slug: ibervillea-sonorae

scientific: Ibervillea sonorae

authorship: (S.Watson) Greene

epithet: sonorae

Ibervillea insularis

authorship: (Brandegee) Wiggins

Maximowiczia insularis

authorship: Brandegee

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 522 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Güereque
choya guani

value: woody

authors: (S.Watson) Greene

reason: Only 8 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: ibervillea-tenuisecta

scientific: Ibervillea tenuisecta

authorship: (A.Gray) Small

genus: Ibervillea

epithet: tenuisecta

family: Cucurbitaceae

rank: species

taxonomic_status: accepted

accepted_according_to: World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06

preferred: slimlobe globeberry

source: wikidata

Ibervillea lindheimeri var. tenuisecta

authorship: (A.Gray) M.C.Johnst.

name: Maximowiczia lindheimeri var. tenuisecta

authorship: (A.Gray) Cogn.

Maximowiczia tripartita var. tenuisecta

authorship: (A.Gray) S.Watson

note: Full per-image metadata (photographer, licence, licence URL, attribution, derivative restrictions and image URLs) is on the per-species JSON at per_image_metadata_url. Each image is licensed individually; this bulk file omits the per-image matrix to stay small and cleanly licensed.

scheme: TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3

source: Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)

license: CC BY 3.0

excludes: introduced extinct location_doubtful

codes: ARI MXE MXN NWM TEX

Arizona

code: ARI

continent: NORTHERN AMERICA

region: Southwestern U.S.A.

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

region: Mexico

New Mexico

code: NWM

region: South-Central U.S.A.

Texas

code: TEX

lifeform: scrambling caudex geophyte

climate: desert or dry shrubland

mean_annual_temp_c: degrees Celsius

min_temp_coldest_month_c: degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)

max_temp_warmest_month_c: degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)

annual_precip_mm: millimetres per year

precip_driest_quarter_mm: millimetres in the driest quarter

source: CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec

citation: Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.

occurrences: iNaturalist Research-grade Observations

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 350 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

hardiness_zone_note: min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other.

model: Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)

names:
slimlobe globeberry
deer-apples

source: Wikidata (P1843, CC0) + GBIF vernacular names

license: CC0 / per-source

type: eatenBy

label: Eaten by

source: Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI)

license: CC-BY 4.0 (aggregate) / per-source

note: Species recorded interacting with this plant in the wild, aggregated across many source datasets by GloBI. Provenance is asserted at the GloBI aggregate level, not per partner, and partners are the most frequently recorded per interaction type.

label: Growth habit

category: Form and habit

value: herb

source: USDA PLANTS

source: GIFT

license: CC-BY 4.0

source: EOL TraitBank / USDA PLANTS

license: Public domain (U.S. Government work)

value: vine

source: EOL TraitBank / NMNH Botany specimens

key: woodiness

label: Woodiness

value: non-woody

label: Life cycle

category: Life cycle

value: perennial

USDA PLANTS Database

license: Public domain (US Government work)

name: GIFT (Global Inventory of Floras and Traits)

license: CC BY 4.0

EOL TraitBank (via Zenodo)

license: Per record: CC0 / CC BY 4.0 / public domain only

name: Traits mined from USDA NRCS plant guides

source: USDA PLANTS, GIFT, Wikidata, EOL TraitBank (via Zenodo) and traits mined from USDA NRCS plant guides

license: per source (public domain, CC BY 4.0, CC0)

note: Structured growth characteristics merged from four open sources (USDA PLANTS, GIFT, Wikidata, EOL TraitBank via Zenodo) plus traits mined from public-domain USDA NRCS guides. A documented record, not care advice. Each value keeps every source that reported it; a value marked extracted:true was read from prose, carries a verbatim quote and source_url, and has no structured source corroborating it.

authors: (A.Gray) Small

source: IPNI (International Plant Names Index)

note: The protologue citation: who published the name, in which work and year, and the IPNI record it resolves to. This is naming provenance, not a description.

