerus capra
Apis mellifera
Atteva punctella
Bicyrtes insidiatrix
Bicyrtes quadrifasciatus
Bombus impatiens

partners:
Agapostemon splendens
Ancistrocerus
Ancistrocerus adiabatus
Andrena hirticincta
Apis mellifera
Atalopedes huron
Atteva punctella
Bicyrtes quadrifasciatus

partners:
Cuscuta
Golovinomyces orontii

label: Growth form

value: Multiple Stem

label: Growth rate

value: moderate

label: Height

category: Size

label: Leaf retention

category: Foliage

value: deciduous

label: Foliage colour

value: dark green

label: Flower colour

value: yellow

label: Bloom period

value: Late Summer

authors: L.

reason: Kew's World Checklist of Vascular Plants does not cover this taxon.


slug: solidago-sempervirens-l

authorship: L.

Dasiorima limonifolia

authorship: Raf.

codes: AZO CNT DEL MAI MRY MAS NBR NWH NWJ NWY NFL NSC PEN PEI QUE RHO VRG BAH BER CUB DOM PUE

Azores

code: AZO

continent: AFRICA

region: Macaronesia

Connecticut

code: CNT

Delaware

code: DEL

New Hampshire

code: NWH

Pennsylvania

code: PEN

Québec

code: QUE

Rhode I.

code: RHO

Virginia

code: VRG

Bahamas

code: BAH

continent: SOUTHERN AMERICA

region: Caribbean

Bermuda

code: BER

Cuba

code: CUB

Dominican Republic

code: DOM

Puerto Rico

code: PUE

species: Plantago lanceolata

slug: plantago-lanceolata

names:
Salt-marsh Goldenrod
Seaside Goldenrod

label: Visited by


slug: solidago-shortii

scientific: Solidago shortii

epithet: shortii

preferred: Short's goldenrod

codes: INI KTY

Indiana

code: INI

Kentucky

code: KTY

partners:
Augochlora pura
Euodynerus hidalgo boreoorientalis
Prionyx
Sphex flavovestitus

label: Eaten by

partners:
Ibidoecus longiclypeatus
Philaenus spumarius

authors: Torr. & A.Gray

published_in: Fl. N. Amer. (Torr. & A. Gray) 2(2): 222


slug: solidago-simplex

scientific: Solidago simplex

authorship: Kunth

epithet: simplex

published_in: Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] iv. 163.

preferred: Mt. Albert goldenrod

Solidago aureola

authorship: Greene

Solidago confertiflora

authorship: DC.

Solidago decumbens var. chlorolepis

authorship: (Fernald) Beaudry

Solidago glutinosa

authorship: Nutt.

Solidago glutinosa var. chlorolepis

authorship: (Fernald) G.S.Ringius

Solidago glutinosa var. gillmanii

authorship: (A.Gray) Cronquist

Solidago hesperia

authorship: Howell

Solidago neomexicana

authorship: Wooton & Standl.

Solidago oreophila

authorship: Rydb.

Solidago puberula var. monticola

authorship: Porter

Solidago purshii var. gillmanii

authorship: (A.Gray) Farw.

Solidago racemosa var. gillmanii

authorship: (A.Gray) Fernald

Solidago simplex var. randii

authorship: (Porter) Kartesz & Gandhi

Solidago spathulata subsp. glutinosa

authorship: (Nutt.) D.D.Keck

Solidago spathulata var. gillmanii

authorship: (A.Gray) Gleason

Solidago spathulata var. randii

authorship: (Porter) Cronquist

Solidago virgaurea var. confertiflora

authorship: Kurtz

codes: ASK ABT ARI BRC COL IDA MAN MXC MXG MXE MIN MNT NWM NDA NWT ONT ORE QUE SAS SDA UTA WAS WYO YUK

Alaska

code: ASK

region: Subarctic America

Alberta

code: ABT

Arizona

code: ARI

region: Southwestern U.S.A.

British Columbia

code: BRC

Colorado

code: COL

Idaho

code: IDA

Manitoba

code: MAN

Mexico Central

code: MXC

Mexico Gulf

code: MXG

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

Minnesota

code: MIN

Montana

code: MNT

New Mexico

code: NWM

North Dakota

code: NDA

Northwest Territories

code: NWT

Ontario

code: ONT

Oregon

code: ORE

Saskatchewan

code: SAS

South Dakota

code: SDA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 196 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Bombus bifarius
Bombus insularis
Colletes lutzi
Hylaeus basalis
Hylaeus wootoni
Lasioglossum

partners:
Ancistrocerus capra
Apis mellifera
Augochlora pura
Augochlorella aurata
Bombus impatiens
Bombus mixtus
Ceratina calcarata
Ceratina strenua

partners:
Apis mellifera
Augochlora pura
Augochlorella aurata
Ceratina calcarata
Gnorimoschema


slug: solidago-spathulata

scientific: Solidago spathulata

epithet: spathulata

Aster candollei

authorship: Kuntze

Homopappus spathulatus

authorship: (DC.) Nutt.

Solidago simplex var. spathulata

authorship: (DC.) Cronquist

Solidago spiciformis

authorship: Torr. & A.Gray

codes: CAL ORE

California

code: CAL

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 638 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Mt. Albert goldenrod
Coast Goldenrod

partners:
Bombus vancouverensis
Bombus vosnesenskii
Megachile perihirta

label: Photosynthetic pathway

category: Physiology

authors: DC.


slug: solidago-speciosa-nutt

scientific: Solidago speciosa

authorship: Nutt.

epithet: speciosa

preferred: showy goldenrod

Aster speciosus

authorship: (Nutt.) Kuntze

Solidago venulosa

authorship: Greene

codes: ALA CNT DEL GEO KTY MRY MAS MIN NWJ NWY NCA OHI RHO SCA TEN VER VRG WVA WIS

Alabama

code: ALA

Connecticut

code: CNT

Delaware

code: DEL

Georgia

code: GEO

Kentucky

code: KTY

Maryland

code: MRY

Massachusetts

code: MAS

New Jersey

code: NWJ

New York

code: NWY

North Carolina

code: NCA

Ohio

code: OHI

Rhode I.

code: RHO

South Carolina

code: SCA

Tennessee

code: TEN

Vermont

code: VER

Virginia

code: VRG

West Virginia

code: WVA

Wisconsin

code: WIS

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 431 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
noble goldenrod
showy goldenrod

partners:
Andrena miserabilis
Andrena pruni
Andrena spiraeana
Anoplius illinoensis
Apallates coxendix
Apoidea
Bibio albipennis
Bombylius helvus

partners:
Bombus griseocollis
Bombus impatiens
Bombus pensylvanicus
Bombus affinis
Bombus fraternus
Apis mellifera
Bombus bimaculatus
Bombus rufocinctus

partners:
Acholla multispinosa
Agrotis venerabilis
Ancistrocerus adiabatus
Ancistrocerus campestris
Ancistrocerus catskill
Apis mellifera
Araneus trifolium
Atteva punctella

partners:
Apis mellifera
Atteva aurea
Bison
Bombus fraternus
Bombus impatiens
Chlorion
Dolichovespula maculata
Eristalis arbustorum

label: Growth habit

value: forb/herb

source: derived from USDA NRCS plant guide

quote: Showy goldenrod is a native perennial wildflower

quote: bears a tight cluster of bright yellow florets


slug: solidago-speciosa-a-gray

Solidago harperi

authorship: Mack. ex Small

names:
showy goldenrod
noble goldenrod

quote: grows from 1-5 feet tall

quote: is a native perennial wildflower

value: bright yellow

label: Phenology

value: Flowers bloom from mid to late summer

quote: Flowers bloom from mid to late summer


slug: solidago-spectabilis

scientific: Solidago spectabilis

epithet: spectabilis

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 17: 193. 1882

preferred: Nevada goldenrod

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 101 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Nevada goldenrod
Basin Goldenrod

partners:
Sphaerophoria contigua
Stenostrophia tribalteata

label: Woodiness

label: Life cycle

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 17: 193


slug: solidago-sphacelata

scientific: Solidago sphacelata

authorship: Raf.

epithet: sphacelata

preferred: autumn goldenrod

Brachychaeta sphacelata

authorship: (Raf.) Britton ex Kearney

authorship: Britton ex Kearney

Brachyris ovatifolia

authorship: DC.

Solidago cordata

authorship: Short & Peter

authorship: Short & R.Peter

codes: ALA GEO ILL INI KTY MSI NCA OHI TEN VRG WVA

Alabama

code: ALA

Illinois

code: ILL

Indiana

code: INI

Mississippi

code: MSI

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 158 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
autumn goldenrod
false goldenrod

label: Flower-visited by

partners:
Ancistrocerus
Ancistrocerus adiabatus
Andrena hirticincta
Andrena nubecula
Atalopedes huron
Bombus impatiens
Eremnophila aureonotata
Euodynerus hidalgo boreoorientalis

partners:
Ancistrocerus adiabatus
Ancistrocerus campestris
Andrena nubecula
Fuscopolistes

authors: Raf.

reason: Only 20 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: solidago-squarrosa-muhl

scientific: Solidago squarrosa

authorship: Muhl.

epithet: squarrosa

published_in: Cat. Pl. Amer. Sept. : 79 (1813)

preferred: stout goldenrod

Solidago squamosa

authorship: Nutt. ex Hook.

