slug: senna-quinquangulata

scientific: Senna quinquangulata

authorship: (Rich.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

epithet: quinquangulata

published_in: Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 153 (1982)

Cassia falcinella

authorship: Standl.

Cassia medica

authorship: Vell.

Cassia pittieri

authorship: Ghesq.

Cassia quinquangulata

authorship: Rich.

name: Cassia quinquangulata var. majus-tomentosa

authorship: Hoehne

Cassia unica

authorship: Schery

Chamaecrista quinquangulata

authorship: (Rich.) Pittier

codes: MXG MXE MXN MXT MXS BLZ BOL BZN BZE BZL BZC CLM COS ECU FRG GUA GUY NIC PAN PER SUR VEN

Mexico Gulf

code: MXG

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

Belize

code: BLZ

Brazil North

code: BZN

region: Brazil

Brazil West-Central

code: BZC

Costa Rica

code: COS

French Guiana

code: FRG

Guatemala

code: GUA

Guyana

code: GUY

Nicaragua

code: NIC

Panamá

code: PAN

Suriname

code: SUR

lifeform: scrambling shrub

reason: Only 8 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: senna-racemosa

scientific: Senna racemosa

authorship: (Mill.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

genus: Senna

epithet: racemosa

family: Fabaceae

rank: species

taxonomic_status: accepted

accepted_according_to: World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06

published_in: Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 580 (1982)

preferred: limestone senna

source: wikidata

Cassia ekmaniana

authorship: Urb.

Cassia floribunda

authorship: Griseb. ex Benth.

Cassia liebmannii

authorship: Benth.

Cassia racemosa

authorship: Mill.

Cowellocassia racemosa

authorship: (Mill.) Pittier

Gaumerocassia ekmaniana

authorship: (Urb.) Britton

authorship: (Urb.) Britton & Rose

Gaumerocassia liebmannii

authorship: (Benth.) Britton

authorship: (Benth.) Britton & Rose

licences: CC0 CC-BY CC-BY-SA

note: Full per-image metadata (photographer, licence, licence URL, attribution, derivative restrictions and image URLs) is on the per-species JSON at per_image_metadata_url. Each image is licensed individually; this bulk file omits the per-image matrix to stay small and cleanly licensed.

scheme: TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3

source: Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)

license: CC BY 3.0

excludes: introduced extinct location_doubtful

codes: MXG MXE MXT MXS BLZ COS CUB HON VEN

Mexico Gulf

continent: NORTHERN AMERICA

region: Mexico

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

Mexico Southeast

code: MXT

Mexico Southwest

code: MXS

Belize

continent: SOUTHERN AMERICA

region: Central America

Cuba

code: CUB

region: Caribbean

Honduras

code: HON

Venezuela

code: VEN

region: Northern South America

lifeform: perennial

climate: seasonally dry tropical

mean_annual_temp_c: degrees Celsius

min_temp_coldest_month_c: degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)

max_temp_warmest_month_c: degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)

annual_precip_mm: millimetres per year

precip_driest_quarter_mm: millimetres in the driest quarter

source: CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec

citation: Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.

occurrences: iNaturalist Research-grade Observations

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 83 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

hardiness_zone_note: min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other.

model: Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)

source: Kew World Checklist of Useful Plant Species

license: CC-BY 4.0

note: Categories in which this species is recorded as a useful plant. A record of use, not a recommendation, a dose or a safety claim.

iucn_category: LC

label: Least Concern

source: IUCN Red List category via Wikidata (P141)

license: CC0 (Wikidata); IUCN category is a factual label

source: Wikidata (P1843, CC0) + GBIF vernacular names

license: CC0 / per-source

label: Growth habit

category: Form and habit

value: shrub

source: USDA PLANTS

source: GIFT

value: tree

key: woodiness

label: Woodiness

value: woody

label: Life cycle

category: Life cycle

value: perennial

label: Photosynthetic pathway

category: Physiology

USDA PLANTS Database

license: Public domain (US Government work)

name: GIFT (Global Inventory of Floras and Traits)

license: CC BY 4.0

EOL TraitBank (via Zenodo)

license: Per record: CC0 / CC BY 4.0 / public domain only

name: Traits mined from USDA NRCS plant guides

source: USDA PLANTS, GIFT, Wikidata, EOL TraitBank (via Zenodo) and traits mined from USDA NRCS plant guides

license: per source (public domain, CC BY 4.0, CC0)

note: Structured growth characteristics merged from four open sources (USDA PLANTS, GIFT, Wikidata, EOL TraitBank via Zenodo) plus traits mined from public-domain USDA NRCS guides. A documented record, not care advice. Each value keeps every source that reported it; a value marked extracted:true was read from prose, carries a verbatim quote and source_url, and has no structured source corroborating it.

authors: (Mill.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

published_in: Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 580

source: IPNI (International Plant Names Index)

note: The protologue citation: who published the name, in which work and year, and the IPNI record it resolves to. This is naming provenance, not a description.

World Flora Online Plant List

note: accepted name, authority, classification

iNaturalist

note: photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only

license: per photograph

Wikidata

note: common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)

note: native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form

field: care

reason: Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted.

field: toxicity

reason: Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready.

reason: No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page.

reason: Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all.

field: phenology

reason: Only 13 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.

note: This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew).


slug: senna-reticulata

scientific: Senna reticulata

authorship: (Willd.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

epithet: reticulata

published_in: Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 458 (1982)

Cassia dumetorum

authorship: Bertero ex DC.

Cassia reticulata

authorship: Willd.

Cassia strobilacea

authorship: Kunth

Chamaesenna reticulata

authorship: (Willd.) Pittier

codes: MXG MXT MXS BLZ BOL BZN BZE BZL BZC CPI CLM COS ECU ELS FRG GUA GUY HON NIC PAN PER SUR TRT VEN

Mexico Gulf

code: MXG

Bolivia

code: BOL

region: Western South America

Brazil Northeast

code: BZE

Brazil Southeast

code: BZL

Central American Pacific Is.

code: CPI

Colombia

code: CLM

Ecuador

code: ECU

El Salvador

code: ELS

Peru

code: PER

Trinidad-Tobago

code: TRT

lifeform: shrub or tree

climate: wet tropical

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 443 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Abejón
Anaca soquë

names: Mangerioba-Grande maria-mole

partners:
Centridini
Centris
Synoeca septentrionalis

note: Species recorded interacting with this plant in the wild, aggregated across many source datasets by GloBI. Provenance is asserted at the GloBI aggregate level, not per partner, and partners are the most frequently recorded per interaction type.

name: Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)

reason: No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name.


slug: senna-roemeriana

scientific: Senna roemeriana

authorship: (Scheele) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

epithet: roemeriana

published_in: Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 282 (1982)

preferred: Two-leaved Senna

english:
Two-leaved Senna
twoleaf senna

source: inat

Cassia roemeriana

authorship: Scheele

Earleocassia roemeriana

authorship: (Scheele) Britton

authorship: (Scheele) Britton & Rose

codes: MXE MXN NWM OKL TEX

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

New Mexico

code: NWM

region: South-Central U.S.A.

Oklahoma

code: OKL

region: North-Central U.S.A.

Texas

code: TEX

climate: desert or dry shrubland

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2026 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
twoleaf senna
Two-leaved Senna

type: eatenBy

label: Eaten by

partners:
Agrilus obtusus
Melanoplus desultorius

type: hasParasite

label: Parasites

source: Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI)

license: CC-BY 4.0 (aggregate) / per-source

value: herb

source: EOL TraitBank / USDA PLANTS

license: Public domain (U.S. Government work)

value: non-woody

authors: (Scheele) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

published_in: Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 282

iNaturalist

note: photographs, flowering annotations and the common name, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only

data: CC BY 4.0


slug: senna-rugosa

scientific: Senna rugosa

authorship: (G.Don) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

epithet: rugosa

published_in: Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 188 (1982)

codes: BOL BZN BZE BZS BZL BZC PAR

Brazil North

code: BZN

Brazil South

code: BZS

Brazil West-Central

code: BZC

Paraguay

code: PAR

region: Southern South America

lifeform: subshrub or shrub

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 103 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

type: visitedBy

label: Visited by

partners:
Centris tarsata
Polybia ignobilis
Polybia ruficeps xanthops
Xylocopa frontalis
Xylocopa grisescens
Xylocopa hirsutissima
Xylocopa suspecta

partners:
Crinocerus sanctus
Eurata semiluna
Hiperantha decorata
Hiperantha menetriesii
Lycalopex vetulus
Megalopyge albicollis
Phoebis philea philea
Polybia ignobilis

source: EOL TraitBank / Flora do Brasil

value: subshrub

label: Life form

value: nanophanerophyte

label: Height

category: Size

value: 4 m

authors: (G.Don) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

reason: Only 27 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: senna-scabriuscula

scientific: Senna scabriuscula

authorship: (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

epithet: scabriuscula

published_in: Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 435 (1982)

Cassia neglecta var. entreriana

authorship: Griseb.

Cassia occidentalis var. entreriana

authorship: (Griseb.) Burkart

Cassia occidentalis var. scabriuscula

authorship: Vogel

codes: AGE BOL BZS PAR URU

Argentina Northeast

code: AGE

Bolivia

code: BOL

Uruguay

code: URU

climate: subtropical

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 65 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

value: phanerophyte

authors: (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

published_in: Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 435

reason: Only 5 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: senna-septemtrionalis

scientific: Senna septemtrionalis

authorship: (Viv.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

epithet: septemtrionalis

published_in: Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 365 (1982)

preferred: arsenic bush

Adipera laevigata

authorship: (Willd.) Britton & Rose

Cassia aurata

authorship: (Roxb.) Vogel

Cassia coymbosa

authorship: Ortega

Cassia grandiflora

authorship: Desf.

Cassia quadrangularis

authorship: Zoll. & Moritzi

Cassia septemtrionalis

authorship: Viv.

Cassia septentrionalis

authorship: Zuccagni

authorship: Sessé & Moc.

Cassia vernicosa

authorship: Clos

Chamaecassia grandiflora

authorship: Link

Chamaecassia laevigata

authorship: (Willd.) Link

Chamaefistula elegans

authorship: (Kunth) G.Don

Chamaefistula laevigata

authorship: (Willd.) G.Don

Senna aurata

authorship: Roxb.

Senna floribunda var. pubescens

authorship: (V.Singh) V.Singh

name: Senna septemtrionalis var. septemtrionalis

licences: CC-BY CC-BY-SA

codes: MXC MXG MXE MXN MXT MXS COS ELS GUA HON NIC PAN

Mexico Central

code: MXC

Mexico Gulf

code: MXG

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

Mexico Southeast

code: MXT

Mexico Southwest

code: MXS

Costa Rica

code: COS

Guatemala

code: GUA

Honduras

code: HON

Nicaragua

code: NIC

Panamá

code: PAN

lifeform: subshrub, shrub or tree

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1372 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
arsenic bush
Dooley Weed

names: 光叶决明 光决明

type: flowerVisitedBy

label: Flower-visited by

partners:
Euplectrus leucotrophis
Mesamotura aeschyli

partners:
Cryptophlebia ombrodelta
Labdia calida


slug: senna-siamea

scientific: Senna siamea

authorship: (Lam.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

epithet: siamea

published_in: Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 98 (1982)

preferred: Siamese cassia

Cassia arborea

authorship: Macfad.

Cassia florida

authorship: Vahl

Cassia gigantea

authorship: Bertero ex DC.

Cassia siamea

authorship: Lam.

Cassia siamea var. puberula

authorship: Kurz

Cassia sumatrana

authorship: Roxb. ex Hornem.

authorship: DC.