World Flora Online Plant List

note: accepted name, authority, classification

iNaturalist

note: photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only

license: per photograph

Wikidata

note: common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)

note: native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form

field: care

reason: Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted.

field: toxicity

reason: Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready.

reason: No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page.

reason: Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all.

field: phenology

reason: Only 16 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.

data: CC BY 4.0

note: This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew).


slug: ibicella-lutea

scientific: Ibicella lutea

authorship: (Lindl.) Van Eselt.

genus: Ibicella

epithet: lutea

family: Martyniaceae

published_in: Techn. Bull. New York Agric. Exp. Sta., Geneva 149: 34 (1929)

preferred: yellow unicorn-plant

Ibicella nelsoniana

authorship: Van Eselt.

Martynia lutea

authorship: Lindl.

Martynia montevidensis

authorship: Cham.

Proboscidea lutea

authorship: (Lindl.) Stapf

licences: CC0 CC-BY CC-BY-SA

codes: AGE AGW BZE BZS BZL PAR URU

Argentina Northeast

code: AGE

continent: SOUTHERN AMERICA

region: Southern South America

Argentina Northwest

code: AGW

Brazil Northeast

code: BZE

region: Brazil

Brazil South

code: BZS

Brazil Southeast

code: BZL

Paraguay

code: PAR

Uruguay

code: URU

lifeform: annual

climate: subtropical

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 401 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

source: Kew World Checklist of Useful Plant Species

note: Categories in which this species is recorded as a useful plant. A record of use, not a recommendation, a dose or a safety claim.

names:
yellow unicorn-plant
Yellow Devil's Claw

names: 羊角麻 黄花单角胡麻

names: chifre-de-veado chifre-do-diabo

names: Ибицелла жёлтая

names: オオツノゴマ キバナツノゴマ

names:
Griffe du diable
Ibicelle jaune, Griffe du diable

names:
gult bockhorn
Ibicella

names: duiwelsklou perdedubbeltjie

type: flowerVisitedBy

label: Flower-visited by

source: EOL TraitBank / Flora do Brasil

label: Life form

value: therophyte

label: Height

category: Size

value: 1 m

value: annual

label: Fruit type

category: Flowers and fruit

value: capsule

label: Photosynthetic pathway

category: Physiology

published_in: New York Agric. Exp. Sta. Techn. Bull. 149: 34

name: Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)


slug: icarus-filiformis

scientific: Icarus filiformis

authorship: (A.Cunn.) Gasper & Salino

genus: Icarus

epithet: filiformis

family: Blechnaceae

preferred: Thread Fern

source: inat

Blechnum filiforme

authorship: (A.Cunn.) Ettingsh.

Blechnum reptans

authorship: Luerss.

Lomariopsis hugelii

authorship: (Fée) C.Presl

Lomariopsis sorbifolia var. resecta

authorship: Christ

Osmunda reptans

authorship: Banks & Sol.; Forst.

Spicanta filiformis

authorship: (A.Cunn.) Kuntze

Stenochlaena feejeensis

authorship: Brack.

Stenochlaena huegelii

authorship: (C.Presl) J.Underw.

Struthiopteris filiformis

authorship: (A.Cunn.) Ching

codes: CTM NZN NZS

Chatham Is.

code: CTM

continent: AUSTRALASIA

region: New Zealand

New Zealand North

code: NZN

New Zealand South

code: NZS

climate: temperate

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1969 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: (A.Cunn.) Gasper & Salino

iNaturalist

note: photographs, flowering annotations and the common name, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only

reason: No dated flowering annotations found for this taxon.


slug: ichnanthus-pallens

scientific: Ichnanthus pallens

authorship: (Sw.) Munro ex Benth.

genus: Ichnanthus

epithet: pallens

family: Poaceae

preferred: caruzo

Apluda zeygites

authorship: Aubl.