Solidago squarrosa var. ramosa

authorship: Peck

codes: CNT DEL INI KTY MAI MRY MAS NBR NWH NWJ NWY NCA OHI ONT PEN QUE RHO VER VRG WVA

Connecticut

code: CNT

Delaware

code: DEL

Kentucky

code: KTY

Maine

code: MAI

Maryland

code: MRY

New Brunswick

code: NBR

New Hampshire

code: NWH

Ontario

code: ONT

Pennsylvania

code: PEN

Québec

code: QUE

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 534 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Stout Goldenrod
Squarrose Goldenrod

authors: Muhl.

published_in: Cat. Pl. Amer. Sept. 79


slug: solidago-squarrosa-nutt

published_in: J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia vii. (1834) 102

names:
stout goldenrod
Squarrose Goldenrod

authors: Muhl. ex Nutt.

published_in: Gen. N. Amer. Pl. [Nuttall]. 2: 161


slug: solidago-stricta

scientific: Solidago stricta

authorship: Aiton

epithet: stricta

preferred: wand goldenrod

Aster gracillimus

authorship: (Torr. & A.Gray) Kuntze

Aster strictus

authorship: (Aiton) Kuntze

Solidago austrina

authorship: Small

Solidago perlonga

authorship: Fernald

codes: ALA DEL FLA GEO NWJ NCA SCA TEN VRG

Florida

code: FLA

Georgia

code: GEO

New Jersey

code: NWJ

North Carolina

code: NCA

South Carolina

code: SCA

Tennessee

code: TEN

Virginia

code: VRG

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 32 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
wand goldenrod
Pine Barren Bog Goldenrod

partners:
Eremnophila aureonotata
Leucospis slossonae
Syngamia florella

authors: Aiton

published_in: Hort. Kew. [W. Aiton] 3: 216

reason: Only 17 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: solidago-tarda

scientific: Solidago tarda

authorship: Mack.

epithet: tarda

authors: Mack. ex Small

published_in: Man. S.E. Fl. [Small] 1355


slug: solidago-tortifolia

scientific: Solidago tortifolia

authorship: Elliott

epithet: tortifolia

published_in: Sketch Bot. S. Carolina 2: 377 (1823)

preferred: twistleaf goldenrod

Aster purschianus

authorship: Kuntze

codes: ALA ARK FLA GEO LOU MSI NCA SCA TEX VRG

Alabama

code: ALA

Arkansas

code: ARK

Louisiana

code: LOU

Mississippi

code: MSI

Texas

code: TEX

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 140 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
twistleaf goldenrod
Twisted-leaf Goldenrod

authors: Elliott

published_in: Sketch Bot. S. Carolina [Elliott] 2: 377


slug: solidago-uliginosa

scientific: Solidago uliginosa

authorship: Nutt.

epithet: uliginosa

published_in: J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia vii. (1834) 101.

preferred: bog goldenrod

Aster uliginosus

authorship: J.M.Wood & M.S.Evans

Aster uniligulatus

authorship: (DC.) Kuntze

Chrysoma uniligulata

authorship: (DC.) Nutt.

Felicia uliginosa

authorship: (J.M.Wood & M.S.Evans) Grau

Solidago humilis

authorship: Banks ex Pursh

Solidago humilis var. microcephala

authorship: Porter

Solidago humilis var. reducta

authorship: Farw.

Solidago linoides

authorship: Torr. & A.Gray

Solidago neglecta var. linoides

authorship: (Torr. & A.Gray) A.Gray

Solidago neglecta var. uniligulata

authorship: (DC.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.

Solidago uliginosa var. linoides

authorship: (Torr. & A.Gray) Fernald

Solidago uniligulata

authorship: (DC.) Porter

codes: NAT LES ALA CNT DEL GEO ILL INI LAB MAI MAN MRY MIC MIN NBR NWH NWY NFL NCA NSC ONT PEN PEI QUE SCA TEN VER VRG WVA WIS

KwaZulu-Natal

code: NAT

region: Southern Africa

Lesotho

code: LES

Connecticut

code: CNT

Delaware

code: DEL

Illinois

code: ILL

Indiana

code: INI

Labrador

code: LAB

Maine

code: MAI

Manitoba

code: MAN

Maryland

code: MRY

Michigan

code: MIC

Minnesota

code: MIN

New Brunswick

code: NBR

New York

code: NWY

Newfoundland

code: NFL

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1209 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Bombus impatiens
Andrena braccata
Anthidium oblongatum
Augochlora pura
Boloria chariclea
Bombus ternarius
Polistes fuscatus
Scolia dubia dubia

partners:
Andrena braccata
Anthidium oblongatum
Apis mellifera
Bombus impatiens
Chauliognathus pensylvanicus
Exema canadensis
Gnorimoschema gallaeasterella
Halictus ligatus


slug: solidago-ulmifolia-hook

scientific: Solidago ulmifolia

authorship: Hook.

epithet: ulmifolia

published_in: Companion Bot. Mag. 1: 97. 1835

preferred: elmleaf goldenrod

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1308 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Elm-leaf Goldenrod
Elmleaf Goldenrod

partners:
Andrena polemonii
Batyle suturalis
Belpharipeza leucophrys
Brachypalpus oarus
Brachysomida bivittata
Bracon atrator
Chaetochlorops inquilinus
Cheilosia capillata

partners:
Ammophila kennedyi
Andrena simplex
Bombus impatiens
Crabro tumidus
Heriades leavitti
Lasioglossum pectorale
Melissodes dentiventris
Polistes fuscatus

partners:
Ancistrocerus adiabatus
Andrena hirticincta
Andrena nubecula
Halictus ligatus
Halictus rubicundus
Isodontia auripes
Lycomorpha pholus
Polistes fuscatus

partners:
Ancistrocerus adiabatus
Epiblema scudderiana
Halictus ligatus
Isodontia auripes
Polistes fuscatus

authors: Hook.

published_in: Companion Bot. Mag. 1: 97

USDA PLANTS Database

note: common name, checklist symbol SOUL2


slug: solidago-ulmifolia-muhl-ex-willd

authorship: Muhl. ex Willd.

codes: ALA ARK CNT DEL FLA GEO ILL INI IOW KAN KTY LOU MAI MRY MAS MIC MIN MSI MSO NEB NWH NWJ NWY NSC OHI OKL ONT PEN SCA TEN TEX VRG WVA WIS

Alabama

code: ALA

Arkansas

code: ARK

Florida

code: FLA

Georgia

code: GEO

Iowa

code: IOW

Kansas

code: KAN

Kentucky

code: KTY

Louisiana

code: LOU

Massachusetts

code: MAS

Mississippi

code: MSI

Missouri

code: MSO

Nebraska

code: NEB

New Hampshire

code: NWH

New Jersey

code: NWJ

Nova Scotia

code: NSC

Ohio

code: OHI

Oklahoma

code: OKL

Ontario

code: ONT

Pennsylvania

code: PEN

South Carolina

code: SCA


slug: solidago-velutina

scientific: Solidago velutina

authorship: DC.

epithet: velutina

preferred: three-nerve goldenrod

english:
three-nerve goldenrod
threenerve goldenrod

Aster californicus

authorship: (Nutt.) Kuntze

Aster sparsiflorus

authorship: (A.Gray) Kuntze

Solidago garrettii

authorship: Rydb.

Solidago howellii

authorship: Wooton & Standl.

Solidago mollis

authorship: Rothr.

Solidago trinervata

authorship: Greene

Solidago velutina subsp. sparsiflora

authorship: (A.Gray) Semple

codes: ARI CAL COL IDA MXC MXG MXE MXN MXS NEV NWM ORE TEX WYO

Arizona

code: ARI

California

code: CAL

Colorado

code: COL

Idaho

code: IDA

Mexico Central

code: MXC

Mexico Gulf

code: MXG

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

Mexico Southwest

code: MXS

Nevada

code: NEV

New Mexico

code: NWM

Oregon

code: ORE

Texas

code: TEX

Wyoming

code: WYO

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1517 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Ammophila
Apis mellifera
Apodemia virgulti
Argynnis coronis
Bembix americana
Bombus vosnesenskii
Calephelis nemesis
Colias eurytheme

partners:
Bembix americana
Danaus plexippus
Euodynerus hidalgo
Isodontia elegans

partners:
Acmaeodera hepburnii
Apis mellifera
Copestylum mexicanum
Danaus plexippus
Elkalyce comyntas
Erynnis tristis
Euodynerus hidalgo
Icaricia acmon

value: subshrub


slug: solidago-villosicarpa

scientific: Solidago villosicarpa

authorship: LeBlond

epithet: villosicarpa

preferred: hairy-seed goldenrod

North Carolina

code: NCA

names:
hairy-seed goldenrod
Coastal Goldenrod

authors: LeBlond

reason: Only 1 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: solidago-virgata

scientific: Solidago virgata

authorship: Michx.

epithet: virgata

Aster flavovirens

authorship: Kuntze

Solidago flavovirens

authorship: Chapm.

codes: ALA FLA GEO LOU MXG MXT MSI NCA SCA BLZ CUB GUA

Alabama

code: ALA

Florida

code: FLA

Georgia

code: GEO

Louisiana

code: LOU

Mexico Southeast

code: MXT

Mississippi

code: MSI

Belize

code: BLZ

region: Central America

Cuba

code: CUB

Guatemala

code: GUA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 340 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: Michx.

published_in: Fl. Bor.-Amer. (Michaux) 2: 117

reason: Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted.


slug: solidago-virgaurea

scientific: Solidago virgaurea

authorship: L.

epithet: virgaurea

Doria virgaurea

authorship: Scop.