Chamaefistula gigantea

authorship: (Bertero ex DC.) G.Don

Sciacassia siamea

authorship: (Lam.) Britton

authorship: (Lam.) Britton & Rose

Senna sumatrana

authorship: (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Roxb.

codes: LAO MYA SRL THA VIE

Laos

code: LAO

continent: ASIA-TROPICAL

region: Indo-China

Myanmar

code: MYA

Sri Lanka

code: SRL

region: Indian Subcontinent

Thailand

code: THA

Vietnam

code: VIE

lifeform: tree

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 738 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

Betulin

activities: AntiHIV Anticarcinomic Antifeedant Antiflu Antiinflammatory Antitumor Antiviral Aphidifuge

source: Dr. Duke's Phytochemical & Ethnobotanical Database

note: A snapshot of the reported literature 1992-2016, not a current assay. An activity is attributed to the compound in that literature; it is not a claim about the plant.

names:
Siamese cassia
Iron Wood

names: 黑心树 铁刀木

names: Cássia-de-sião Cássia-siâmica

names: Сенна сиамская

names:
Casse de Siam
Cassia du Siam

names: மஞ்சள் கொன்றை

partners:
Mesopolobus contarinomyiae
Trigona spinipes

partners:
Catopsilia pomona
Callixena versicolora
Cassianeura cassiae
Anabasis ochrodesma
Autoba brachygonia
Catopsilia pomona pomona
Catopsilia pyranthe
Catopsilia scylla

source: EOL TraitBank / ECOCROP (FAO)

source: EOL TraitBank / NMNH Botany specimens

label: Growth form

value: Single Stem

label: Leaf retention

category: Foliage

value: evergreen


slug: senna-singueana

scientific: Senna singueana

authorship: (Delile) Lock

epithet: singueana

preferred: wild cassia

source: wikidata

Cassia goratensis

authorship: Fresen.

Cassia goratensis var. flavescens

authorship: Hutch. ex Baker f.

Cassia goratensis var. kethulleana

authorship: (De Wild.) Ghesq.

Cassia kethulleana

authorship: De Wild.

Cassia sabak

authorship: Delile

Cassia singueana var. flavescens

authorship: (Hutch. ex Baker f.) Brenan

Cassia tettensis

authorship: Bolle

Cassia zanzibarensis

authorship: Vatke

codes: ANG BEN BKN BUR CMN CAF CHA COM ZAI ERI ETH GHA IVO KEN MLW MLI MOZ NAM NGR NGA RWA SEN SUD TAN UGA ZAM ZIM

Angola

code: ANG

continent: AFRICA

region: South Tropical Africa

Benin

code: BEN

region: West Tropical Africa

Burkina

code: BKN

Burundi

code: BUR

region: West-Central Tropical Africa

Cameroon

code: CMN

Central African Republic

code: CAF

Chad

code: CHA

region: Northeast Tropical Africa

Comoros

code: COM

region: Western Indian Ocean

DR Congo

code: ZAI

Eritrea

code: ERI

Ethiopia

code: ETH

Ghana

code: GHA

Ivory Coast

code: IVO

Kenya

code: KEN

region: East Tropical Africa

Malawi

code: MLW

Mali

code: MLI

Mozambique

code: MOZ

Namibia

code: NAM

region: Southern Africa

Niger

code: NGR

Nigeria

code: NGA

Rwanda

code: RWA

Senegal

code: SEN

Sudan-South Sudan

code: SUD

Tanzania

code: TAN

Uganda

code: UGA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 40 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Callixena versicolora
Oxyrhachis zanzibarensis

reason: Only 3 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: senna-skinneri

scientific: Senna skinneri

authorship: (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

epithet: skinneri

published_in: Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 218 (1982)

Cassia nelsoni

authorship: Rose

Cassia skinneri

authorship: Benth.

Cassia trichoneura

authorship: Brandegee

Peiranisia falconiensis

authorship: Pittier

Phragmocassia skinneri

authorship: (Benth.) Britton & Rose

source: Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)

codes: MXC MXT MXS COS ELS GUA HON NIC VEN

Mexico Central

code: MXC

region: Mexico

Mexico Southeast

code: MXT

Mexico Southwest

code: MXS

Costa Rica

code: COS

El Salvador

code: ELS

Guatemala

code: GUA

Honduras

code: HON

Nicaragua

code: NIC

Venezuela

code: VEN

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 50 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

reason: Only 4 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: senna-sophera

scientific: Senna sophera

authorship: (L.) Roxb.

epithet: sophera

preferred: algarrobilla

Cassia aegyptiaca

authorship: Willd.

Cassia atroviridis

authorship: Span.

Cassia canca

authorship: Cav.

Cassia chinensis

authorship: Jacq.

Cassia esculenta

authorship: Roxb.

Cassia frutescens

authorship: Mill.

Cassia geminiflora

authorship: Schrank

Cassia indica

authorship: Poir.

Cassia lanceolata

authorship: Pers.

Cassia ligustrina

authorship: Forssk. ex Benth.

Cassia linearis

authorship: Michx.

Cassia occidentalis var. glabra

authorship: DC.

Cassia occidentalis var. sophera

authorship: (L.) Kuntze

Cassia patula

authorship: Aiton

Cassia proboscidea

authorship: Pollard

Cassia purpurea

authorship: Roxb. ex Lindl.

Cassia socotrana

authorship: Serrato

Cassia sophera

authorship: L.

Cassia sophera subsp. purpurea

authorship: (Roxb. ex Lindl.) Bennet

Cassia sophera var. penghuana

authorship: Y.C.Liu & F.Y.Lu

Cassia sophera var. purpurea

authorship: (Roxb. ex Lindl.) Voigt

Cassia sopheroides

authorship: Collad.

Chamaefistula coromandelina

authorship: (Jacq.) G.Don

Chamaefistula sophera

authorship: (L.) G.Don

Chamaefistula torosa

authorship: (Cav.) G.Don

Ditremexa sophera

authorship: (L.) Britton & Rose

Octelisia aurea

authorship: Raf.

Senna lanceolata

authorship: Link

Senna occidentalis var. sophera

authorship: (L.) X.Y.Zhu

Senna officinalis

authorship: Gaertn.

Senna socotrana

authorship: (Serrato) Lock

Senna sophera var. penghuana

authorship: (Y.C.Liu & F.Y.Lu) S.S.Ying

Senna sophera var. purpurea

authorship: (Roxb. ex Lindl.) V.Singh

codes: ARU BAH BLZ CUB DOM GUY HAI JAM LEE NLA PAN PUE TRT WIN

Aruba

code: ARU

Bahamas

code: BAH

Belize

code: BLZ

region: Central America

Cuba

code: CUB

Dominican Republic

code: DOM

Guyana

code: GUY

Haiti

code: HAI

Jamaica

code: JAM

Leeward Is.

code: LEE

Netherlands Antilles

code: NLA

Panamá

code: PAN

Puerto Rico

code: PUE

Trinidad-Tobago

code: TRT

Windward Is.

code: WIN

source: CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 144 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Catopsilia pyranthe
Catopsilia scylla
Cryptophlebia ombrodelta


slug: senna-spectabilis

scientific: Senna spectabilis

authorship: (DC.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

epithet: spectabilis

published_in: Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 600 (1982)

preferred: casia amarilla

Cassia amazonica

authorship: Ducke

Cassia carnaval

authorship: Speg.

Cassia edulis

authorship: Posada-Ar.

Cassia excelsa

authorship: Schrad.

Cassia excelsa var. acutifolia

authorship: Hassl.

Cassia fastigiata

authorship: Nees

Cassia humboldtiana

authorship: DC.

Cassia selloi

authorship: Spreng. ex Vogel

Cassia speciosa

authorship: Kunth

Cassia totonaca

authorship: Sessé & Moc.

Cassia trinitatis

authorship: Rchb. ex DC.

Cathartocarpus humboldtianus

authorship: (DC.) G.Don

Cathartocarpus trinitatis

authorship: (Rchb. ex DC.) G.Don

Chamaefistula excelsa

authorship: (Schrad.) G.Don

Pseudocassia spectabilis

authorship: (DC.) Britton & Rose

codes: MXS AGE BLZ BOL BZN BZE BZL BZC CLM COS ECU ELS GUA HON NIC PAN PAR PER VEN

Mexico Southwest

code: MXS

Argentina Northeast

code: AGE

Bolivia

code: BOL

Brazil North

code: BZN

region: Brazil

Brazil Northeast

code: BZE

Brazil Southeast

code: BZL

Brazil West-Central

code: BZC

Colombia

code: CLM

Costa Rica

code: COS

Ecuador

code: ECU

El Salvador

code: ELS

Guatemala

code: GUA

Honduras

code: HON

Paraguay

code: PAR

Peru

code: PER

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 298 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

source: Kew World Checklist of Useful Plant Species

names:
casia amarilla
Scented Cassia

names: Carnaval candelillo

names: Canafístula Cássia-do-nordeste

names: Сенна великолепная

names: ขี้เหล็กอเมริกัน

partners:
Brachygastra lecheguana
Frieseomelitta silvestrii
Mischocyttarus lanei
Plebeia
Polybia ignobilis
Polybia occidentalis
Polybia paulista
Protonectarina sylveirae

partners:
Atta sexdens
Cynopterus brachyotis
Scaptotrigona aff. depilis

partners:
Cynopterus brachyotis
Anteos clorinde
Catopsilia scylla
Lampides boeticus


slug: senna-stipulacea

scientific: Senna stipulacea

authorship: (W.T.Aiton) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

epithet: stipulacea

published_in: Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 334 (1982)

Cassia foetida

authorship: Ruiz & Pav. ex G.Don

authorship: Pers.

Cassia myrtifolia

authorship: Phil.

authorship: Phil. ex Reiche

authorship: Reiche

Cassia opaca

authorship: Graham ex Vogel

authorship: Graham

authorship: Vogel

Cassia stipulacea

authorship: Willd.

Chile Central

code: CLC

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 225 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: (Aiton) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

published_in: Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 334


slug: senna-subulata

scientific: Senna subulata

authorship: (Griseb.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

epithet: subulata

published_in: Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 403 (1982)

Cassia subulata

authorship: Griseb.

codes: AGE AGW

Argentina Northwest

code: AGW

authors: (Griseb.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

published_in: Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 403

reason: Fewer than 30 georeferenced research-grade observations of this taxon, which is too few to state a percentile range for the conditions it grows in. We would rather show nothing than a range computed from eight points in one county.

reason: Only 2 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: senna-sulfurea

scientific: Senna sulfurea

authorship: (DC. ex Collad.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

epithet: sulfurea

published_in: Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 78 (1982)

preferred: smooth senna

Cassia arborescens

authorship: Vahl

Cassia enneaphylla

authorship: K.D.Koenig ex Wight & Arn.

Cassia glauca

authorship: Lam.

Cassia petropolitana

authorship: Glaz.

Cassia sulfurea

authorship: DC. ex Collad.

Cassia surattensis subsp. glauca

authorship: (Lam.) K.Larsen & S.S.Larsen

Psilorhegma glauca

authorship: (Lam.) O.Deg. & I.Deg.

Senna arborescens

authorship: Roxb.