Hildaea pallens

authorship: (Sw.) C.Silva & R.P.Oliveira

Hildaea pallens var. major

authorship: (Nees) C.Silva & R.P.Oliveira

Ichnanthus axillaris

authorship: (Nees) Hitchc. & Chase

Ichnanthus bacularius

authorship: Swallen

Ichnanthus candicans f. grandiflorus

authorship: Nees ex Döll

Ichnanthus candicans var. glabratus

authorship: Döll

Ichnanthus pallens f. monstrosus

authorship: Beetle

Ichnanthus vicinus

authorship: (F.M.Bailey) Merr.

Panicum agrostideum

authorship: Salzm. ex Steud.

Panicum axillare

authorship: Nees

Panicum candidum

authorship: Nees ex Trin.

Panicum hemignostum

authorship: Steud.

Panicum lherminieri

authorship: Mez

Panicum montanum

authorship: Poit. ex E.Fourn.

Panicum nitens

authorship: Merr.

Panicum pallens

authorship: Sw.

authorship: Schltdl. & Cham.

Panicum pallens var. angustifolium

authorship: Rupr. ex Galeotti

Panicum pallens var. grandiflorum

authorship: Trin. ex Nees

Panicum paludicola

authorship: Miq.

Panicum schlechtendalii

authorship: E.Fourn. ex Hemsl.

codes: CMN GUI GGI LBR SIE CHC CHS CHH NNS TAI AND ASS BAN BOR EHM IND JAW LAO MLY MYA NEP NWG PHI SRL THA VIE QLD MXC MXG MXE MXT MXS AGE AGW BLZ BOL BZN BZE BZS BZL BZC CLM COS CUB DOM ECU ELS FRG GUA GUY HAI HON JAM LEE NLA NIC PAN PAR PER PUE SUR TRT URU VEN VNA WIN

Cameroon

code: CMN

continent: AFRICA

region: West-Central Tropical Africa

Guinea

code: GUI

region: West Tropical Africa

Gulf of Guinea Is.

code: GGI

Liberia

code: LBR

Sierra Leone

code: SIE

China South-Central

code: CHC

continent: ASIA-TEMPERATE

region: China

China Southeast

code: CHS

Hainan

code: CHH

Nansei-shoto

code: NNS

region: Eastern Asia

Taiwan

code: TAI

Andaman Is.

code: AND

continent: ASIA-TROPICAL

region: Indo-China

Assam

code: ASS

region: Indian Subcontinent

Bangladesh

code: BAN

Borneo

code: BOR

region: Malesia

East Himalaya

code: EHM

India

code: IND

Jawa

code: JAW

Laos

code: LAO

Malaya

code: MLY

Myanmar

code: MYA

Nepal

code: NEP

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 217 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Ammodramus savannarum
Columbina passerina
Estrilda melpoda
Melanospiza bicolor
Seiurus aurocapilla
Spermestes cucullata


slug: ichnocarpus-frutescens

scientific: Ichnocarpus frutescens

authorship: (L.) W.T.Aiton

genus: Ichnocarpus

epithet: frutescens

family: Apocynaceae

Aganosma affinis

authorship: (Roem. & Schult.) G.Don

Apocynum crassifolium

authorship: Salisb.

Apocynum frutescens

authorship: L.

Beluttakaka malabarica

authorship: Kuntze

Carruthersia daronensis

authorship: Elmer

Echites affinis

authorship: Roem. & Schult.

Echites bantamensis

authorship: Blume

Echites caryophyllatus

authorship: Roth

authorship: Roxb.

Echites caudatus

authorship: Blanco

Echites ferrugineus

authorship: Thunb.

Echites malabaricus

authorship: Lam.

Echites trichonema

authorship: Zipp. ex Span.

Gardenia sinensis

authorship: Lour. ex B.A.Gomes

Gardenia volubilis

authorship: Lour.

Ichnocarpus bantamensis

authorship: (Blume) Miq.

Ichnocarpus frutescens f. sogerensis

authorship: (Wernham ex S.Moore) Markgr.

name: Ichnocarpus frutescens var. leptodictyus

authorship: (F.Muell.) Domin

Ichnocarpus frutescens var. ovatifolius

authorship: (A.DC.) Deb

Ichnocarpus frutescens var. pubescens

authorship: Kurz

Ichnocarpus microcalyx

authorship: Pit.