Solidago alpestris

authorship: Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.

Solidago armena

authorship: Grossh.

Solidago axillaris

authorship: Jeanb. & Timb.-Lagr.

Solidago cambrica

authorship: Huds.

Solidago dahurica

authorship: Kitag.

Solidago gebleri

authorship: Juz.

Solidago insularis

authorship: Kitam.

Solidago lapponica

authorship: With.

Solidago macrorrhiza

authorship: Lange

Solidago monticola

authorship: Jord. ex Boreau

Solidago talyschensis

authorship: Tzvelev

Solidago turfosa

authorship: Woronow ex Grossh.

Solidago virgaurea subsp. alpestris

authorship: (Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) Rchb.

authorship: (Willd.) Hayek & Hegi

Solidago virgaurea subsp. pinetorum

authorship: Holub

Solidago virgaurea subsp. stenophylla

authorship: (G.E.Schultz) Tzvelev

Solidago virgaurea var. fallit-tirones

authorship: Font Quer

Solidago virgaurea var. stenophylla

authorship: Sugim.

codes: ALG MOR TUN AFG ALT EAI IRN JAP KRA KUR LBS MON NCS PAL TCS TUR WSB ASS CBD EHM NEP PAK PHI VIE WHM ALB AUT BLT BLR BGM BUL RUC COR CZE DEN RUE FIN FRA GER GRB GRC HUN IRE ITA KRY YUG NET RUN RUW NOR POL POR ROM SAR RUS SPA SWE SWI TUE UKR

Algeria

code: ALG

region: Northern Africa

Morocco

code: MOR

Tunisia

code: TUN

Afghanistan

code: AFG

continent: ASIA-TEMPERATE

region: Western Asia

Altay

code: ALT

region: Siberia

East Aegean Is.

code: EAI

Iran

code: IRN

Japan

code: JAP

region: Eastern Asia

Krasnoyarsk

code: KRA

Kuril Is.

code: KUR

region: Russian Far East

Lebanon-Syria

code: LBS

Mongolia

code: MON

region: Mongolia

North Caucasus

code: NCS

region: Caucasus

Palestine

code: PAL

Transcaucasus

code: TCS

Türkiye

code: TUR

West Siberia

code: WSB

Assam

code: ASS

continent: ASIA-TROPICAL

region: Indian Subcontinent

Cambodia

code: CBD

region: Indo-China

East Himalaya

code: EHM

Nepal

code: NEP

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2006 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

Quercetin

activities: 11B-HSD-Inhibitor 5-Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor ATPase-Inhibitor Aldehyde-Oxidase-Inhibitor Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor Allelochemic Allergenic Analgesic

Rutin

activities: 5-HT-Inhibitor Aldehyde-Oxidase-Inhibitor Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor Allelochemic AntiCVI Antiaggregant Antiallergic Antiapoplectic

Chlorogenic-acid

activities: Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor Allelochemic Allergenic Analgesic AntiEBV AntiHIV AntiLegionella Antiatherosclerotic

Caffeic-acid

activities: Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor Allergenic Analgesic AntiHIV AntiLegionella Antiadenoviral Antiaggregant Antiaging

Quercitrin

activities: ACE-Inhibitor Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor Antiarrhythmic Antibacterial Anticataract Antiedemic Antifeedant Antiflu

Inulin

activities:
Alcohol-Dehydrogenase-Inhibitor
Anticolitic?
Antidiabetic
Antidiarrheic
Antiobesity?
Antiosteoporotic?
Bifidogenic
Chemopreventive (Breast Cancer)

Isoquercitrin

activities: ACE-Inhibitor Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor Antibacterial Anticancer Antielastase Antifeedant Antiinflammatory Antinociceptive

Astragalin

activities: ACE-Inhibitor Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor Antileukemic Expectorant Hypotensive Immunostimulant

source: Dr. Duke's Phytochemical & Ethnobotanical Database

note: A snapshot of the reported literature 1992-2016, not a current assay. An activity is attributed to the compound in that literature; it is not a claim about the plant.

names:
Золотарник обыкновенный
Золотая розга

names:
Золотарник звичайний
Золотушник звичайний

names:
erdei aranyvessző
közönséges aranyvessző

partners:
Parasyrphus relictus
Sphaerophoria
Ammophila pubescens
Andrena lapponica
Anthomyiidae
Aphantopus hyperantus
Apis mellifera
Arge ustulata

partners:
Bombus pascuorum
Apis mellifera
Episyrphus balteatus
Eristalis tenax
Helophilus pendulus
Lasioglossum calceatum
Lasioglossum smeathmanellum
Paragus haemorrhous

partners:
Aphrophora alni
Argynnis paphia
Carpocoris mediterraneus atlanticus
Chorthippus apricarius
Eoseristalis
Erebia euryale
Eristalis pertinax
Eristalis tenax

partners:
Campiglossa loewiana
Campiglossa solidaginis
Cochylidia subroseana
Cochylis dubitana
Eucosma aemulana
Eupoecilia angustana
Falseuncaria ruficiliana
Liriomyza eupatorii

partners:
Chrysocharis crassiscapus
Chrysocharis liriomyzae
Diglyphus chabrias
Diglyphus isaea
Glyphognathus convexus
Glyphognathus laevis
Golovinomyces cichoracearum
Halticoptera circulus

reason: Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready.


slug: solidago-wrightii

scientific: Solidago wrightii

epithet: wrightii

published_in: Notes Compositae : 80 (1880)

preferred: Wright goldenrod

english:
Wright goldenrod
Wright's Goldenrod
Wright's goldenrod

Aster brittonii

authorship: Kuntze

Solidago bigelovii var. wrightii

authorship: (A.Gray) A.Gray

codes: ARI COL MXE MXN NWM OKL TEX

Arizona

code: ARI

Colorado

code: COL

region: Northwestern U.S.A.

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

region: Mexico

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

New Mexico

code: NWM

region: South-Central U.S.A.

Oklahoma

code: OKL

region: North-Central U.S.A.

Texas

code: TEX

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 147 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Wright goldenrod
Wright's goldenrod

published_in: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 16: 80

reason: No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page.

reason: Only 18 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: soliva-anthemifolia

scientific: Soliva anthemifolia

authorship: (Juss.) Sweet

genus: Soliva

epithet: anthemifolia

published_in: Hort. Brit. [Sweet] 243. 1826

preferred: button burrweed

english:
button burrweed
Mutis' burrweed

Gymnostyles mutisii

authorship: (Kunth) Spreng.

Soliva anthemifolia

authorship: (Juss.) R.Br. ex Less.

Soliva mutisii

authorship: Kunth

codes: AGE AGW BZS BZL CLM PAR URU VEN

Argentina Northeast

code: AGE

region: Southern South America

Argentina Northwest

code: AGW

Brazil South

code: BZS

region: Brazil

Brazil Southeast

code: BZL

Colombia

code: CLM

region: Western South America

Paraguay

code: PAR

Uruguay

code: URU

Venezuela

code: VEN

region: Northern South America

climate: seasonally dry tropical

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 871 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: 朝鲜一枝黄花 假吐金菊

source: EOL TraitBank / Flora do Brasil

label: Life form

value: therophyte

value: evergreen

value: annual

authors: (Juss.) Sweet

published_in: Sweet's Hort. Brit. 243

reason: Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all.

reason: Only 10 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: soliva-sessilis

scientific: Soliva sessilis

authorship: Ruiz & Pav.

epithet: sessilis

preferred: field burrweed

source: wikidata

Gymnostyles alata

authorship: Spreng.

Gymnostyles barcklayana

authorship: Steud.

Gymnostyles pterosperma

authorship: Juss.

Soliva alata

authorship: DC.

Soliva daucifolia

authorship: Nutt.

Soliva microloma

authorship: Phil.

Soliva neglecta

authorship: Cabrera

Soliva pterosperma

authorship: (Juss.) Less.

Soliva sessilis var. barclayana

authorship: (DC.) Baker

codes: AGE AGW AGS BOL BZS BZL CLC CLS PAR PER URU

Argentina South

code: AGS

Bolivia

code: BOL

Chile Central

code: CLC

Chile South

code: CLS

Peru

code: PER

lifeform: annual

climate: subtropical

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1951 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
field burrweed
Bindii

names: 翅果裸柱菊 翼子裸柱菊

names: espinho-de-cachorro roseta

names: Soliva ptérosperme, Spurweed, Soliva sessile

names: סוליבה יושבת

value: herb


slug: soliva-stolonifera-brot-sweet

scientific: Soliva stolonifera

authorship: (Brot.) Sweet

epithet: stolonifera

published_in: Hort. Brit. [Sweet] 243. 1827 [Sep-Oct 1826]

preferred: carpet burrweed

Gymnostyles stolonifera

authorship: (Brot.) Juss. ex DC.

authorship: (Brot.) Juss. ex Brot.

authorship: (Brot.) Juss. ex Steud.

authorship: (Brot.) Tutin

Hippia stolonifera

authorship: Brot.

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 72 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Carpet Burrweed
Carpet Burweed

authors: (Brot.) Sweet

USDA PLANTS Database

note: common name, checklist symbol GYST

reason: Only 7 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: soliva-stolonifera-brot-r-br-ex-g-don

authorship: (Brot.) R.Br. ex G.Don

Soliva acaulis

authorship: Hook. & Arn.