Senna surattensis subsp. glauca

authorship: (Lam.) X.Y.Zhu

Senna surattensis subsp. sulfurea

authorship: (DC. ex Collad.) Randell

Wellia tagera

authorship: Rheede

codes: ASS BAN CBD EHM IND LAO MYA SRL THA VIE WHM NTA QLD WAU

Assam

code: ASS

Bangladesh

code: BAN

Cambodia

code: CBD

East Himalaya

code: EHM

India

code: IND

Laos

code: LAO

Myanmar

code: MYA

Sri Lanka

code: SRL

Thailand

code: THA

Vietnam

code: VIE

West Himalaya

code: WHM

Northern Territory

code: NTA

continent: AUSTRALASIA

region: Australia

Queensland

code: QLD

Western Australia

code: WAU

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 31 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: 粉叶决明 黃槐

partners:
Catopsilia pomona
Catopsilia pyranthe
Oxyrhachis rufescens
Oxyrhachis tarandus


slug: senna-surattensis

scientific: Senna surattensis

authorship: (Burm.f.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

epithet: surattensis

published_in: Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35(1): 81 (1982)

preferred: glossy shower

Cassia galuca var. koenigii

authorship: Kurz

Cassia galuca var. suffruticosa

authorship: (Roth) Baker

Cassia glauca var. suffruticosa

authorship: (J.Koenig ex Roth) Baker

Cassia spinigera var. suffruticosa

authorship: (J.Koenig ex Roth) Ali

Cassia suffruticosa

authorship: J.Koenig ex Roth

Cassia surattensis subsp. suffruticosa

authorship: (J.Koenig ex Roth) K.Larsen & S.S.Larsen

Cassia surattensis var. suffruticosa

authorship: (J.Koenig ex Roth) Chatterjee

authorship: (Roth) Ali

Psilorhegma suffruticosa

authorship: (J.Koenig ex Roth) Britton

authorship: (Roth) Britton & Rose

Senna surattensis var. suffruticosa

authorship: (Roth) Isely

codes: AND ASS BAN EHM IND MDV MYA WHM

Andaman Is.

code: AND

Maldives

code: MDV

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 338 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

source: IUCN Red List category via Wikidata (P141)

names:
glossy shower
Solomon-In-All-His-Glory

names: 茳芒决明 黄槐

names: Сенна кустарниковая

partners:
Tetragonula rufibasalis
Xylocopa aestuans
Xylocopa latipes

partners:
Anthene lycaenoides
Catopsilia scylla
Eurema blanda
Eurema hecabe
Catopsilia gorgophone
Catopsilia pyranthe
Charaxes sempronius
Dasychira chekiangensis

value: 6 m

reason: Only 25 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: senna-tonduzii

scientific: Senna tonduzii

authorship: (Standl.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

epithet: tonduzii

published_in: Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 525 (1982)

Cassia tonduzii

authorship: Standl.

Cassia verbenensis

authorship: (Britton) Standl.

Peiranisia tonduzii

authorship: (Standl.) Britton & Rose

Peiranisia verbenensis

authorship: Britton

authorship: Britton & Rose

codes: MXT COS HON

Mexico Southeast

code: MXT

Costa Rica

code: COS

Honduras

code: HON

source: Wikidata (P1843, CC0) + GBIF vernacular names

authors: (Standl.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

published_in: Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 525


slug: senna-tora

scientific: Senna tora

authorship: (L.) Roxb.

epithet: tora

preferred: sickle senna

Cassia borneensis

authorship: Miq.

Cassia contorta

authorship: Vogel

Cassia foetida

authorship: Salisb.

Cassia gallinaria

authorship: Collad.

Cassia gracisiliqua

authorship: Lancry

Cassia obtusifolia var. humilis

authorship: (Collad.) Torr. & A.Gray

Cassia sagera

authorship: Lam.

Cassia sunsub

authorship: Forssk.

Cassia tagera

authorship: L.

Cassia tala

authorship: Desv.

Cassia tora f. hirsuta

authorship: Chodat & Hassl.

Cassia tora var. borneensis

authorship: (Miq.) Miq.

Cassia tula

authorship: Desv. ex Steud.

Chamaecrista tagera

authorship: (L.) Standl.

Chamaefistula contorta

authorship: (Vogel) G.Don

Diallobus thora

authorship: (L.) Raf.

Diallobus tora

authorship: (L.) B.D.Jacks.

Emelista tora

authorship: (L.) Britton & Rose

Glycyrrhiza kansoo

authorship: Siebold

Tagera filiformis

authorship: Raf.

codes: BLZ ELS

Belize

code: BLZ

El Salvador

code: ELS

lifeform: annual, perennial or subshrub

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 195 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

Oleic-acid

activities: 5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor Allergenic Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor Anemiagenic Antialopecic Antiandrogenic Antiinflammatory Antileukotriene-D4

Palmitic-acid

activities: 5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor Antialopecic Antiandrogenic Antifibrinolytic Antioxidant FLavor Hemolytic Hypercholesterolemic

Stearic-acid

activities: 5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor Cosmetic FLavor Hypocholesterolemic Lubricant Perfumery Propecic Suppository

Emodin

activities: AGEs-Inhibitor Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor Allergenic AntiMRSA Antiaggregant Antiangiogenic Antibacterial Anticytomegalovirus

Aloe-emodin

activities: Antibacterial Antiherpetic Antileukemic Antisalmonella Antiseptic Antistaphylococcic Antitumor Antiviral

Rhein

activities: Antibacterial Anticarcinomic Anticariogenic Anticytomegalovirus Antineoplastic Antiplaque Antiseptic Antitumor

Mannitol

activities: Allergenic Analgesic Anthelmintic AntiReye's Antiglaucomic Antiinflammatory Antimutagenic Antinephritic

Toralactone

activities: AntiMRSA Antiestrogenic Antiseptic Antistaphylococcic Bactericide Pesticide

Chrysophanol

activities: Antibacterial Antiseptic Calcium-Antagonist Candidicide Cathartic Hemostat Pesticide Pigment

Rubrofusarin

activities: Antiestrogenic Antileukemic CNS-Depressant Cytotoxic Pigment

names:
sickle senna
Foetid Cassia

names:
bicho
brusca cimarrona

names: 野花生 茳芒决明

names:
cassier sauvage
pois puant

names:
Ketepeng
Ketepeng Kecil

names: gingangnamcha gyeolmyeongja

partners:
Cuerna costalis
Oncometopia orbona
Axis axis
Boselaphus tragocamelus
Castalius rosimon
Catopsilia pyranthe
Catopsilia scylla
Euploea core

source: USDA PLANTS

key: succulence

label: Succulence

value: non-succulent

value: therophyte

reason: Only 9 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: senna-uniflora

scientific: Senna uniflora

authorship: (Mill.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

epithet: uniflora

published_in: Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 258 (1982)

preferred: oneleaf senna

Cassia ciliata

authorship: Hoffmanns.

Cassia monantha

authorship: DC.

Cassia mucronulosa

authorship: (Pittier) J.F.Macbr.

Cassia ornithopodioides

authorship: Steud.

Cassia sensitiva

authorship: Jacq.

Cassia sericea

authorship: Sw.

Cassia uniflora

authorship: Mill.

Diallobus uniflorus

authorship: (Mill.) Raf.

Emelista mucronulosa

authorship: Pittier

Sericeocassia uniflora

authorship: (Mill.) Britton

authorship: (Mill.) Britton & Rose

codes: MXC MXG MXE MXN MXT MXS BAH BLZ BZN BZE BZL BZC CAY CLM COS CUB DOM ELS GAL HAI HON JAM NIC PUE VEN VNA WIN

Mexico Central

code: MXC

Mexico Gulf

code: MXG

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

Mexico Southwest

code: MXS

Bahamas

code: BAH

region: Caribbean

Brazil North

code: BZN

Brazil Northeast

code: BZE

Brazil Southeast

code: BZL

Brazil West-Central

code: BZC

Cayman Is.

code: CAY

Colombia

code: CLM

region: Western South America

Cuba

code: CUB

Dominican Republic

code: DOM

Galápagos

code: GAL

Haiti

code: HAI

Jamaica

code: JAM

Nicaragua

code: NIC

Puerto Rico

code: PUE

Venezuela

code: VEN

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 342 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Phoebis sennae
Typhedanus undulatus
Ypthima baldus


slug: senna-velutina

scientific: Senna velutina

authorship: (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

epithet: velutina

published_in: Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 232 (1982)

Cassia dysophylla

authorship: Benth.

Cassia velutina

authorship: Vogel

codes: BOL BZN BZE BZL BZC GUY PAR VEN

Bolivia

code: BOL

Guyana

code: GUY

region: Northern South America

Paraguay

code: PAR

partners:
Xylocopa frontalis
Xylocopa hirsutissima
Xylocopa suspecta

source: GIFT

value: 3 m

published_in: Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 232

reason: No dated flowering annotations found for this taxon.


slug: senna-venusta

scientific: Senna venusta

authorship: (F.Muell.) Randell

epithet: venusta

published_in: J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 13: 8 (1990)

codes: NTA QLD WAU

Northern Territory

code: NTA

Queensland

code: QLD

Western Australia

code: WAU

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 104 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Catopsilia pomona
Catopsilia pyranthe

value: 5 m

source: USDA PLANTS, GIFT, Wikidata, EOL TraitBank (via Zenodo) and traits mined from USDA NRCS plant guides

authors: (F.Muell.) Randell

published_in: J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 13: 8


slug: senna-viarum

scientific: Senna viarum

authorship: (Little) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

epithet: viarum

published_in: Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 474 (1982)

Cassia velutina

authorship: (Britton & Killip) García-Barr. & Forero

Cassia viarum

authorship: Little

Chamaesenna velutina

authorship: Britton & Killip

codes: CLM ECU

Ecuador

code: ECU

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 125 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Alcaparro Alverjilla

partners:
Bombus sp.
Ennya
Eurema salome
Harmonia axyridis
Phoebis sennae marcellina
Thasus
Thraupis episcopus cana
Thygater aethiops

value: 8 m

authors: (Little) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

published_in: Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 474

source: IPNI (International Plant Names Index)

reason: Only 6 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: senna-villosa

scientific: Senna villosa

authorship: (Mill.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

epithet: villosa

published_in: Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 452 (1982)

Cassia articulata

authorship: Rose

Cassia astroites

authorship: Willd. ex Cham. & Schltdl.

Cassia geminiflora

authorship: Moc. & Sessé ex Collad.

Cassia geniculata

authorship: Sessé & Moc.

authorship: Ruiz & Pav. ex G.Don

codes: MXG MXN MXT MXS

Mexico Gulf

code: MXG

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

Mexico Southeast

code: MXT

Mexico Southwest

code: MXS

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 92 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

value: shrub

published_in: Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 452


slug: senna-wislizeni

scientific: Senna wislizeni

authorship: (A.Gray) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

epithet: wislizeni

preferred: Wislizenus' senna

Cassia morelensis

authorship: Greenm.

Cassia wislizeni var. painteri

authorship: (Britton) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

Cassia wislizenii var. painteri

authorship: (Britton & Rose) H.S.Irwin & Ba

Palmerocassia painteri

authorship: Britton

authorship: Britton & Rose

Palmerocassia pringlei

authorship: (Rose) Britton

authorship: (Rose) Britton & Rose

Palmerocassia wislizeni

authorship: (A.Gray) Britton

Palmerocassia wislizenii

authorship: (A.Gray) Britton & Rose

codes: ARI MXC MXG MXE MXN MXS NWM TEX

Arizona

code: ARI

region: Southwestern U.S.A.

Mexico Central

code: MXC

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

New Mexico

code: NWM

region: South-Central U.S.A.