Ichnocarpus navesii

authorship: Rolfe

Ichnocarpus sogerensis

authorship: Wernham ex S.Moore

Ichnocarpus volubilis

authorship: (Lour.) Merr.

Micrechites sinensis

authorship: Markgr.

Periploca palvalli

authorship: Dennst.

Quirivelia bantamensis

authorship: (Miq.) F.N.Williams

Quirivelia frutescens

authorship: (L.) M.R.Almeida & S.M.Almeida

Quirivelia zeylanica

authorship: Poir.

Springia indica

authorship: Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.

Thyrsanthus parviflorus

authorship: (Poir.) Miers

Toxocarpus makilingensis

authorship: Elmer ex Merr.

codes: CHC CHS CHH AND ASS BAN BIS BOR CBD EHM IND JAW LAO LSI MLY MOL MYA NEP NWG NCB PAK PHI SRL SUL SUM THA VIE WHM NTA QLD WAU

Bismarck Archipelago

code: BIS

region: Papuasia

Cambodia

code: CBD

Lesser Sunda Is.

code: LSI

Maluku

code: MOL

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 202 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Anonychomyrma gilberti
Camponotus vitreus
Catopsilia pomona
Crematogaster fusca
Euploea corinna
Leptomyrmex unicolor
Mecodina praecipua
Polyrhachis

reason: No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name.

reason: Only 15 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: ida-ciliata

scientific: Ida ciliata

authorship: (Ruiz & Pav.) A.Ryan & Oakeley

genus: Ida

epithet: ciliata

family: Orchidaceae

published_in: Orchid Digest 67: 13 (2003)

Dendrobium ciliatum

authorship: (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers.

Ida fragrans

authorship: (Oakeley) Oakeley

Lycaste ciliata

authorship: (Ruiz & Pav.) Lindl. ex Rchb.f.

Lycaste fragrans

authorship: Oakeley

Maxillaria ciliata

authorship: Ruiz & Pav.

Sudamerlycaste ciliata

authorship: (Ruiz & Pav.) Archila

Sudamerlycaste fragans

authorship: (Oakeley) Archila

codes: BOL CLM ECU PER

Bolivia

code: BOL

region: Western South America

Colombia

code: CLM

Ecuador

code: ECU

Peru

code: PER

lifeform: pseudobulbous epiphyte

climate: wet tropical

names: Судамерликасте реснитчатая

authors: (Ruiz & Pav.) A.Ryan & Oakeley

published_in: Orchid Digest 67(1): 13

reason: Fewer than 30 georeferenced research-grade observations of this taxon, which is too few to state a percentile range for the conditions it grows in. We would rather show nothing than a range computed from eight points in one county.


slug: ida-gigantea

scientific: Ida gigantea

authorship: (Lindl.) A.Ryan & Oakeley

epithet: gigantea

Ida labelloviridis

authorship: (H.Williams) Oakeley

Lycaste gigantea

authorship: Lindl.

Sudamerlycaste gigantea

authorship: (Lindl.) Archila

codes: BOL CLM ECU

authors: (Lindl.) A.Ryan & Oakeley

reason: Only 1 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: ida-locusta

scientific: Ida locusta

authorship: (Rchb.f.) A.Ryan & Oakeley

epithet: locusta

published_in: Orchid Digest 67: 11 (2003)

Sudamerlycaste locusta

authorship: (Rchb.f.) Archila

licences: CC-BY CC-BY-SA

lifeform: pseudobulbous geophyte or lithophyte

names:
Lenguitas
Nunca Visto

authors: (Rchb.f.) A.Ryan & Oakeley

published_in: Orchid Digest 67(1): 11


slug: ida-pegueroi

scientific: Ida pegueroi

authorship: (Archila) J.M.H.Shaw

epithet: pegueroi

Sudamerlycaste pegueroi

authorship: Archila

codes: CUB DOM HAI PUE

Cuba

code: CUB

region: Caribbean

Dominican Republic

code: DOM

Haiti

code: HAI

Puerto Rico

code: PUE

authors: (Archila) J.M.H.Shaw

reason: Only 2 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: idahoa-scapigera

scientific: Idahoa scapigera

authorship: (Hook.) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.