Soliva anthemifolia var. acaulis

authorship: (Hook. & Arn.) Baker

label: Least Concern

names:
carpet burrweed
Carpet Burweed


slug: soliva-stolonifera-brot-loudon

authorship: (Brot.) Loudon

source: Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)

codes: AGE CLC URU

lifeform: subshrub

authors: Loudon

published_in: Loudon's Hort. Brit. 364

reason: No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name.


slug: sommera-donnell-smithii

scientific: Sommera donnell-smithii

authorship: Standl.

genus: Sommera

epithet: donnell-smithii

family: Rubiaceae

codes: CLM COS NIC PAN

Costa Rica

code: COS

region: Central America

Nicaragua

code: NIC

Panamá

code: PAN

lifeform: shrub or tree

climate: wet tropical

value: tree

value: shrub

value: woody

value: nanophanerophyte

reason: Fewer than 30 georeferenced research-grade observations of this taxon, which is too few to state a percentile range for the conditions it grows in. We would rather show nothing than a range computed from eight points in one county.

reason: No dated flowering annotations found for this taxon.


slug: sommerfeltia-spinulosa

scientific: Sommerfeltia spinulosa

authorship: Less.

genus: Sommerfeltia

epithet: spinulosa

Conyza spinulosa

authorship: Spreng.

Sommerfeltia lorentziana

authorship: Hoffmann

codes: AGE BZS URU

source: CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 127 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

label: Pollinated by

partners:
Anthomyiidae
Augochlora iphigenia
Ceratina montana
Dialictus
Melyridae
Spintherophyta
Strymon eurytulus
Syritta

partners:
Anthomyiidae
Augochlora semiramis
Ceratina montana
Dialictus
Melyridae
Spintherophyta
Strymon eurytulus
Syritta

value: lithophyte

value: perennial

authors: Less.

published_in: Syn. Gen. Compos. 190

reason: Only 15 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: sonchus-acaulis

scientific: Sonchus acaulis

genus: Sonchus

epithet: acaulis

Sonchus altissimus

authorship: Vahl ex Sch.Bip.

Sonchus polyodon

authorship: Webb & Berthel.

Canary Is.

code: CNY

region: Macaronesia

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 717 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

source: Kew World Checklist of Useful Plant Species

names:
Cerrajon de monte
Cerrajón

names: Осот бесстебельный

partners:
Andrena vulcana
Apis mellifera
Bombus terrestris canariensis
Dilophus beckeri
Eucera gracilipes
Osmia latreillei

value: non-woody

label: Flowering months

value: Jan-May

label: Fruit type

value: achene


slug: sonchus-arvensis

scientific: Sonchus arvensis

authorship: L.

epithet: arvensis

preferred: field sowthistle

Hieracium arvense

authorship: Scop.

Sonchoseris arvensis

authorship: Fourr.

Sonchus arvensis f. glabrescens

authorship: (Günther, Grab. & Wimm.) Kirp.

Sonchus arvensis var. comosus

authorship: Nyár.

Sonchus arvensis var. eglandulosus

authorship: Farw.

Sonchus arvensis var. glandulosus

authorship: Schur

authorship: Coss. & Germ.

Sonchus arvensis var. integrifolius

authorship: Bisch.

Sonchus arvensis var. laevipes

authorship: Boiss.

Sonchus arvensis var. major

authorship: Neilr.

Sonchus arvensis var. nanus

authorship: Phil.

Sonchus arvensis var. pseudouliginosus

authorship: Soó

Sonchus arvensis var. tenggerensis

authorship: Hochr.

Sonchus arvensis var. uliginosus

authorship: (M.Bieb.) Trautv.

Sonchus exaltatus

authorship: Wallr.

Sonchus hantoniensis

authorship: Sweet

Sonchus hispidus

authorship: Gilib.

Sonchus ketzkhovelii

authorship: Schchian

Sonchus nitidus

authorship: Vill.

Sonchus repens

authorship: Bubani

Sonchus vulgaris

authorship: Rouy

Sonchus vulgaris subsp. arvensis

authorship: (L.) Rouy

Sonchus vulgaris var. riparius

authorship: Magnier

codes: ALT AMU BRY CTA EAI IRK KAM KAZ KHA KGZ KRA KUR MAG MON NCS OMA PRM SAK TZK TCS TVA TUR UZB WSB YAK ALB AUT BLT BLR BGM BUL RUC CZE DEN RUE FIN FRA FOR GER GRB GRC HUN IRE ITA KRY YUG NET RUN RUW NOR POL ROM SAR SIC RUS SPA SWE SWI TUE UKR

Altay

code: ALT

region: Siberia

Amur

code: AMU

Buryatiya

code: BRY

Chita

code: CTA

East Aegean Is.

code: EAI

region: Western Asia

Irkutsk

code: IRK

Kamchatka

code: KAM

Kazakhstan

code: KAZ

region: Central Asia

Khabarovsk

code: KHA

Kirgizstan

code: KGZ

Krasnoyarsk

code: KRA

Kuril Is.

code: KUR

Magadan

code: MAG

Mongolia

code: MON

North Caucasus

code: NCS

Oman

code: OMA

region: Arabian Peninsula

Primorye

code: PRM

Sakhalin

code: SAK

Tadzhikistan

code: TZK

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2004 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Осот полевой

names:
akkermelkdistel
Akkermelkdistel var. arvensis

names: Жовтий осот польовий

names:
Susai
Сусай де-кымп

source: Wikidata (P1843, CC0) + GBIF vernacular names

partners:
Agapostemon texanus
Andrena amieti
Andrena bicolor
Andrena denticulata
Andrena fulvago
Andrena haemorrhoa
Andrena hesperia
Andrena humilis

partners:
Bombus pascuorum
Dialictus
Halictus rubicundus
Hymenoptera
Lasioglossum
Agapostemon virescens
Aglais urticae
Allograpta obliqua

partners:
Bombus lapidarius
Bombus lucorum
Bombus nevadensis
Bombus pascuorum
Diabrotica virgifera
Eristalis tenax
Lasioglossum calceatum
Lasioglossum cupromicans

partners:
Autographa gamma
Carduelis carduelis
Celypha rufana
Cucullia umbratica
Lacanobia oleracea
Simyra albovenosa
Acanthis flammea
Agapanthia villosoviridescens

partners:
Chrysocharis pentheus
Chrysocharis viridis
Cirrospilus vittatus
Diglyphus chabrias
Diglyphus isaea
Diglyphus minoeus
Pediobius metallicus
Pteromalus

partners: Tomato yellow leaf curl Yunnan alphasatellite

source: EOL TraitBank / Fire Effects Information System (USDA)


slug: sonchus-asper

scientific: Sonchus asper

authorship: (L.) Hill

epithet: asper

preferred: prickly sowthistle

english:
prickly sowthistle
prickly sow-thistle
sharp-fringed sow thistle
spiny milk thistle
spiny milkthistle
spiny sow thistle
spiny sow-thistle
spiny sowthistle
spiny-leaved sow thistle

Sonchus aemulus

authorship: Merino

Sonchus arvensis var. nymanii

authorship: (Tineo & Guss.) Arcang.

Sonchus asper

authorship: (L.) Vill.

authorship: Garsault

authorship: All.

Sonchus asper subsp. euasper

authorship: Hayek

Sonchus asper var. glanduliferus

authorship: Garrett

Sonchus asper var. glaucescens

authorship: (Jord.) Batt.

Sonchus asper var. horridus

authorship: Schur

Sonchus asper var. integrifolius

authorship: Lej.

Sonchus asper var. orientalis

authorship: Degen

Sonchus asper var. pinnatisectus

authorship: Lojac.

Sonchus asper var. rigidus

authorship: Baumg.

Sonchus asper var. setosoglandulosus

authorship: Hausm.

Sonchus australis

authorship: hort. ex Colla

Sonchus borderi

authorship: Gand.

Sonchus carolinianus

authorship: Walter

Sonchus crocifolius

authorship: hort. ex Sch.Bip.

Sonchus cuspidatus

authorship: Blume

Sonchus decipiens

authorship: Zenari

Sonchus eryngiifolius

authorship: Sosn.

authorship: Sosn. ex Grossh.

Sonchus eryngioides

authorship: DC.

Sonchus fallax var. decipiens

authorship: De Not.

Sonchus ferox

authorship: Wall.

Sonchus giganteus

authorship: Shuttlew. ex Rouy

Sonchus glaber

authorship: Thunb.

Sonchus glaucescens

authorship: Jord.

Sonchus graecus

authorship: Reut. ex E.Weiss

Sonchus infestus

authorship: Poepp. ex DC.

Sonchus nymanii

authorship: Tineo & Guss.

Sonchus oleraceus f. runcinatus

authorship: Fiori

Sonchus oleraceus subsp. asper

authorship: (L.) Ehrh.

Sonchus oleraceus var. asper

authorship: L.

Sonchus runcinatus

authorship: (Fiori) Zenari

Sonchus spinosus

authorship: Lam.