Texas

code: TEX

lifeform: shrub

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 374 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Wislizenus' senna
Wislizenus' wild sensitive plant

value: woody

authors: (A.Gray) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

published_in: Phytologia 44(7): 500


slug: septulina-glauca

scientific: Septulina glauca

authorship: Tiegh.

genus: Septulina

epithet: glauca

family: Loranthaceae

published_in: Bull. Soc. Bot. France 42: 263 (1895)

Dendrophthoe glauca

authorship: Mart.

Loranthus canescens

authorship: Burch.

Loranthus glaucus

authorship: Thunb.

Loranthus longitubulosus

authorship: Engl. & K.Krause

Scurrula canescens

authorship: (Burch.) G.Don

Scurrula cinerea

authorship: Raf.

Taxillus glaucus

authorship: (Thunb.) Danser

codes: CPP NAM

Cape Provinces

code: CPP

Namibia

code: NAM

lifeform: hemiparasitic epiphyte

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 196 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Candles
Pale Mistletoe

names: Voëlent kersies

value: perennial

authors: Tiegh.

published_in: Bull. Soc. Bot. France 42: 263

reason: Only 16 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: septulina-ovalis

scientific: Septulina ovalis

epithet: ovalis

Taxillus ovalis

authorship: (E.Mey.) Danser

type: hasHost

label: Hosts

value: 2 m

reason: Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted.

reason: Only 0 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: sequoia-sempervirens

scientific: Sequoia sempervirens

authorship: (D.Don) Endl.

genus: Sequoia

epithet: sempervirens

family: Cupressaceae

preferred: coast redwood

english:
coast redwood
California Redwood
Coast Redwood
Redwood
redwood

source: inat

Condylocarpus sempervirens

authorship: Carrière ex Salisb.

Schubertia sempervirens

authorship: (D.Don) Spach

Sequoia pyramidata

authorship: Carrière

Sequoia sempervirens f. adpressa

authorship: (Carrière) Beissn.

Sequoia sempervirens f. glauca

authorship: (R.Sm.) Rehder

Sequoia sempervirens f. pendula

authorship: Rehder

Sequoia sempervirens var. nana-pendula

authorship: Hornibr.

Steinhauera sempervirens

authorship: (D.Don) Voss

Taxodium nutkaense

authorship: Lamb. ex Endl.

codes: CAL ORE

California

code: CAL

Oregon

code: ORE

region: Northwestern U.S.A.

climate: temperate

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2038 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

species: Sequoiadendron giganteum

slug: sequoiadendron-giganteum

species: Thuja plicata

slug: thuja-plicata

species: Taxus baccata

slug: taxus-baccata

iucn_category: EN

label: Endangered

names:
Coast Redwood
California Redwood

names:
Sequoia
secuoya roja

names:
bei mei hong shan
加州紅木

names: سيكويا دائمة الخضرة

names:
Sequoia vermelha
sequóia

names: Секвойя вечнозелёная

names: イチイモドキ セコイア

names:
Séquoia Redwood
Séquoia sempervirent

names:
Sequoia di California
Sequoia sempreverde

names: سکویای همیشهسبز

names: கலிபோர்னியா செம்மரம்

names: Kustmammoetboom Kustsequoia

names:
Секвоя
Секвоя вічнозелена

partners:
Astur cooperii
Dorcasina matthewsii
Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi
Patagioenas fasciata

partners:
Colladonus holmesi
Chloroscypha chloromela
Colladonus flavocapitatus
Hemimycena lactea
Idiocerus amabilis
Idiocerus amoemus
Idiocerus laribaeus
Idiocerus nervatus

partners:
Sparassis crispa
Trachykele opulenta

type: hasPathogen

label: Pathogens

partners:
Pestalotiopsis
Phaeolus schweinitzii

value: tree

source: EOL TraitBank / Fire Effects Information System (USDA)

label: Growth rate

value: rapid

reason: Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready.

reason: No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page.


scientific: Sequoiadendron giganteum

authorship: (Lindl.) J.Buchholz

genus: Sequoiadendron

epithet: giganteum

preferred: giant sequoia

english:
giant sequoia
Bigtree
Giant Sequoia
Sequoia
Sierra Redwood

Americus gigantea

authorship: (Lindl.) Hanford

Americus giganteus

authorship: Hanford, William H.

Gigantabies wellingtoniana

authorship: (Seem.) J.Nelson

Sequoia gigantea

authorship: (Lindl.) Decne.

Sequoia gigantea f. pendula

authorship: (Briolay-Goiffon ex Carrière) Beissn.

Sequoia gigantea var. pendula

authorship: (Briolay-Goiffon ex Carrière) Lavallée

Sequoia washingtoniana

authorship: (Winslow) Sudw.

Sequoia wellingtonia

authorship: Seem.

Sequoia wellingtonia var. pendula

authorship: (Briolay-Goiffon ex Carrière) A.H.Kent

Sequoiadendron giganteum f. pendulum

authorship: (Briolay-Goiffon ex Carrière) Rehder

Steinhauera gigantea

authorship: (Lindl.) Kuntze ex Voss

Taxodium giganteum

authorship: (Lindl.) Kellogg & Behr

Taxodium washingtonianum

authorship: Winslow

Taxodium washingtonium

authorship: Winsl.

Washingtonia ambigua

authorship: (A.Gray) J.M.Coult. & Rose

Washingtonia americana

authorship: Gordon

Washingtonia bolanderi

authorship: J.M.Coult. & Rose

Washingtonia brachypoda

authorship: (Torr. ex Durand) A.Heller

Washingtonia californica

authorship: (Lindl.) Winslow

Washingtonia gigantea

authorship: (Lindl.) Carrière

Wellingtonia californica

authorship: Sarg.

Wellingtonia gigantea

authorship: Lindl.

Wellingtonia pendula

authorship: Briolay-Goiffon ex Carrière

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2022 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

species: Sequoia sempervirens

names:
Giant Sequoia
Bigtree

names: 世界爺 巨杉

names: سكويا عملاقة

names: Sequoia-gigante sequóia

names:
Секвойядендрон
Секвойядендрон гигантский

names: セコイアオスギ セコイアデンドロン

names: Berg-Mammutbaum Mammutbaum

names:
Séquoia géant
Séquoiadendron géant, Séquoia géant

names:
Мамонтове дерево
Секвоя велетенська

names: סקוויה ענקית

names: Σεκοϊάδενδρο το γιγαντιαίο

partners:
Hebata vitis
Issus
Issus coleoptratus
Tremulicerus fulgidus
Viridicerus ustulatus
Zyginella pulchra

partners:
Okanagana annulata
Hemimycena pseudolactea
Lepiota ochraceofulva
Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis
Postia rennyi
Strobilurus stephanocystis

source: Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI)

label: Growth habit

source: EOL TraitBank / USDA PLANTS

value: slow

reason: Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all.


slug: serapias-bergonii

scientific: Serapias bergonii

genus: Serapias

epithet: bergonii

family: Orchidaceae

published_in: Monogr. Orchid. : 61 (1908)

Serapias bergonii f. cilentana

authorship: (Presser) P.Delforge

Serapias bergonii subsp. cilentana

authorship: Presser

Serapias cilentana

authorship: (Presser) Presser

Serapias columnae f. hellenica

authorship: (Renz) Greuter

Serapias cordigera subsp. laxiflora

authorship: (Soó) H.Sund.

Serapias hellenica

authorship: Renz

Serapias laxiflora

authorship: Chaub.

Serapias laxiflora f. hellenica

authorship: (Renz) Renz

Serapias occultata var. columnae

authorship: (Asch. & Graebn.) E.G.Camus

Serapias parviflora subsp. laxiflora

authorship: Soó

Serapias parviflora var. columnae

authorship: Asch. & Graebn.

Serapias pseudocordigera var. laxiflora

authorship: Nyman

Serapias vomeracea subsp. laxiflora

authorship: (Soó) Gölz & H.R.Reinhard

codes: CYP EAI TUR ALB BUL GRC ITA KRI YUG SIC TUE

Cyprus

code: CYP

continent: ASIA-TEMPERATE

region: Western Asia

East Aegean Is.

code: EAI

Türkiye

code: TUR

Albania

code: ALB

continent: EUROPE

region: Southeastern Europe

Bulgaria

code: BUL

Greece

code: GRC

Italy

code: ITA

Kriti

code: KRI

NW. Balkan Pen.

code: YUG

Sicilia

code: SIC

Türkiye-in-Europe

code: TUE

lifeform: tuberous geophyte

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 575 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Серапиас Бергона

value: geophyte

published_in: Monogr. Orchid. 61

reason: No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name.

reason: Only 20 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: serapias-cordigera

scientific: Serapias cordigera

authorship: L.

epithet: cordigera

preferred: Heart-flowered serapias

Helleborine cordigera

authorship: (L.) Pers.

Lonchitis cordigera

authorship: (L.) Bubani

Serapias atlantica

authorship: D.Rückbr. & U.Rückbr.

Serapias azorica

authorship: Schltr.

Serapias cordigera f. ochrantha

authorship: Landwehr

Serapias cordigera subsp. azorica

authorship: (Schltr.) Soó

Serapias cordigera subsp. cossyrensis

authorship: (B.Baumann & H.Baumann) Kreutz

Serapias cordigera subsp. cretica

authorship: B.Baumann & H.Baumann

Serapias cordigera subsp. gentilii

authorship: C.Venhuis, P.Venhuis & Kreutz

Serapias cordigera subsp. lorenziana

authorship: (H.Baumann & Künkele) Kreutz

Serapias cordigera subsp. lucana

authorship: R.Lorenz & V.A.Romano

Serapias cordigera subvar. curvifolia

authorship: (J.A.Guim.) E.G.Camus

Serapias cordigera var. cretica

authorship: (B.Baumann & H.Baumann) P.Delforge

Serapias cordigera var. mauritanica

authorship: (E.G.Camus) E.Nelson ex P.Delforge

Serapias lingua var. cordigera

authorship: (L.) Savi

Serapias lorenziana

authorship: H.Baumann & Künkele

Serapias lucana

authorship: (R.Lorenz & V.A.Romano) Biagioli, Kreutz & De Simoni

Serapias ovalis

authorship: Rich.

name: Serapias pseudocordigera var. mauritanica

Serapiastrum cordigerum

authorship: (L.) A.A.Eaton

codes: ALG AZO LBY MOR TUN EAI TUR ALB AUT BAL COR FRA GRC ITA KRI YUG POR SAR SIC SPA

Algeria

code: ALG

region: Northern Africa

Azores

code: AZO

region: Macaronesia

Libya

code: LBY

Morocco

code: MOR

Tunisia

code: TUN

Austria

code: AUT

region: Middle Europe

Baleares

code: BAL

region: Southwestern Europe

Corse

code: COR

France

code: FRA

Portugal

code: POR

Sardegna

code: SAR

Spain

code: SPA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1661 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Sérapias en cœur
Sérapias en coeur


slug: serapias-lingua

scientific: Serapias lingua

authorship: L.

epithet: lingua

preferred: Tongue-orchid

Helleborine leucoglottis

authorship: Steud.

Helleborine lingua

authorship: (L.) Pers.

Helleborine oxyglottis

authorship: (Willd.) Pers.

Lonchitis oxyglottis

authorship: (Willd.) Bubani

Orchis lingua

authorship: (L.) Scop.

Serapias columnae

authorship: (Rchb.f.) H.Fleischm.

Serapias glabra

authorship: Lapeyr.

Serapias hirsuta var. reichenbachiana

authorship: Rouy

Serapias lingua f. abnormis

authorship: Cortesi

Serapias lingua f. leucantha

authorship: (J.A.Guim.) F.M.Vázquez

Serapias lingua lus. kuemmerlei

authorship: Soó

Serapias lingua subsp. oranensis

authorship: Kreutz, Ait-Hamm., Babali, Miara & Rebbas

Serapias lingua subsp. oxyglottis

authorship: (Willd.) Soó

Serapias lingua subsp. veneris

authorship: Balayer

Serapias lingua var. abnormis

authorship: (Cortesi) F.M.Vázquez

Serapias lingua var. excavata

authorship: (Schltr.) P.Fourn.

Serapias lingua var. hirsuta

authorship: Boiss.

Serapias lingua var. leucoglottis

authorship: Welw. ex J.A.Guim.

Serapias lingua var. longibracteata

authorship: Hoschedé

Serapias lingua var. oxyglottis

authorship: (Willd.) E.G.Camus, Bergon & A.Camus

authorship: (Willd.) E.G.Camus

Serapias lingua var. stenopetala

authorship: (Maire & T.Stephenson) Maire

name: Serapias longipetala subsp. pallidiflora

authorship: (Tod. ex Lojac.) Arcang.

Serapias oxyglottis

authorship: Willd.

Serapias oxyglottis var. pallescens

authorship: Mutel

Serapias pallidiflora

authorship: Lojac.

name: Serapias pseudocordigera var. pallescens

authorship: (Mutel) E.G.Camus

Serapias stenopetala

authorship: Maire & T.Stephenson

codes: ALG LBY MOR TUN EAI TUR ALB BAL COR FRA GRC ITA KRI YUG POR SAR SIC SPA

East Aegean Is.

code: EAI

Türkiye

code: TUR

Albania

code: ALB

Greece

code: GRC

Italy

code: ITA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2031 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.


slug: serapias-neglecta

scientific: Serapias neglecta

authorship: De Not.

epithet: neglecta

published_in: Repert. Fl. Ligust. : 55 (1844)

preferred: Neglected Serapias

Serapias cordigera

authorship: Bertol.

Serapias cordigera f. neglecta

authorship: (De Not.) Fiori

Serapias cordigera subsp. neglecta

authorship: (De Not.) K.Richt.

Serapias cordigera var. neglecta

authorship: (De Not.) Fiori & Paol.

Serapiastrum neglectum

authorship: (De Not.) A.A.Eaton

codes: COR FRA ITA SAR

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 910 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

iucn_category: NT

label: Near Threatened

names:
Neglected Serapias
Scarce Tongue-orchid

names:
Sérapias méconnu
Sérapias négligé

partners:
Eucera
Evarcha jucunda

authors: De Not.

published_in: Repert. Fl. Ligust. 389


slug: serapias-orientalis

scientific: Serapias orientalis

authorship: (Greuter) H.Baumann & Künkele

epithet: orientalis

published_in: Mitt. Arbeitskreis Heimische Orchid. Baden-Württemberg 20: 636 (1988)

Serapias apulica

authorship: (H.Baumann & Künkele) P.Delforge

Serapias apulica subsp. brundisina

authorship: Lumare & Medagli

Serapias apulica subsp. uxentina

authorship: Gennaio

Serapias brundisina

authorship: (Lumare & Medagli) Biagioli, Kreutz, Lumare, Medagli & De Simoni

Serapias cordigera subsp. orientalis

authorship: (Greuter) H.Sund.

Serapias cordigera subsp. patmia

authorship: (M.Hirth & H.Spaeth) Kreutz

Serapias cycladum

authorship: H.Baumann & Künkele

Serapias dafnii

authorship: (B.Baumann & H.Baumann) Kreutz

Serapias istriaca

authorship: Perko

Serapias levantina subsp. dafnii

authorship: B.Baumann & H.Baumann

Serapias levantina subsp. feldwegiana

authorship: (H.Baumann & Künkele) H.Baumann & R.Lorenz

Serapias levantina var. dafnii

authorship: (B.Baumann & H.Baumann) P.Delforge

Serapias neglecta subsp. istriaca

authorship: (Perko) H.Baumann & R.Lorenz

Serapias orientalis subsp. cycladum

authorship: (H.Baumann & Künkele) Kreutz

Serapias orientalis subsp. moreana

authorship: H.Baumann & R.Lorenz

Serapias orientalis subsp. siciliensis

authorship: Bartolo & Pulv.

Serapias orientalis var. monantha

authorship: (P.Delforge) P.Delforge

Serapias orientalis var. sennii

authorship: (Renz) P.Delforge

Serapias orientalis var. siciliensis

authorship: (Bartolo & Pulv.) P.Delforge

Serapias patmia

authorship: M.Hirth & H.Spaeth

name: Serapias pseudocordigera var. brachyantha

Serapias sennii

authorship: Renz

Serapias siciliensis

authorship: (Bartolo & Pulv.) Biagioli, Kreutz & De Simoni

Serapias uxentina

authorship: (Gennaio) Biagioli, Kreutz, Gennaio & De Simoni

Serapias vomeracea f. platyglottis

authorship: Vierh.

Serapias vomeracea f. sennii

authorship: (Renz) Renz

Serapias vomeracea subsp. istriaca

authorship: (Perko) Kreutz

Serapias vomeracea subsp. levantina

authorship: (H.Baumann & Künkele) Véla & Viglione

Serapias vomeracea subsp. orientalis

authorship: Greuter

codes: CYP EAI LBS NCS PAL TCS TUR GRC ITA KRI YUG SIC TUE

Cyprus

code: CYP

Lebanon-Syria

code: LBS

North Caucasus

code: NCS

region: Caucasus

Palestine

code: PAL

Transcaucasus

code: TCS

Kriti

code: KRI

NW. Balkan Pen.

code: YUG

Sicilia

code: SIC

Türkiye-in-Europe

code: TUE

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 505 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Серапиас восточный

names:
Oostelijke tongorchis
Oosterse tongorchis

published_in: Monogr. & Ikonogr. Orchid.-Gattung. Serapias, Aceras, Loroglossum, Barlia 16, t. 2, figs. 3-6


slug: serapias-parviflora

scientific: Serapias parviflora

authorship: Parl.

epithet: parviflora

published_in: Giorn. Sci. Sicilia 59: 66 (1837)

preferred: Small-flowered serapias

Serapias columnae

authorship: Aurnier

Serapias elongata

authorship: Tod.

Serapias laxiflora var. parviflora

authorship: (Parl.) Rchb.f.

Serapias lingua subsp. occultata

authorship: (J.Gay ex Cavalier) Bonnier & Layens

Serapias lingua var. parviflora

authorship: (Parl.) Kraenzl.

Serapias longipetala var. parviflora

authorship: (Parl.) Lindl.

Serapias mascaensis

authorship: H.Kretzschmar, G.Kretzschmar & Kreutz

Serapias occultata

authorship: J.Gay ex Cavalier

Serapias occultata var. parviflora

authorship: (Parl.) Willk.

Serapias parviflora f. albiflora

authorship: (E.G.Camus) Soó

Serapias parviflora f. sulphurea

authorship: Lanza ex G.Keller

Serapias parviflora subsp. mascaensis

authorship: (H.Kretzschmar, G.Kretzschmar & Kreutz) Kreutz

Serapias parviflora subsp. occultata

authorship: (J.Gay ex Cavalier) Maire & Weiller

Serapias parviflora var. lutescens

authorship: (Renz) Kalop.

Serapiastrum parviflorum

authorship: (Parl.) A.A.Eaton

codes: ALG AZO CNY MOR TUN CYP EAI ALB BAL COR FRA GRC ITA KRI YUG POR SAR SIC SPA TUE

Algeria

code: ALG

Azores

code: AZO

Canary Is.

code: CNY

Morocco

code: MOR

Tunisia

code: TUN

Baleares

code: BAL

Corse

code: COR

France

code: FRA

Portugal

code: POR

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1990 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Small-flowered serapias
Lesser Tongue-orchid

names: Серапиас мелкоцветковый

names:
Serapias de flor pequeña
Sérapias à petites fleurs

names:
Serapide minor
Serapide minore


slug: serapias-politisii

scientific: Serapias politisii

authorship: Renz

epithet: politisii

published_in: Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 25: 239 (1928)

Serapias bergonii subsp. aphroditae

authorship: (P.Delforge) Kreutz

Serapias bergonii subsp. politisii

authorship: (Renz) Kreutz

Serapias bergonii var. aphroditae

authorship: (P.Delforge) H.Baumann & R.Lorenz

Serapias bergonii var. politisii

authorship: (Renz) H.Baumann & R.Lorenz

codes: CYP EAI TUR ALB GRC ITA YUG TUE

Cyprus

code: CYP

East Aegean Is.

code: EAI

Türkiye

code: TUR

Albania

code: ALB

Greece

code: GRC

Italy

code: ITA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 48 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: Renz

published_in: Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 25: 239, hybr


slug: serapias-strictiflora

scientific: Serapias strictiflora

authorship: Welw. ex Veiga

epithet: strictiflora

Serapias gracilis

authorship: Kreutz

Serapias gregaria

authorship: Godfery

Serapias lingua f. tunetana

authorship: (B.Baumann & H.Baumann) P.Delforge

Serapias lingua subsp. duriaei

authorship: (Rchb. ex Batt.) Soó

Serapias lingua subsp. tunetana

authorship: B.Baumann & H.Baumann

Serapias lingua var. distenta

authorship: (Presser) Áng.Sánchez, Garcia Alonso & F.M.Vázquez

Serapias lingua var. duriaei

authorship: Rchb. ex Batt.

Serapias mauretanica

authorship: Schltr.

Serapias olbia var. gregaria

authorship: (Godfery) E.Nelson

Serapias stricta

authorship: Welw. ex Woods

Serapias strictiflora subsp. gregaria

authorship: (Godfery) Kreutz

Serapias strictiflora var. distenta

authorship: Presser

Serapias strictiflora var. elsae

authorship: (P.Delforge) C.Venhuis & P.Venhuis

Serapias tunetana

authorship: (B.Baumann & H.Baumann) El Mokni, Domina, Boutabia & Kreutz

codes: ALG MOR TUN BAL COR FRA POR SAR SPA

Sardegna

code: SAR

Spain

code: SPA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 508 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: Welw. ex Veiga

published_in: Mem. Acad. Ci. Lisboa, Cl. Sci. 6(2): 18 (plate VI. 11)


slug: serapias-vomeracea

scientific: Serapias vomeracea

authorship: (Burm.f.) Briq.

epithet: vomeracea

preferred: Long-lipped Serapias

Helleborine longipetala

authorship: Ten.

Helleborine pseudorordigera

authorship: Sebast.

Lonchitis longipetala

authorship: Bubani

Orchis lingua

authorship: All.

Serapias cordigera subsp. vomeracea

authorship: (Burm.f.) H.Sund.

Serapias cordigera var. longipetala

authorship: Bertol.

Serapias hirsuta

authorship: Lapeyr.

Serapias longipetala

authorship: (Ten.) Pollini

Serapias pseudocordigera

authorship: (Sebast.) Moric.

Serapias vomeracea f. artemisiae

authorship: (W.Hahn, Kreutz & Passin) P.Delforge

Serapias vomeracea f. stenopetala

authorship: Vierh.

Serapias vomeracea lus. heldreichii

authorship: Soó

Serapias vomeracea subsp. artemisiae

authorship: W.Hahn, Kreutz & Passin

Serapias vomeracea subsp. flava

authorship: Balayer

Serapias vomeracea subsp. longipetala

authorship: (Ten.) H.Baumann & Künkele

Serapias vomeracea var. cordigeroides

authorship: (E.Nelson) N.R.Campb. & A.K.Campb.