Sonchus spinulosus

authorship: Bigel.

authorship: Bigelow

Sonchus tibesticus

authorship: Quézel

Sonchus umbellatus

authorship: E.Mey. ex DC.

codes: ALG AZO BKN CMN CNY CHA DJI EGY ERI ETH LBY MDR MOR NGA SEL SEN SOM SUD TUN AFG ALT AMU BRY CTA CYP EAI GST IRN IRQ IRK KAZ KHA KGZ KRA KUR LBS NCS PAL PRM SAK SAU SIN TZK TCS TKM TVA TUR UZB WSB YAK YEM EHM MYA NEP NWG PAK SRL WHM ALB AUT BAL BLT BLR BGM BUL RUC COR CZE DEN RUE FIN FRA GER GRB GRC HUN IRE ITA KRI KRY YUG NET RUN RUW NOR POL POR ROM SAR SIC RUS SPA SWE SWI TUE UKR

Algeria

code: ALG

region: Northern Africa

Azores

code: AZO

Burkina

code: BKN

region: West Tropical Africa

Cameroon

code: CMN

region: West-Central Tropical Africa

Canary Is.

code: CNY

Chad

code: CHA

region: Northeast Tropical Africa

Djibouti

code: DJI

Egypt

code: EGY

Eritrea

code: ERI

Ethiopia

code: ETH

Libya

code: LBY

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1911 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: 北叶滇苦菜；花叶滇苦菜 大叶苣荬菜

names:
تفاف جاسئ
تفاف جاسىء

names: Осот шероховатый

partners:
Andrena orientana
Bombus lapidarius
Bombus lucorum
Cryptocephalus rugicollis
Episyrphus balteatus
Eristalis
Eristalis tenax
Eupeodes luniger

partners:
Apis mellifera
Bombus impatiens
Bombus lapidarius
Bombus lucorum
Bombus rufocinctus
Cheilosia bergenstammi
Cheilosia vernalis
Colias eurytheme

partners:
Allograpta obliqua
Chrysotoxum bicincta
Coccinella septempunctata
Diabrotica undecimpunctata
Harmonia axyridis
Hyperomyzus lactucae
Mylabris variabilis
Phaonia angelicae

partners:
Anthocharis sara
Aphididae
Carduelis carduelis britannica
Colias eurytheme
Cotingacola gracilis
Danaus plexippus
Episyrphus balteatus
Erynnis tristis

partners:
Coleosporium tussilaginis
Peristemma pseudosphaeria


slug: sonchus-bulbosus

scientific: Sonchus bulbosus

authorship: (L.) N.Kilian & Greuter

epithet: bulbosus

published_in: in Willdenowia 33: 237. 2003

Aetheorhiza bulbosa

authorship: (L.) Cass.

Aetheorhiza bulbosa subsp. willkommii

authorship: (Burnat & Barbey) Rech.f.

Aetheorhiza montana

authorship: Willk.

Crepis bulbosa var. polycephala

authorship: Boiss.

Crepis montana

authorship: (Willk.) Marès & Vigin.

Crepis willkommii

authorship: Burnat & Barbey

Hieracium stoloniferum

authorship: Viv.

Hieracium tuberosum

authorship: Brot.

Sonchus montanus

authorship: (Willk.) Rosselló

Sonchus willkommii

authorship: (Burnat & Barbey) Rosselló & L.Sáez

codes: ALG AZO EGY LBY MOR TUN CYP EAI LBS PAL SIN TUR ALB BAL COR FRA GRC IRE ITA KRI YUG POR SAR SIC SPA TUE

Morocco

code: MOR

Tunisia

code: TUN

Cyprus

code: CYP

East Aegean Is.

code: EAI

Lebanon-Syria

code: LBS

Palestine

code: PAL

Sinai

code: SIN

Türkiye

code: TUR

Albania

code: ALB

continent: EUROPE

region: Southeastern Europe

Baleares

code: BAL

region: Southwestern Europe

Corse

code: COR

France

code: FRA

Greece

code: GRC

Ireland

code: IRE

region: Northern Europe

Italy

code: ITA

Kriti

code: KRI

NW. Balkan Pen.

code: YUG

Portugal

code: POR

Sardegna

code: SAR

Sicilia

code: SIC

Spain

code: SPA

Türkiye-in-Europe

code: TUE

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 471 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Andrena cinerea
Andrena senecionis
Bruchidius seminarius
Coleoptera
Cryptocephalus
Dasytes nigroaeneus
Halictus gemmeus
Lasioglossum pauxillum


slug: sonchus-canariensis

scientific: Sonchus canariensis

authorship: (Sch.Bip.) Boulos

epithet: canariensis

published_in: in Nytt Mag. Bot. 14: 14. 1967

Sonchus pinnatus subsp. canariensis

authorship: (Sch.Bip.) Aldridge

Sonchus pinnatus subsp. orotavensis

authorship: (Boulos) A.Santos & Fern.Galván

Canary Is.

code: CNY

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 237 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Осот канарский

source: Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI)

label: Height

value: 3 m

value: yellow

value: Feb-May

authors: (Sch.Bip.) Boulos

published_in: Nytt Mag. Bot. 14: 14

reason: Only 12 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: sonchus-capillaris

scientific: Sonchus capillaris

authorship: Svent.

epithet: capillaris

Atalanthus capillaris

authorship: (Svent.) A.Hansen & Sunding

Sonchus leptocephalus subsp. capillaris

authorship: (Svent.) Aldridge

Taeckholmia capillaris

authorship: (Svent.) Boulos

source: GIFT

value: 2 m

value: Sep-Nov

authors: Svent.

published_in: Addit. Fl. Canar. 1: 85

reason: Only 3 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: sonchus-congestus

scientific: Sonchus congestus

authorship: Willd.

epithet: congestus

published_in: in Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin Mag. Neuesten Entdeck. Gesammten Naturk. 1: 136. 1807

Sonchus abbreviatus

authorship: Link

Sonchus broussonetii

authorship: Desf.

Sonchus chuquitensis

authorship: Meyen ex Walp.

Sonchus congestus var. gibbosus

authorship: (Svent.) G.Kunkel

Sonchus jacquinii

authorship: DC.

Sonchus jacquinii var. congestus

authorship: (Willd.) DC.

Sonchus macranthus

authorship: Poir.

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 345 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Cerrajón
Lechuna de pastór

names: Осот скученный

value: Feb-Jul

authors: Willd.

published_in: Mag. Neuesten Entdeck. Gesammten Naturk. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 1: 136

reason: Only 13 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: sonchus-daltonii

scientific: Sonchus daltonii

authorship: Webb

epithet: daltonii

published_in: in Hooker, Niger Fl.: 144. 1849

Cape Verde

code: CVI

iucn_category: EN

label: Endangered

names:
Coroa de rei
Tortoinho

authors: Webb

published_in: Niger Fl. [W. J. Hooker]. 144. t. 15

reason: Only 2 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: sonchus-dregeanus

scientific: Sonchus dregeanus

epithet: dregeanus

codes: BOT CPP OFS NAT MDG TVL ZIM

Botswana

code: BOT

region: Southern Africa

Cape Provinces

code: CPP

Free State

code: OFS

KwaZulu-Natal

code: NAT

Madagascar

code: MDG

region: Western Indian Ocean

Northern Provinces

code: TVL

Zimbabwe

code: ZIM

region: South Tropical Africa

partners:
Lapposyrphus lapponicus
Toxomerus occidentalis

authors: DC.

published_in: Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 7(1): 184


slug: sonchus-fruticosus

scientific: Sonchus fruticosus

epithet: fruticosus

Sonchus frondosus

authorship: Salisb.

Madeira

code: MDR

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 489 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Apis mellifera
Bombus terrestris
Bombus terrestris lusitanicus
Danaus plexippus
Halictus frontalis
Oxythyrea funesta

label: Parasites

published_in: Suppl. Pl. 346


slug: sonchus-grandifolius

scientific: Sonchus grandifolius

authorship: Kirk

epithet: grandifolius

Embergeria grandifolia

authorship: (Kirk) Boulos

Chatham Is.

code: CTM

continent: AUSTRALASIA

region: New Zealand

lifeform: perennial or rhizomatous geophyte

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 132 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: Kirk

reason: Only 27 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: sonchus-hierrensis

scientific: Sonchus hierrensis

authorship: (Pit.) Boulos

epithet: hierrensis

published_in: in Nytt Mag. Bot. 14: 10. 1967

Sonchus jacquinii var. hierrensis

authorship: Pit.

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 316 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Angoja
Cerrajon herreño

partners: Anthophora Lasioglossum

label: Flower colour

value: Mar-Aug

authors: (Pit.) Boulos


slug: sonchus-kirkii

scientific: Sonchus kirkii

authorship: Hamlin

epithet: kirkii

published_in: in New Zealand J. Bot. 14: 279. 1976

Sonchus littoralis

authorship: (Kirk) Cockayne

codes: CTM KER NZN NZS

Kermadec Is.

code: KER

New Zealand North

code: NZN

New Zealand South

code: NZS

lifeform: biennial or perennial

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 193 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
New Zealand sow thistle
shore puha

names: Uhurere Kautara

value: herb

value: hemicryptophyte

value: 1 m

authors: Hamlin

published_in: New Zealand J. Bot. 14(3): 279, nom


slug: sonchus-latifolius

scientific: Sonchus latifolius

authorship: (Lowe) R.Jardim & M.Seq.

epithet: latifolius

published_in: in Silva Lusitana 19: 236. 2011

Sonchus ustulatus subsp. maderensis

authorship: Aldridge

Sonchus ustulatus var. latifolius

authorship: Lowe

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 231 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: (Lowe) R.Jardim & M.Seq.

published_in: Silva Lusitana 19(2): 236

reason: Only 4 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: sonchus-leptocephalus

scientific: Sonchus leptocephalus

authorship: Cass.

epithet: leptocephalus

published_in: in Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. 60: 590. 1830

Chondrilla pinnata

authorship: (L.f.) Lam.

name: Sonchus leptocephalus subsp. leptocephalus

Taeckholmia pinnata

authorship: (L.f.) Boulos

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 320 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Осот тонкоголовый

value: shrub

value: woody

key: succulence

label: Succulence

value: succulent

value: Jan-Dec

authors: Cass.

published_in: Dict. Sci. Nat., ed. 2. [F. Cuvier] 43: 281

reason: Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted.


slug: sonchus-megalocarpus

scientific: Sonchus megalocarpus

authorship: (Hook.f.) J.M.Black

epithet: megalocarpus

Embergeria megalocarpa

authorship: (Hook.f.) Boulos

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 418 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

value: non-woody

value: perennial

value: Sep-Jun

authors: (Hook.f.) J.M.Black

published_in: Fl. S. Austral. [J.M. Black]

reason: Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready.

reason: Kew's World Checklist of Vascular Plants does not cover this taxon.

reason: Only 25 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


scientific: Sonchus novae-zelandiae

authorship: (Hook.f.) B.D.Jacks.

epithet: novae-zelandiae

Kirkianella novae-zelandiae

authorship: (Hook.f.) Allan

authors: (Hook.f.) B.D.Jacks.

reason: No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page.

reason: Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all.


slug: sonchus-novae-zelandiae-hook-f-hook-f

authorship: (Hook.f.) Hook.f.

published_in: J.D. Hooker - in Bentham & Hooker, Gen. Pl. 2. 1873

Kirkianella novae-zelandiae f. minor

authorship: Allan

name: Kirkianella novae-zelandiae f. novae-zelandiae


slug: sonchus-oleraceus

scientific: Sonchus oleraceus

authorship: L.

epithet: oleraceus

preferred: Common Sow-thistle

english:
Common Sow-thistle
common sowthistle
smooth sow-thistle

Carduus amplexicaulis

authorship: Noronha

Lepicaune spinulosa

authorship: Lapeyr.

Sonchus asper

authorship: G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb.

authorship: P.Gaertn. & al.

Sonchus australis

authorship: Trevir.

authorship: Hort. ex Trev.

Sonchus ciliatus

authorship: Lam.

Sonchus ciliatus var. subbipinnatifidus

authorship: Guss.

Sonchus fabrae

authorship: Sennen & Sennen

Sonchus glaber

authorship: Gilib.

Sonchus gracilis

authorship: Sennen

authorship: Phil.

Sonchus lacerus

authorship: Willd.

Sonchus laevis

authorship: Garsault

authorship: Vill.

Sonchus longifolius

authorship: Trev.

Sonchus macrotus

authorship: Fenzl

Sonchus oleraceus var. ciliatus

authorship: (Lam.) Jáv.

Sonchus oleraceus var. dentatus

authorship: Kirschl.

Sonchus oleraceus var. integrifolius

authorship: Wallr.

Sonchus oleraceus var. lacer

authorship: Schur

Sonchus oleraceus var. lacerus

authorship: (Willd.) Wallr.

Sonchus oleraceus var. purpurascens

authorship: Druce

name: Sonchus oleraceus var. subbipinnatifidus

authorship: (Guss.) Fiori

Sonchus pallescens

authorship: Pančić

authorship: Panc.

Sonchus parviflorus

authorship: Lej. ex Rchb.

Sonchus reversus

authorship: E.Mey. ex DC.

Sonchus royleanus

authorship: DC.

Sonchus schimperi

authorship: A.Braun & C.D.Bouché

Sonchus subbipinnatifidus

authorship: (Guss.) Zenari

Sonchus sundaicus

authorship: Blume

Sonchus umbellifer

authorship: Thunb.

codes: ALG AZO BKN CNY CVI CHA DJI EGY ERI ETH IVO LBY MDR MLI MTN MOR SEL SOC SOM SUD TUN CYP EAI GST IRN IRQ LBS NCS OMA PAL SAU SIN TCS TUR YEM ALB AUT BAL BLT BLR BGM BUL RUC COR CZE DEN RUE FIN FRA GER GRB GRC HUN IRE ITA KRI KRY YUG NET RUN RUW NOR POL POR ROM SAR SIC RUS SPA SWE SWI TUE UKR

Algeria

code: ALG

Azores

code: AZO

Burkina

code: BKN

Chad

code: CHA

Djibouti

code: DJI

Egypt

code: EGY

Eritrea

code: ERI

Ethiopia

code: ETH

Ivory Coast

code: IVO

Libya

code: LBY

Mali

code: MLI

Mauritania

code: MTN

Morocco

code: MOR

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1950 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

Ascorbic-acid

activities: Acidulant Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor Analgesic Angiotensin-Receptor-Blocker AntiAGE AntiCFS AntiCTS AntiCrohn's

Beta-carotene

activities: Allergenic Androgenic? AntiPMS Antiacne Antiaging Antiarthritic Antiasthmatic Anticancer

Niacin

activities: Allergenic AntiLyme AntiMeniere's AntiRaynaud's Antiacrodynic Antiallergic Antialzheimeran Antiamblyopic

Thiamin

activities: Analgesic AntiLyme Antialcoholic Antialzheimeran Antianorectic Antibackache Antiberiberi Anticanker

Riboflavin

activities: AntiLyme Antiarabiflavinotic Anticarpal-Tunnel Anticataract Anticephalagic Anticervicaldysplasic Anticheilitic Antidecubitic

Scopoletin

activities: Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor Allelochemic Analgesic Anesthetic Antiadrenergic Antiaflatoxin Antiarrhythmic Antiasthmatic

activities: Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor Antidermatic Antiherpetic Antiinflammatory Antiviral Pesticide

partners:
Adia cinerella
Aglais urticae
Andrena amieti
Andrena denticulata
Andrena hesperia
Andrena humilis
Andrena livens
Andrena nigroolivacea

partners:
Acanthiophilus helianthi
Acanthis flammea
Agapanthia villosoviridescens
Agonopterix arenella
Alauda arvensis
Alectoris graeca
Alectoris rufa
Aleyrodes proletella


slug: sonchus-palmensis

scientific: Sonchus palmensis

authorship: (Webb) Boulos

epithet: palmensis

published_in: in Nytt Mag. Bot. 14: 13. 1967

Sonchus pinnatus subsp. palmensis

authorship: (Webb) Aldridge

Sonchus pinnatus var. palmensis

authorship: Webb

Canary Is.

code: CNY

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 166 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Cerrajón
Cerrajón palmero

value: achene

authors: (Webb) Boulos

published_in: Nytt Mag. Bot. 14: 13

reason: Only 7 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: sonchus-palustris

scientific: Sonchus palustris

authorship: L.

epithet: palustris

preferred: marsh sow-thistle

english:
marsh sow-thistle
marsh sowthistle

Sonchidium palustre

authorship: Pomel

Sonchus inundatus

authorship: Popov

Sonchus maritimus

authorship: Echeand. ex Loscos & J.Pardo

Sonchus paludosus

authorship: Gueldenst.

Sonchus palustris var. laevipes

authorship: Bisch.

Sonchus sagittatus

authorship: Moench

Sonchus sespedalis

authorship: Gilib.

codes: ALT IRN KAZ KGZ NCS TZK TCS TKM TUR UZB WSB CHX AUT BLT BLR BGM BUL RUC CZE DEN RUE FRA GER GRB HUN KRY YUG NET RUN RUW NOR POL ROM RUS SPA SWE UKR

Altay

code: ALT

Iran

code: IRN

Kazakhstan

code: KAZ

Kirgizstan

code: KGZ

North Caucasus

code: NCS

region: Caucasus

Tadzhikistan

code: TZK

Transcaucasus

code: TCS

Turkmenistan

code: TKM

Türkiye

code: TUR

Uzbekistan

code: UZB

West Siberia

code: WSB

Xinjiang

code: CHX

region: China

Austria

code: AUT

region: Middle Europe

Baltic States

code: BLT

region: Eastern Europe

Belarus

code: BLR

Belgium

code: BGM

Bulgaria

code: BUL

Central European Russia

code: RUC

Czechia-Slovakia

code: CZE

Denmark

code: DEN

East European Russia

code: RUE

France

code: FRA

Germany

code: GER

Great Britain

code: GRB

Hungary

code: HUN

Krym

code: KRY

NW. Balkan Pen.

code: YUG

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1865 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Осот болотный

names: Жовтий осот болотний

names: Сусай де-балтэ

partners:
Syrphus vitripennis
Andrena amieti
Andrena denticulata
Andrena hesperia
Andrena humilis
Andrena livens
Andrena nigroolivacea
Andrena pellucens

partners:
Andrena amieti
Andrena denticulata
Andrena hesperia
Andrena humilis
Andrena livens
Andrena nigroolivacea
Andrena pellucens
Andrena polita

partners:
Ensina sonchi
Agapanthia villosoviridescens
Agonopterix arenella
Alectoris rufa
Aphidius ervi
Axylia putris
Brachycaudus cardui
Caradrina montana

partners:
Aprostocetus microscopica
Chrysocharis pubicornis
Coleosporium tussilaginis
Golovinomyces cichoracearum
Miyagia pseudosphaeria
Omphale brevis
Peristemma pseudosphaeria
Pnigalio soemius


slug: sonchus-parathalassius

scientific: Sonchus parathalassius

authorship: J.G.Costa ex R.Jardim & M.Seq.

epithet: parathalassius

published_in: in Silva Lusitana 19: 234. 2011

Madeira

code: MDR

region: Macaronesia

authors: J.G.Costa ex R.Jardim & M.Seq.

published_in: Silva Lusitana 19(2): 234

reason: No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name.


slug: sonchus-pinnatifidus

scientific: Sonchus pinnatifidus

authorship: Cav.

epithet: pinnatifidus

published_in: in Anales Ci. Nat. 4: 78. 1801

Sonchus acidus

authorship: Schousb.

authorship: Schousb. ex Willd.