Serapias vomeracea var. guadarramica

authorship: (Kreutz) P.Delforge

Serapias vomeracea var. longipetala

authorship: (Ten.) Kreutz

Serapiastrum longipetalum

authorship: (Ten.) A.A.Eaton

Serapiastrum vomeraceum

authorship: (Burm.f.) Schinz & Thell.

codes: MOR CYP EAI TUR ALB BUL COR FRA GRC ITA KRI YUG SAR SIC SPA SWI TUE

Bulgaria

code: BUL

Kriti

code: KRI

NW. Balkan Pen.

code: YUG

Sicilia

code: SIC

Switzerland

code: SWI

Türkiye-in-Europe

code: TUE

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2025 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Long-lipped Serapias
Long-lipped Tongue-orchid

names: Серапиас сошниковый

names:
Sérapias à labelle allongé
Serapias a long labelle


slug: serenoa-repens

scientific: Serenoa repens

authorship: (W.Bartram) Small

genus: Serenoa

epithet: repens

family: Arecaceae

published_in: J. New York Bot. Gard. 27: 193 (1926)

preferred: saw palmetto

Brahea serrulata

authorship: (Michx.) H.Wendl.

Chamaerops serrulata

authorship: Michx.

Diglossophyllum serrulatum

authorship: (Michx.) H.Wendl. ex Salomon

authorship: (Michx.) H.Wendl. ex Drude

authorship: (Michx.) Schaedtler

Sabal serrulata

authorship: (Michx.) Schult.f.

Serenoa repens f. glauca

authorship: Moldenke

Serenoa serrulata

authorship: (Michx.) Hook.f.

authorship: (Michx.) G.Nicholson

codes: ALA FLA GEO LOU MSI SCA

Alabama

code: ALA

region: Southeastern U.S.A.

Florida

code: FLA

Georgia

code: GEO

Louisiana

code: LOU

Mississippi

code: MSI

South Carolina

code: SCA

lifeform: perennial or shrub

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2026 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

Pectin

activities: Antiatheromic Antibacterial Antidiabetic Antidiarrheic Antienteritic Antigallstone Antigastritic Antilithic

Lauric-acid

activities: Antibacterial Antioxidant Antiviral COX-1-Inhibitor COX-2-Inhibitor Candidicide Hypercholesterolemic

Caprylic-acid

activities: Antiseptic Candidicide Fungicide Irritant Pesticide

Tannin

activities: Anthelmintic AntiHIV Antibacterial Anticancer Anticariogenic Antidiarrheic Antidysenteric Antihepatotoxic

Linoleic-acid

activities: 5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor AntiMS Antiacne Antialopecic Antianaphylactic Antiandrogenic Antiarteriosclerotic Antiarthritic

Myristic-acid

activities: Antioxidant Cancer-Preventive Cosmetic Hypercholesterolemic Lubricant Nematicide

Capric-acid

activities: Fungicide Irritant Pesticide

source: Dr. Duke's Phytochemical & Ethnobotanical Database

names:
saw palmetto
saw-palmetto

names: 锯棕 鋸棕櫚

names: بلميط منشاري

names:
Сереноя
Сереноя ползучая

names: Strauchpalmettopalme Sägepalme

partners:
Agapostemon splendens
Apis mellifera
Bombus impatiens
Colletes
Hylaeus graenicheri
Lasioglossum nymphale
Megachile policaris
Amphicnephes pullus

partners:
Apis mellifera
Belotus abdominalis
Bembix americana
Bombus impatiens
Calycopis cecrops
Chauliognathus marginatus
Chrysanthrax cypris
Colpa octomaculata

partners:
Idioderma virescens
Antheraea polyphemus
Anthidiellum notatum
Apis mellifera
Atheloca subrufella
Bembix americana
Colpa octomaculata
Dahana atripennis

partners:
Coccobius donatellae
Horismenus carolinensis

source: EOL TraitBank / Palm Traits 1.0

label: Woodiness

value: hemicryptophyte

value: Bunch


slug: sericocarpus-asteroides

scientific: Sericocarpus asteroides

authorship: (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.

genus: Sericocarpus

epithet: asteroides

family: Asteraceae

preferred: toothed whitetop aster

source: usda

Aster asteroides

authorship: MacMill.

Aster paternus

authorship: Cronquist

Conyza asteroides

authorship: L.

Sericocarpus asteroides

authorship: (L.) Nees

codes: CNT DEL WDC MAI MRY MAS NWH NWJ NWY NCA PEN RHO SCA VER VRG

Connecticut

code: CNT

region: Northeastern U.S.A.

Delaware

code: DEL

District of Columbia

code: WDC

Maine

code: MAI

Maryland

code: MRY

Massachusetts

code: MAS

New Hampshire

code: NWH

New Jersey

code: NWJ

New York

code: NWY

North Carolina

code: NCA

Pennsylvania

code: PEN

Rhode I.

code: RHO

Vermont

code: VER

Virginia

code: VRG

lifeform: rhizomatous geophyte

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 870 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Toothed White-top Aster
Toothed Whitetop Aster

partners:
Ancistrocerus adiabatus
Anthidiellum notatum
Apis mellifera
Atalopedes huron
Bicyrtes quadrifasciatus
Bombus griseocollis
Bombus impatiens
Cerceris fumipennis

value: herb

value: non-woody

label: Life cycle

authors: (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.

published_in: Prelim. Cat. 26


slug: sericocarpus-caespitosus

scientific: Sericocarpus caespitosus

epithet: caespitosus

codes: ALA FLA GEO KTY LOU MRY MSI NCA OHI PEN SCA TEN VRG WVA

Alabama

code: ALA

Florida

code: FLA

Georgia

code: GEO

Kentucky

code: KTY

Louisiana

code: LOU

Ohio

code: OHI

Tennessee

code: TEN

West Virginia

code: WVA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 232 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Bombus bimaculatus
Geron calvus

published_in: Phytoneuron 2021-33: 4

reason: Only 29 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: sericocarpus-linifolius

scientific: Sericocarpus linifolius

authorship: Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.

epithet: linifolius

preferred: narrowleaf whitetop aster

source: wikidata

Aster solidagineus

authorship: Michx. ex Willd.

Aster solidaginoides

authorship: Pers.

Galatella obtusifolia

authorship: Lehm.

Sericocarpus solidagineus

authorship: Nees

codes: ALA CNT DEL WDC GEO INI KTY LOU MRY MAS MSI NWH NWJ NWY NCA OHI PEN RHO SCA TEN VRG WVA

Connecticut

code: CNT

Delaware

code: DEL

District of Columbia

code: WDC

Indiana

code: INI

Maryland

code: MRY

Massachusetts

code: MAS

Mississippi

code: MSI

South Carolina

code: SCA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 808 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
narrowleaf whitetop aster
Narrow-leaf Aster

names: 野圹蒿 白頂菊

partners:
Ancistrocerus
Bicyrtes quadrifasciatus
Eremnophila aureonotata
Halictus ligatus
Osmia felti
Philanthus gibbosus
Strangalia luteicornis
Typocerus velutinus


slug: sericocarpus-oregonensis

scientific: Sericocarpus oregonensis

authorship: Nutt.

epithet: oregonensis

published_in: Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., ser. 2, 7: 302 (1840)

preferred: Oregon whitetop aster

Aster oregonensis

authorship: (Nutt.) Cronquist

Aster oregonensis subsp. californicus

authorship: (Durand) D.D.Keck

Sericocarpus californicus

authorship: Durand

name: Sericocarpus oregonensis subsp. oregonensis

name: Sericocarpus oregonensis var. californicus

authorship: (Durand) G.L.Nesom

name: Sericocarpus oregonensis var. oregonensis

Sericocarpus rigidus var. californicus

authorship: (Durand) S.F.Blake

source: Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)

codes: CAL ORE WAS

California

code: CAL

Oregon

code: ORE

Washington

code: WAS

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 74 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Oregon whitetop aster
Oregon white-top aster

value: subshrub

authors: Nutt.

published_in: Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, 7: 302

reason: Only 10 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: sericocarpus-rigidus

scientific: Sericocarpus rigidus

authorship: Lindl.

epithet: rigidus

preferred: Columbian whitetop aster

Galatella platylepis

authorship: Nees ex Torr. & A.Gray

codes: BRC ORE WAS

British Columbia

code: BRC

region: Western Canada

source: CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 164 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Columbian whitetop aster
Columbia white-top aster

type: pollinatedBy

label: Pollinated by

partners: Apoidea Vespidae

authors: Lindl.

reason: Only 8 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: sericocarpus-tortifolius

scientific: Sericocarpus tortifolius

epithet: tortifolius

preferred: Dixie whitetop aster

Aster bifoliatus

authorship: (Walter) H.E.Ahles

Aster scabrosus

authorship: Bertol.

Aster tortifolius

authorship: Michx.

Conyza bifoliata

authorship: Walter

Sericocarpus acutisquamosus

authorship: Small

Sericocarpus bifoliatus

authorship: Porter

name: Sericocarpus tortifolius var. tortifolius

codes: ALA FLA GEO LOU MSI NCA SCA

Alabama

code: ALA

Florida

code: FLA

Georgia

code: GEO

North Carolina

code: NCA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1166 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Dixie whitetop aster
Dixie aster

partners:
Calycopis cecrops
Eumenes fraternus
Isodontia exornata
Isodontia mexicana
Polistes bellicosus
Toxomerus geminatus
Trigonopeltastes delta

label: Eaten by

label: Parasites

authors: (Michx.) Nees

published_in: Gen. Sp. Aster. 151


slug: sericocoma-avolans

scientific: Sericocoma avolans

authorship: Fenzl

genus: Sericocoma

epithet: avolans

family: Amaranthaceae

Kyphocarpa zeyheri

authorship: Lopr.

Sericocoma zeyheri

authorship: (Moq.) Engl.

codes: CPP NAM TVL

Cape Provinces

code: CPP

region: Southern Africa

Namibia

code: NAM

Northern Provinces

code: TVL

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 34 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

source: Kew World Checklist of Useful Plant Species

names: katstert gras-bo-bos-onder

authors: Fenzl


slug: sericodes-greggii

scientific: Sericodes greggii

genus: Sericodes

epithet: greggii

family: Zygophyllaceae

published_in: Smithsonian Contr. Knowl. 3(5): 28 (1852)

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

region: Mexico

source: EOL TraitBank / NMNH Botany specimens

published_in: Smithsonian Contr. Knowl. 3(5): 28

reason: Fewer than 30 georeferenced research-grade observations of this taxon, which is too few to state a percentile range for the conditions it grows in. We would rather show nothing than a range computed from eight points in one county.

reason: Only 13 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: seringia-arborescens

scientific: Seringia arborescens

authorship: (W.T.Aiton) Druce

genus: Seringia

epithet: arborescens

family: Malvaceae

published_in: Rep. Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 1916: 646 (1917)

Gaya platyphylla

authorship: (J.Gay) Spreng.

codes: NSW QLD

New South Wales

code: NSW

region: Australia

Queensland

code: QLD

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 79 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

source: Wikidata (P1843, CC0) + GBIF vernacular names

label: Fruit type

category: Flowers and fruit

value: capsule

authors: Druce

published_in: Rep. Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 4(Suppl. 2): 646


slug: seringia-collina

scientific: Seringia collina

authorship: (Domin) C.F.Wilkins & Whitlock

epithet: collina

Keraudrenia collina

authorship: Domin

authors: (Domin) C.F.Wilkins & Whitlock

published_in: Austral. Syst. Bot. 28(5-6): 285

reason: Only 2 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: seringia-corollata

scientific: Seringia corollata

authorship: Steetz

epithet: corollata

Keraudrenia corollata

authorship: (Steetz) Druce

codes: NSW NTA QLD

Northern Territory

code: NTA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 50 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

label: Height

authors: Steetz

published_in: Pl. Preiss. [J.G.C.Lehmann] 2(2-3): 350

reason: Only 5 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: seringia-hillii

scientific: Seringia hillii

authorship: (F.Muell. ex Benth.) F.Muell.

epithet: hillii

published_in: Syst. Census Austral. Pl. : 16 (1882)

Keraudrenia hillii

authorship: F.Muell. ex Benth.