Sonchus glaucus

authorship: Willd.

Sonchus runcinatus

authorship: Vent. ex Sch.Bip.

codes: CNY MOR

Canary Is.

code: CNY

Morocco

code: MOR

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 128 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Cerrajon de risco
Cerrajón

names: Осот перистонадрезанный

names:
Fiederspaltige Gänsedistel
Sanere Gänsedistel

partners:
Andrena isis
Andrena vachali
Eucera algira
Lasioglossum loetum
Lasioglossum viride
Tropinota squalida

value: yellow

value: Feb-Mar

authors: Cav.

published_in: Anales Ci. Nat. 4: 78


slug: sonchus-pinnatus

scientific: Sonchus pinnatus

authorship: Aiton

epithet: pinnatus

Sonchus hyoseridifolius

authorship: Hornem.

Sonchus pinnatus var. angustilobus

authorship: Lowe

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 227 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Осот перистый

authors: Aiton

published_in: Hort. Kew. [W. Aiton] 3: 116


slug: sonchus-radicatus

scientific: Sonchus radicatus

epithet: radicatus

Sonchus radicatus var. glaucus

authorship: DC.

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 93 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

value: Mar-Sep


slug: sonchus-regius

scientific: Sonchus regius

authorship: (Skottsb.) S.C.Kim & Mejías

epithet: regius

Dendroseris regia

authorship: Skottsb.

Phoenicoseris regia

authorship: (Skottsb.) Skottsb.

Juan Fernández Is.

code: JNF

region: Southern South America

value: tree

authors: (Skottsb.) S.C.Kim & Mejías

reason: Fewer than 30 georeferenced research-grade observations of this taxon, which is too few to state a percentile range for the conditions it grows in. We would rather show nothing than a range computed from eight points in one county.


slug: sonchus-tenerrimus

scientific: Sonchus tenerrimus

authorship: L.

epithet: tenerrimus

preferred: slender sowthistle

Sonchus arborescens

authorship: Salzm. ex Ball

Sonchus dianae

authorship: Lacaita ex Willk.

Sonchus italicus

authorship: Spreng.

Sonchus septenensis

authorship: Gand.

Sonchus tener

authorship: Salisb.

Sonchus tenerrimus subsp. arborescens

authorship: (Salzm.) Batt.

Sonchus tenerrimus subsp. dianae

authorship: (Lacaita ex Willk.) Malag.

Sonchus tenerrimus subsp. perennis

authorship: (Lange) H.Lindb.

Sonchus tenerrimus subsp. tuberculatus

authorship: (Ball) Batt.

Sonchus tenerrimus var. adenobasis

authorship: Maire

Sonchus tenerrimus var. amicus

authorship: Faure, Maire & Wilczek

Sonchus tenerrimus var. angustissimus

authorship: (H.Lindb.) Jahand. & Maire

Sonchus tenerrimus var. arborescens

authorship: (Salzm.) Ball

Sonchus tenerrimus var. dianae

authorship: (Lacaita ex Willk.) Rivas Mart.

Sonchus tenerrimus var. glandulosus

authorship: Lange

Sonchus tenerrimus var. maritimus

authorship: Ball

Sonchus tenerrimus var. pectinatus

authorship: (DC.) Coss.

Sonchus tenerrimus var. septenensis

authorship: (Gand.) Maire

Sonchus tenuifolius

authorship: Nutt.

Sonchus zollikoferioides

authorship: Rouy

codes: ALG AZO CNY EGY ERI LBY MDR MTN MOR SEL SUD TUN CYP EAI IRN IRQ LBS PAL SAU SIN TUR PAK WHM ALB BAL COR FRA GER GRC ITA KRI YUG POR SAR SIC SPA SWI

Algeria

code: ALG

region: Northern Africa

Azores

code: AZO

Egypt

code: EGY

Eritrea

code: ERI

Libya

code: LBY

Mauritania

code: MTN

Selvagens

code: SEL

Sudan-South Sudan

code: SUD

Tunisia

code: TUN

Cyprus

code: CYP

region: Western Asia

East Aegean Is.

code: EAI

Iran

code: IRN

Iraq

code: IRQ

Lebanon-Syria

code: LBS

Palestine

code: PAL

Saudi Arabia

code: SAU

region: Arabian Peninsula

Sinai

code: SIN

Türkiye

code: TUR

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1956 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
מָרוֹר עָדִין
מרור עדין

partners:
Nomada
Andrena
Apis mellifera
Bombus terrestris
Colletes
Halictus gemmeus
Hylaeus
Lasioglossum

partners:
Pieris rapae
Sphaerophoria
Stomorhina lunata
Andrena
Andrena albopunctata
Andrena nigroolivacea
Apis mellifera
Bombus terrestris

partners:
Attagenus trifasciatus
Coccinella septempunctata
Eristalis tenax
Helophilus pendulus
Lasiommata megera
Liorhyssus hyalinus
Meliscaeva auricollis
Oxythyrea funesta

partners:
Agapanthia villosoviridescens
Agonopterix arenella
Alectoris rufa
Andrena flavipes
Aphidius ervi
Aphis gossypii
Axylia putris
Bombus terrestris


slug: sonchus-ustulatus

scientific: Sonchus ustulatus

authorship: Lowe

epithet: ustulatus

published_in: in Trans. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 4: 22. 1831

Sonchus dentatus

authorship: Banks ex Lowe

Sonchus ustulatus subsp. imbricatus

authorship: (Lowe) R.Jardim & M.Seq.

Madeira

code: MDR

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 58 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: Lowe

published_in: Trans. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 4(1): 22


slug: sonchus-wightianus

scientific: Sonchus wightianus

authorship: DC.

epithet: wightianus

Sonchus arvensis var. glaber

authorship: Haines

Sonchus orixensis

authorship: Roxb.

Sonchus picris

authorship: H.Lév. & Vaniot

Sonchus wightianus subsp. wallichianus

authorship: (DC.) Boulos

Sonchus wightianus var. glaber

authorship: (Haines) H.O.Saxena & Brahmam

codes: AFG CHN CHC CHS CHH CHI TAI CHT CHX ASS BAN EHM IND JAW LAO MLY MYA NEP PAK SRL THA VIE WHM

Afghanistan

code: AFG

China North-Central

code: CHN

China South-Central

code: CHC

China Southeast

code: CHS

Hainan

code: CHH

Inner Mongolia

code: CHI

Taiwan

code: TAI

region: Eastern Asia

Tibet

code: CHT

Xinjiang

code: CHX

Assam

code: ASS

region: Indian Subcontinent

Bangladesh

code: BAN

East Himalaya

code: EHM

India

code: IND

Jawa

code: JAW

region: Malesia

Laos

code: LAO

region: Indo-China

Malaya

code: MLY

Myanmar

code: MYA

Nepal

code: NEP

Pakistan

code: PAK

Sri Lanka

code: SRL

Thailand

code: THA

Vietnam

code: VIE

West Himalaya

code: WHM

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 69 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
bitter sow-thistle
corn sow thistle

names:
苣荬菜
苣荬菜 ju mai cai

names:
Gubbi
Pili dudhi

names:
Nhũ cúc lá thìa
Nhũ cúc đồng

names: Musal-katha Poilaip-pillu

reason: Only 6 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: sonchus-wilmsii

scientific: Sonchus wilmsii

epithet: wilmsii

published_in: in Acta Hort. Berg. 8: 107. 1925

codes: CPP SWZ OFS NAT LES MOZ TVL

Cape Provinces

code: CPP

region: Southern Africa

Eswatini

code: SWZ

Free State

code: OFS

KwaZulu-Natal

code: NAT

Lesotho

code: LES

Mozambique

code: MOZ

Northern Provinces

code: TVL

published_in: Acta Horti Berg. 8: 107

reason: No dated flowering annotations found for this taxon.


slug: sonerila-cannanorensis

scientific: Sonerila cannanorensis

authorship: G.S.Giri & M.P.Nayar

genus: Sonerila

epithet: cannanorensis

family: Melastomataceae

published_in: Bull. Bot. Surv. India 27: 86 (1985 publ. 1987)

India

code: IND

authors: G.S.Giri & M.P.Nayar

published_in: Bull. Bot. Surv. India 27(1-4): 86

reason: Only 1 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: sonerila-scapigera

scientific: Sonerila scapigera

authorship: Hook.

epithet: scapigera

Cassebeeria scapigera

authorship: (Hook.) Kuntze

authors: Hook.

published_in: London J. Bot. 7: 672


slug: sonnea-glomerata

scientific: Sonnea glomerata

authorship: (A.Gray) Greene

genus: Sonnea

epithet: glomerata

family: Boraginaceae

preferred: clustered popcornflower

Nevada

code: NEV

region: Southwestern U.S.A.

names:
Altered Andesite Popcornflower
clustered popcornflower

source: USDA PLANTS

value: annual

USDA PLANTS Database

note: common name, checklist symbol PLGL4


slug: sonneratia-alba

scientific: Sonneratia alba

authorship: Sm.

genus: Sonneratia

epithet: alba

family: Lythraceae

Blatti alba

authorship: (Sm.) Kuntze

Blatti leucantha

authorship: (Montrouz.) Kuntze

Blatti pagatpat

authorship: (Blanco) Nied.

Chiratia leucantha

authorship: Montrouz.

Sonneratia acida var. mossambicensis

authorship: (Klotzsch) Mattei

Sonneratia alba var. iriomotensis

authorship: (Masam.) Masam.

Sonneratia iriomotensis

authorship: Masam.

Sonneratia mossambicensis

authorship: Klotzsch

Sonneratia pagatpat

authorship: Blanco

codes: ALD COM KEN MDG MOZ SEY SOM TAN CHH NNS AND BAN BIS BOR CBD IND JAW LSI MLY MDV MOL MYA NWG NCB PHI SOL SRL SUL SUM THA VIE NTA QLD WAU CRL GIL MRS NWC VAN

Aldabra

code: ALD

region: Western Indian Ocean

Comoros

code: COM

Kenya

code: KEN

region: East Tropical Africa

Madagascar

code: MDG

Mozambique

region: South Tropical Africa

Seychelles

code: SEY

Somalia

code: SOM

region: Northeast Tropical Africa

Tanzania

code: TAN

Hainan

code: CHH

Nansei-shoto

code: NNS

Andaman Is.

code: AND

Bangladesh

code: BAN

Bismarck Archipelago

code: BIS

region: Papuasia

Borneo

code: BOR

Cambodia

code: CBD

Jawa

code: JAW

Lesser Sunda Is.

code: LSI

Malaya

code: MLY

Maldives

code: MDV

Maluku

code: MOL

New Guinea

code: NWG

Nicobar Is.

code: NCB

Philippines

code: PHI

Solomon Is.

code: SOL

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 805 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: マヤプシギ ハマザクロ／マヤプシキ

partners:
Eonycteris spelaea
Macroglossus minimus
Pteropus mariannus

partners:
Aldabrachelys gigantea
Alectroenas sganzini
Alleucosma
Arhopala pseudocentaurus
Balaenifrons
Balaenifrons ochrochroa
Birgus latro
Boeotarcha martinalis

source: USDA PLANTS, GIFT, Wikidata, EOL TraitBank (via Zenodo) and traits mined from USDA NRCS plant guides

published_in: Cycl. [A. Rees], (London ed.) xxxiii. n. 2


slug: sonneratia-apetala

scientific: Sonneratia apetala

authorship: Banks

epithet: apetala

published_in: Account Embassy Kingd. Ava Ed. 1: 477 1800

preferred: Keora

Blatti apetala

authorship: (Banks) Kuntze

Kambala pendula

authorship: Raf.

codes: AND BAN IND MYA SRL

India

code: IND

Myanmar

code: MYA

Sri Lanka

code: SRL

lifeform: tree

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 96 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Keora
Sonneratia Mangrove

names: 无瓣海桑 無瓣海桑

source: EOL TraitBank / ECOCROP (FAO)

label: Growth form

value: Single Stem

label: Leaf retention

value: evergreen

authors: Banks

published_in: Account Embassy Kingd. Ava Ed. 1: 477

source: IPNI (International Plant Names Index)

reason: Only 12 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: sonneratia-caseolaris

scientific: Sonneratia caseolaris

authorship: (L.) Engl.

epithet: caseolaris

published_in: Nat. Pflanzenfam., Nachtr. 1: 261 (1897)

Aubletia caseolaris

authorship: (L.) Gaertn.

Blatti acida

authorship: (L.f.) Lam.

Blatti caseolaris

authorship: (L.) Kuntze

Rhizophora caseolaris

authorship: L.

Sonneratia evenia

authorship: Blume

Sonneratia ovalis

authorship: Korth.

Sonneratia rubra

authorship: Oken

codes: CHH AND BAN BIS BOR CBD IND JAW LSI MLY MOL MYA NWG NCB PAK PHI SOL SRL SUL SUM THA VIE NTA QLD NWC VAN

Hainan

code: CHH

region: China

Andaman Is.

code: AND

Pakistan

code: PAK

Sulawesi

code: SUL

Sumatera

code: SUM

Thailand

code: THA

Vietnam

code: VIE

Northern Territory

code: NTA

region: Australia

Queensland

code: QLD

New Caledonia

code: NWC

continent: PACIFIC

region: Southwestern Pacific

Vanuatu

code: VAN

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 449 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

source: IUCN Red List category via Wikidata (P141)

partners:
Antheraea paphia
Boeotarcha martinalis
Eonycteris spelaea
Lymantria lepcha
Psittacula alexandri
Pteropus conspicillatus
Pteropus lylei
Suana concolor

published_in: Nat. Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. [Engler & Prantl] i. 261 (1897)


slug: sonneratia-ovata

scientific: Sonneratia ovata

authorship: Backer

epithet: ovata

published_in: Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, sér. 3, 2: 329 (1920)

codes: CHH AND BOR CBD JAW MLY MOL NWG SOL SUL THA VIE

Borneo

code: BOR

Cambodia

code: CBD

Jawa

code: JAW

Malaya

code: MLY

Maluku

code: MOL

New Guinea

code: NWG

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 53 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

iucn_category: NT

label: Near Threatened

names: 桑海桑 卵叶海桑

names: Соннератия овальная

names: Gedabu Pokok

partners:
Eonycteris spelaea
Macroglossus minimus

label: Visited by

label: Eaten by

partners:
Alleucosma
Neurozerra conferta

label: Growth habit

value: 8 m

label: Photosynthetic pathway

published_in: Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, ii. 329 (1920)

reason: Only 9 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: sophora-alopecuroides

scientific: Sophora alopecuroides

genus: Sophora

epithet: alopecuroides

family: Fabaceae

Goebelia alopecuroides

authorship: (L.) Bunge ex Boiss.

name: Goebelia alopecuroides var. alopecuroides

Goebelia alopecuroides var. tomentosa

authorship: Bunge

authorship: Boiss.

Pseudosophora alopecuroides

authorship: (L.) Galushko

authorship: (L.) Sweet

Radiusia alopecuroides

authorship: (L.) Endl.

name: Sophora alopecuroides subsp. alopecuroides

Sophora alopecuroides subsp. jaubertii

authorship: Borza

Sophora alopecuroides subsp. prodanii

authorship: Yakovlev

Sophora alopecuroides subsp. tomentosa

authorship: (Boiss.) Ponert

authorship: (Benth.) Brenan

Sophora orientalis

authorship: Pall.

Sophora pallida

authorship: Salisb.

Vexibia alopecuroides

authorship: (L.) W.A.Weber

authorship: (L.) Yakovlev

name: Vexibia alopecuroides subsp. alopecuroides

Vexibia alopecuroides var. tomentosa

authorship: (Boiss.) Yakovlev

authorship: (Boiss.) Bornm.

codes: AFG ALT CHN CHS CHI IRN IRQ KAZ KGZ LBS MON CHQ TZK CHT TCS TKM TUR UZB CHX PAK WHM RUE KRY RUS

Afghanistan

code: AFG

Altay

code: ALT

region: Siberia

China North-Central

code: CHN

China Southeast

code: CHS

Inner Mongolia

code: CHI

Iran

code: IRN

Iraq

code: IRQ

Kazakhstan

code: KAZ

region: Central Asia

Kirgizstan

code: KGZ

Lebanon-Syria

code: LBS

Mongolia

code: MON

region: Mongolia

Qinghai

code: CHQ

Tadzhikistan

code: TZK

Tibet

code: CHT

Transcaucasus

code: TCS

region: Caucasus

Turkmenistan

code: TKM

Türkiye

code: TUR

Uzbekistan

code: UZB

Xinjiang

code: CHX

West Himalaya

code: WHM

East European Russia

code: RUE

region: Eastern Europe

Krym

code: KRY

South European Russia

code: RUS

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 539 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: صفيراء ثعلبانية

names: Софора лисохвостная

names:
Софора китникоподібна
Софора трав'яна

partners:
Anaceratagallia venosa
Eremophlepsius sexnotatus
Kyboasca fedtshenkoi
Planaphrodes bifasciata
Agrilus vaginalis
Kyboasca bipunctata
Neoaliturus fenestratus
Paragoniocotes guajirensis

partners: Sophora alopecuroides yellow stunt alphasatellite 1a

partners: Sophora alopecuroides yellow stunt alphasatellite 4

partners: Sophora alopecuroides yellow stunt alphasatellite 7a

partners: Sophora alopecuroides yellow stunt alphasatellite 8

partners: Sophora alopecuroides yellow stunt alphasatellite 9

reason: Only 23 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: sophora-cassioides

scientific: Sophora cassioides

authorship: (F.Phil.) Sparre

epithet: cassioides

published_in: Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 47: 20 (1963)

codes: CLC CLS

Chile Central

code: CLC

region: Southern South America

Chile South

code: CLS

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 370 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Pelú pelu

label: Flower-visited by

partners:
Bombus terrestris
Cadeguala occidentalis

label: Woodiness

label: Life cycle

authors: (Phil.) Sparre

published_in: Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 47: 20

reason: Only 27 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: sophora-chathamica

scientific: Sophora chathamica

authorship: Cockayne

epithet: chathamica

published_in: Trans. & Proc. New Zealand Inst. 34: 319 (1901 publ. 1902)

Sophora microphylla var. chathamica

authorship: (Cockayne) Yakovlev

codes: CTM NZN

Chatham Is.

code: CTM

region: New Zealand

New Zealand North

code: NZN

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 357 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Chatham Island kowhai
Coastal Kowhai

authors: Cockayne

published_in: Trans. & Proc. New Zealand Inst. xxxiv. 319