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 190 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

value: 3 m

published_in: Syst. Census Austral. Pl. 16


slug: seringia-nephrosperma

scientific: Seringia nephrosperma

epithet: nephrosperma

published_in: Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 9: 15 (1857)

Keraudrenia nephrosperma

authorship: (F.Muell.) Benth.

codes: NSW NTA QLD SOA WAU

South Australia

code: SOA

Western Australia

code: WAU

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 33 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

published_in: Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 9: 15

reason: Only 3 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: serissa-japonica

scientific: Serissa japonica

authorship: (Thunb.) Thunb.

genus: Serissa

epithet: japonica

family: Rubiaceae

published_in: Nov. Gen. Pl. [Thunberg] 8: 132 (1798)

preferred: snowrose

Buchozia coprosmoides

authorship: L'Hér.

Buchozia japonica

authorship: (Thunb.) Callm.

Democritea serissoides

authorship: DC.

Serissa crassiramea

authorship: (Maxim.) Nakai

Serissa democritea

authorship: Baill.

Serissa foetida

authorship: (L.f.) Lam.

authorship: (L.f.) Willd.

Serissa foetida f. plena

authorship: Makino

Serissa foetida unranked marginata

authorship: W.Bull ex J.Dix

Serissa foetida var. crassiramea

authorship: Maxim.

Serissa kawakamii

authorship: Hayata

Serissa serissoides

authorship: (DC.) Druce

codes: CHC CHS TAI

China South-Central

code: CHC

region: China

China Southeast

code: CHS

Taiwan

code: TAI

region: Eastern Asia

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 144 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: 东北蛔蒿 六月雪

source: USDA PLANTS

label: Life form

value: chamaephyte

authors: (Thunb.) Thunb.

published_in: Nov. Gen. Pl. [Thunberg] 8: 132

reason: Only 18 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: serjania-brachycarpa

scientific: Serjania brachycarpa

authorship: A.Gray ex Radlk.

genus: Serjania

epithet: brachycarpa

family: Sapindaceae

published_in: Monogr. Serjania : 259 (1875)

preferred: littlefruit slipplejack

Cururu brachycarpa

authorship: House

codes: MXG MXE MXS TEX HON

Mexico Gulf

code: MXG

Mexico Southwest

code: MXS

Texas

code: TEX

region: South-Central U.S.A.

Honduras

code: HON

region: Central America

lifeform: liana

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 321 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

label: Flower-visited by

partners:
Anartia jatrophae
Calephelis perditalis
Callicista columella istapa
Chlosyne lacinia
Euptoieta claudia
Hemiargus ceraunus
Libytheana carinenta
Strymon melinus

partners:
Anartia jatrophae
Calephelis perditalis
Callicista columella istapa
Chlosyne lacinia
Epiphile adrasta
Euptoieta claudia
Hemiargus ceraunus
Libytheana carinenta

value: vine

value: liana

source: GIFT

authors: A.Gray ex Radlk.

published_in: Monogr. Serjania 259


slug: serjania-cardiospermoides

scientific: Serjania cardiospermoides

authorship: Schltdl. & Cham.

epithet: cardiospermoides

name: Serjania cardiospermoides f. leptothyrsa

authorship: Radlk.

name: Serjania cardiospermoides var. cardiospermoides

codes: MXC MXG MXE MXN MXT MXS COS ELS GUA HON NIC

Mexico Central

code: MXC

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

Mexico Southeast

code: MXT

Costa Rica

code: COS

El Salvador

code: ELS

Guatemala

code: GUA

Nicaragua

code: NIC

source: USDA PLANTS, GIFT, Wikidata, EOL TraitBank (via Zenodo) and traits mined from USDA NRCS plant guides

authors: Schltdl. & Cham.

reason: No dated flowering annotations found for this taxon.


slug: serjania-glabrata

scientific: Serjania glabrata

authorship: Kunth

epithet: glabrata

Paullinia brachystachya

authorship: Griseb.

Paullinia tamuya

authorship: Vell.

codes: AGE AGW BOL BZN BZE BZS BZL BZC CLM ECU PAR PER

Argentina Northeast

code: AGE

region: Southern South America

Argentina Northwest

code: AGW

Bolivia

code: BOL

region: Western South America

Brazil North

code: BZN

region: Brazil

Brazil Northeast

code: BZE

Brazil South

code: BZS

Brazil Southeast

code: BZL

Brazil West-Central

code: BZC

Colombia

code: CLM

Ecuador

code: ECU

Paraguay

code: PAR

Peru

code: PER

value: shrub

source: EOL TraitBank / Flora do Brasil

value: woody

authors: Kunth

source: IPNI (International Plant Names Index)

reason: Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted.


slug: serjania-lucida

scientific: Serjania lucida

authorship: Schum.

epithet: lucida

codes: LEE PUE

Leeward Is.

code: LEE

region: Caribbean

Puerto Rico

code: PUE

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 30 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: Schum.

published_in: Skr. Naturhist.-Selsk. 3(2): 128

reason: Only 0 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: serjania-meridionalis

scientific: Serjania meridionalis

authorship: Cambess.

epithet: meridionalis

codes: AGE AGW BOL BZN BZE BZS BZL BZC PAR PER URU

Uruguay

code: URU

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 38 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

value: perennial

authors: Cambess.

published_in: Fl. Bras. Merid. 1: 366

reason: Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready.

reason: Only 6 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: serjania-mexicana

scientific: Serjania mexicana

authorship: Willd.

epithet: mexicana

Paullinia caribae

authorship: Jacq.

Paullinia divaricata

authorship: Sw.

Paullinia mexicana

authorship: L.

Paullinia spectabilis

authorship: Poir.

Serjania floribunda

authorship: Triana & Planch.

Serjania heterophylla

authorship: DC.

codes: MXC MXG MXE MXN MXT MXS BLZ CLM COS ELS GUA HON JAM NIC PAN VEN

Mexico Central

code: MXC

Mexico Gulf

code: MXG

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

Mexico Southeast

code: MXT

Mexico Southwest

code: MXS

Belize

code: BLZ

Costa Rica

code: COS

El Salvador

code: ELS

Guatemala

code: GUA

Honduras

code: HON

Jamaica

code: JAM

Panamá

code: PAN

Venezuela

code: VEN

region: Northern South America

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 52 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: 瓜瓶藤 墨西哥瓜瓶藤

partners:
Chlorestes candida
Exomalopsis limata
Ptiloglossa eximia
Xylocopa subvirescens

partners:
Adippe inaequalis
Bolbonota pictipennis
Notocera cerviceps

reason: No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page.

reason: Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all.


slug: serjania-polyphylla

scientific: Serjania polyphylla

authorship: (L.) Radlk.

epithet: polyphylla

published_in: Monogr. Serjania : 179 (1875)

preferred: basketwood

Cururu polyphylla

authorship: (L.) House

Paullinia polyphylla

authorship: Schumach.

Serjania dubia

authorship: Spreng.

Serjania triternata

authorship: (L.) Willd.

codes: DOM HAI PUE TRT

Dominican Republic

code: DOM

Haiti

code: HAI

Trinidad-Tobago

code: TRT

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 95 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: (L.) Radlk.

published_in: Monogr. Serjania 179


slug: serjania-racemosa

scientific: Serjania racemosa

epithet: racemosa

Cururu racemosa

authorship: House

codes: MXC MXG MXE MXN MXT MXS COS GUA HON NIC

Mexico Central

code: MXC

Nicaragua

code: NIC

published_in: Skr. Naturhist.-Selsk. 3(2): 127

reason: No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name.

reason: Only 1 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: serjania-spinosa

scientific: Serjania spinosa

authorship: (Radlk.) Ferrucci & V.W.Steinm.

epithet: spinosa

authors: (Radlk.) Ferrucci & V.W.Steinm.


slug: serjania-triquetra

scientific: Serjania triquetra

authorship: Radlk.

epithet: triquetra

published_in: Monogr. Serjania : 305 (1875)

Paullinia triquetra

authorship: Hort.Madr. ex Dum.Cours.

Mexico Gulf

code: MXG

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

authors: Radlk.

published_in: Monogr. Serjania 305


slug: serpocaulon-crystalloneuron

scientific: Serpocaulon crystalloneuron

authorship: (Rosenst.) A.R.Sm.

genus: Serpocaulon

epithet: crystalloneuron

family: Polypodiaceae

Polypodium crystalloneuron

authorship: Rosenst.

Polypodium silvulae

authorship: M.Kessler & A.R.Sm.

Serpocaulon silvulae

authorship: (M.Kessler & A.R.Sm.) A.R.Sm.

codes: BOL ECU PER

Bolivia

code: BOL

Ecuador

code: ECU

Peru

code: PER

lifeform: rhizomatous geophyte or epiphyte

authors: (Rosenst.) A.R.Sm.


slug: serpocaulon-levigatum

scientific: Serpocaulon levigatum

authorship: (Cav.) A.R.Sm.

epithet: levigatum

Campyloneurum levigatum

authorship: (Cav.) C.Presl

Goniophlebium glaucophyllum

authorship: Fée

Goniophlebium levigatum

authorship: (Cav.) Conz.

Polypodium glaucophyllum

authorship: Kze.; Kl.

Polypodium levigatum

authorship: Cav.

codes: BOL BZE BZL CLM COS ECU FRG GUY LEE PAN PER SUR VEN WIN

Brazil Northeast

code: BZE

Brazil Southeast

code: BZL

Colombia

code: CLM

Costa Rica

code: COS

French Guiana

code: FRG

Guyana

code: GUY

Leeward Is.

code: LEE

Suriname

code: SUR

Windward Is.

code: WIN

lifeform: perennial or epiphyte

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 182 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: (Cav.) A.R.Sm.


slug: serpocaulon-loriceum

scientific: Serpocaulon loriceum

epithet: loriceum

preferred: clambering polypody

Polypodium chartaceum

authorship: Baker

Polypodium elegans

authorship: Cav. ex Sw.

Polypodium lineare

authorship: Houtt.

Polypodium loriceum

authorship: L.

Polypodium loriceum f. duplisora

authorship: Domin

Polypodium loriceum var. heterolepis

authorship: Sodiro

Polypodium ramosum

authorship: Lodd.; Link

codes: CLM COS CUB DOM ECU HAI JAM LEE PUE VEN VNA WIN

Cuba

code: CUB

Dominican Republic

code: DOM

Haiti

code: HAI

Jamaica

code: JAM

Puerto Rico

code: PUE

Venezuela

code: VEN

Venezuelan Antilles

code: VNA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 39 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

USDA PLANTS Database

note: common name, checklist symbol POLO5

license: public domain


slug: serpocaulon-sessilifolium

scientific: Serpocaulon sessilifolium

authorship: (Desv.) A.R.Sm.

epithet: sessilifolium

Goniophlebium cordatum

authorship: (Kunze) T.Moore

Goniophlebium surucuchense

authorship: (Hook.) T.Moore

Polypodium antillense

authorship: Maxon

Polypodium biauriculatum

authorship: Hook.

Polypodium cordatum

authorship: Kunze

Polypodium sessilifolium

authorship: Desv.

name: Polypodium sessilifolium var. surucuchensis

authorship: Mille

Serpocaulon acuminatum

authorship: (Fée) Christenh.

Serpocaulon antillense

authorship: (Maxon) A.R.Sm.

Serpocaulon chacapoyense

authorship: (Hook.) A.R.Sm.

codes: BOL BZN BZC CLM COS CUB DOM ECU GUA GUY HAI JAM LEE PAN PER VEN WIN

Bolivia

code: BOL

Brazil North

code: BZN

Brazil West-Central

code: BZC

Ecuador

code: ECU

Guatemala

code: GUA

Panamá

code: PAN

Peru

code: PER

value: epiphyte

value: lithophyte


slug: serpocaulon-triseriale

scientific: Serpocaulon triseriale

authorship: (Sw.) A.R.Sm.

epithet: triseriale

preferred: anglevein fern

Goniophlebium brasiliense

authorship: Farw.

name: Goniophlebium brasiliense var. preslianum

Goniophlebium elatius

authorship: (Schrad.) T.Moore

Goniophlebium gladiatum

authorship: (C.Presl) Fée

Goniophlebium intermedium

authorship: Fée

Goniophlebium triseriale

authorship: (Sw.) Wherry

authorship: (Sw.) Lawalrée

authorship: (Sw.) Pic.Serm.

Polypodium ampliatum

authorship: (Maxon) Proctor

Polypodium brasiliense

authorship: Poir.

Polypodium brasiliense var. gladiatum

authorship: Kuhn

Polypodium brasiliense var. neriifolium

authorship: (Schkuhr) Baker

Polypodium brasiliense var. subcordatum

authorship: Christ ex Duss

Polypodium campylopodum

authorship: Klotzsch

Polypodium gauthieri

authorship: (Fée) C.Chr.

Polypodium haenkei

authorship: (C.Presl) Liebm.

Polypodium lucens

authorship: Schrad.

Polypodium neriifolium

authorship: Schkuhr

name: Polypodium neriifolium var. acuminatissimum

authorship: Kuntze

name: Polypodium neriifolium var. heterophyllum

Polypodium palmatum

authorship: Vell.

Polypodium preslianum

authorship: Spreng.

Polypodium preslianum var. immersum

authorship: Rosenst.

Polypodium triseriale

authorship: Sw.

Polypodium triseriale var. gladiatum

authorship: (Kuhn) Proctor

Polypodium variolatum

authorship: Willd.

Polypodium xiphophoron

authorship: Kze.; Mett.

codes: FLA MXC MXG MXT MXS AGW BLZ BOL BZN BZE BZS BZL BZC CLM COS CUB ECU ELS FRG GUA GUY HAI HON JAM LEE NIC PAN PAR PER PUE SUR TRT VEN WIN

Florida

code: FLA

Mexico Central

code: MXC

Mexico Gulf

code: MXG

Mexico Southeast

code: MXT

Mexico Southwest

code: MXS

Argentina Northwest

code: AGW

Belize

code: BLZ

Brazil Northeast

code: BZE

Brazil South

code: BZS

Brazil Southeast

code: BZL

Colombia

code: CLM

Costa Rica

code: COS

El Salvador

code: ELS

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 53 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.


slug: serratula-coronata

scientific: Serratula coronata

authorship: L.

genus: Serratula

epithet: coronata

Centaurea centaurium

authorship: Host ex Nyman

Centaurea rhutenica

authorship: Baumg.

Crupinastrum centaureum

authorship: Schur

Mastrucium pinnatifidum

authorship: Cass.

Serratula coronaria

authorship: Pall.

Serratula coronata subsp. manshurica

authorship: (Kitag.) O.S.Zhirova

Serratula coronata var. alpina

authorship: Nakai

Serratula insularis

authorship: Iljin

Serratula manshurica

authorship: Kitag.

Serratula wolffii

authorship: Andrae

codes: ALT AMU BRY CHN CHC CHS CTA CHI IRK JAP KAZ KHA KGZ KOR KRA CHM MON NCS PRM TCS TVA WSB CHX YAK BLR RUC RUE ROM RUS UKR

Altay

code: ALT

region: Siberia

Amur

code: AMU

region: Russian Far East

Buryatiya

code: BRY

China North-Central

code: CHN

China South-Central

code: CHC

China Southeast

code: CHS

Chita

code: CTA

Inner Mongolia

code: CHI

Irkutsk

code: IRK

Japan

code: JAP

Kazakhstan

code: KAZ

region: Central Asia

Khabarovsk

code: KHA

Kirgizstan

code: KGZ

Korea

code: KOR

Krasnoyarsk

code: KRA

Manchuria

code: CHM

Mongolia

code: MON

region: Mongolia

North Caucasus

code: NCS

Primorye

code: PRM

Transcaucasus

code: TCS

Tuva

code: TVA

West Siberia

code: WSB

Xinjiang

code: CHX

Yakutiya

code: YAK

Belarus

code: BLR

region: Eastern Europe

Central European Russia

code: RUC

East European Russia

code: RUE

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1904 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Northern coronate sawwort, Long-echinate coronate sawwort

names: Серпій увінчаний

name: GIFT (Global Inventory of Floras and Traits)

name: Traits mined from USDA NRCS plant guides


slug: serratula-tinctoria

scientific: Serratula tinctoria

epithet: tinctoria

preferred: Dyer's plumeless saw-wort

english:
Dyer's plumeless saw-wort
saw-wort

Carduus argutus

authorship: Sweet

Carduus tinctorius

authorship: Scop.

Serratula inermis

authorship: (Willd.) Poir.

authorship: Gilib.

Serratula macrocephala

authorship: Bertol.

Serratula monticola

authorship: Boreau

Serratula seoanei

authorship: Willk.

codes: ALG CYP TUR ALB AUT BLT BLR BGM BUL RUC CZE DEN RUE FRA GER GRB HUN ITA YUG NET NOR POL POR ROM SIC RUS SPA SWE SWI UKR

Algeria

code: ALG

region: Northern Africa

Cyprus

code: CYP

region: Western Asia

Türkiye

code: TUR

Albania

code: ALB

region: Southeastern Europe

Austria

code: AUT

region: Middle Europe

Baltic States

code: BLT

Belgium

code: BGM

Bulgaria

code: BUL

Czechia-Slovakia

code: CZE

Denmark

code: DEN

region: Northern Europe

France

code: FRA

region: Southwestern Europe

Germany

code: GER

Great Britain

code: GRB

Hungary

code: HUN

Italy

code: ITA

NW. Balkan Pen.

code: YUG

Netherlands

code: NET

Norway

code: NOR

Poland

code: POL

Portugal

code: POR

Romania

code: ROM

Sicilia

code: SIC

South European Russia

code: RUS

Spain

code: SPA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2007 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: 染色伪泥胡菜 染色麻花头

names: Серпуха красильная

names:
serratule des teinturiers
Serratule des teinturiers, Sarrette

names: Серпій фарбувальний

partners:
Bombus lapidarius
Bombus pascuorum
Bombus rupestris
Bombus soroeensis
Bombus terrestris
Andrena amieti
Andrena denticulata
Andrena hesperia

partners:
Bombus pascuorum
Bombus lapidarius
Bombus rupestris
Bombus soroeensis
Bombus sylvestris
Maniola jurtina
Melanargia galathea
Ochlodes venata faunus

partners:
Acanthiophilus helianthi
Chaetostomella cylindrica
Chromatomyia syngenesiae
Eucosma hohenwartiana
Trupanea stellata
Acanthis flammea
Acosmetia caliginosa
Agapeta zoegana

partners:
Copidosoma aithyia
Golovinomyces cichoracearum
Puccinia hieracii var. hieracii
Puccinia schroeteriana
Ramularia serratulina

name: Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)


slug: serruria-acrocarpa

scientific: Serruria acrocarpa

genus: Serruria

epithet: acrocarpa

family: Proteaceae

published_in: Trans. Linn. Soc. London 10: 113 (1810)

Protea acrocarpa

authorship: (R.Br.) Poir.

Cape Provinces

code: CPP

region: Southern Africa

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 234 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

label: Least Concern

source: IUCN Red List category via Wikidata (P141)

names:
Common Rootstock Spiderhead
Hawekwa Spiderhead

label: Photosynthetic pathway

published_in: Trans. Linn. Soc. London 10(1): 113

reason: Only 12 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: serruria-aemula

scientific: Serruria aemula

authorship: Knight

epithet: aemula

Protea aemula

authorship: (Knight) Poir.

Protea feniculacea

authorship: Poir.

Serruria subcorymbosa

authorship: Meisn.

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 264 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

iucn_category: CR

label: Critically Endangered

names:
Cape Flats Strawberry Spiderhead
Macassar Spiderhead

authors: Knight

published_in: Cult. Prot. 89

reason: Only 8 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: serruria-aitonii

scientific: Serruria aitonii

epithet: aitonii

published_in: Trans. Linn. Soc. London 10: 114 (1810)

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 422 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Marshmallow Spiderhead
Spiderhead

names: Sousie spinnekopbos

value: 1 m

published_in: Trans. Linn. Soc. London 10(1): 114

reason: Only 11 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: serruria-ascendens

scientific: Serruria ascendens

authorship: (Lam.) R.Br.

epithet: ascendens

published_in: Trans. Linn. Soc. London 10(1): 127. 1810

Protea ascendens

authorship: Lam.

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 822 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

reason: Kew's World Checklist of Vascular Plants does not cover this taxon.

reason: Only 23 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: serruria-balanocephala

scientific: Serruria balanocephala

authorship: Rourke

epithet: balanocephala

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 47 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: Rourke


slug: serruria-bolusii

scientific: Serruria bolusii

authorship: E.Phillips & Hutch.

epithet: bolusii

lifeform: subshrub

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 235 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Agulhas Spiderhead
Viljoenshof Spiderhead

authors: E.Phillips & Hutch.

published_in: Fl. Cap. (Harvey) 5(1.4): 662. 1912, anglice; et in Kew Bull. 1913, 78

reason: Only 2 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: serruria-brownii

scientific: Serruria brownii

epithet: brownii

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 198 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

label: Endangered

names:
Bottlebrush Spiderhead
Ontongskop Spiderhead

names: Серрурия Брауна

authors: Meisn.

reason: Only 17 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: serruria-candicans

scientific: Serruria candicans

epithet: candicans

published_in: Trans. Linn. Soc. London 10: 130 (1810)

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 62 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

iucn_category: VU

label: Vulnerable

names:
Shiny Spiderhead
Silver Spiderhead

published_in: Trans. Linn. Soc. London 10(1): 130

reason: Only 3 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: serruria-collina

scientific: Serruria collina

epithet: collina

lifeform: tuberous subshrub

names:
Hill Serruria
Lost Spiderhead

published_in: Cult. Prot. 86

reason: No dated flowering annotations found for this taxon.


slug: serruria-cyanoides

scientific: Serruria cyanoides

epithet: cyanoides

published_in: Trans. Linn. Soc. London 10: 117 (1810)

Leucadendron cyanoides

authorship: L.

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 162 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

published_in: Trans. Linn. Soc. London 10(1): 117

reason: Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted.


slug: serruria-cygnea

scientific: Serruria cygnea

epithet: cygnea

Protea helvola

authorship: Licht. ex Roem. & Schult.

Serruria colorata

authorship: H.Buek ex Drège

Serruria helvola

authorship: Steud.

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 128 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.