genus: Idahoa

epithet: scapigera

family: Brassicaceae

preferred: oldstem idahoa

Platyspermum scapigerum

authorship: Hook.

codes: BRC CAL IDA MNT NEV ORE WAS

British Columbia

code: BRC

region: Western Canada

California

code: CAL

Idaho

code: IDA

region: Northwestern U.S.A.

Montana

code: MNT

Nevada

code: NEV

Oregon

code: ORE

Washington

code: WAS

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 247 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
oldstem idahoa
flatpod

authors: A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.

reason: Only 9 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: idesia-polycarpa

scientific: Idesia polycarpa

authorship: Maxim.

genus: Idesia

epithet: polycarpa

family: Salicaceae

published_in: Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, sér. 3, 10: 485 (1866)

preferred: Iigiri

english: Iigiri idesia

Cathayeia polycarpa

authorship: (Maxim.) Ohwi

Flacourtia japonica

authorship: hort. ex Lavall.

Idesia polycarpa var. fujianensis

authorship: (G.S.Fan) S.S.Lai

Idesia polycarpa var. intermedia

authorship: Pamp.

Idesia polycarpa var. latifolia

authorship: Diels

Polycarpa maximowiczii

authorship: Linden ex Carrière

codes: CHC CHS JAP KOR NNS TAI

China South-Central

code: CHC

China Southeast

code: CHS

Japan

code: JAP

Korea

code: KOR

Nansei-shoto

code: NNS

Taiwan

code: TAI

lifeform: tree

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 452 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Iigiri Idesia

names: 山桐子 鱼虱子

names:
Идезия
Идезия многоплодная

type: pollinatedBy

label: Pollinated by

partners:
Heterophasia auricularis
Niltava vivida
Psilopogon nuchalis
Pteropus dasymallus

type: hasHost

label: Hosts

value: tree

value: phanerophyte

label: Leaf retention

category: Foliage

value: deciduous

authors: Maxim.

published_in: Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg x (1866) 485

reason: Only 4 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: idiospermum-australiense

scientific: Idiospermum australiense

authorship: (Diels) S.T.Blake

genus: Idiospermum

epithet: australiense

family: Calycanthaceae

published_in: Contr. Queensland Herb. 12: 5 (1972)

Queensland

code: QLD

region: Australia

names: Idiotfruit idiot-fruit

names: 奇子樹 澳樟

authors: (Diels) S.T.Blake

published_in: Contr. Queensland Herb. 12: 5


slug: ifloga-ambigua

scientific: Ifloga ambigua

authorship: (L.) Druce

genus: Ifloga

epithet: ambigua

family: Asteraceae

published_in: Bot. Exch. Club Brit. Isles Rep. 3: 419. 1913

Artemisia ambigua

authorship: L.

Ifloga disticha

authorship: (L.f.) Druce

Ifloga laricifolia

authorship: (Lam.) Schltr.

Ifloga seriphioides

authorship: (D.Don) Schltr.

Stoebe fasciculata

authorship: Thunb.

Stoebe laricifolia

authorship: E.Mey. ex DC.

Trichogyne ambigua

authorship: Druce

Trichogyne laricifolia

authorship: (Lam.) Less.

Trichogyne seriphioides

authorship: (D.Don) Less.

Cape Provinces

code: CPP

region: Southern Africa

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 207 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: (L.) Druce

published_in: Bot. Exch. Club Brit. Isles Rep. 3: 419


slug: ifloga-glomerata

scientific: Ifloga glomerata

authorship: (Harv.) Schltr.

epithet: glomerata

Ifloga aristulata

authorship: Thell.

Ifloga glomerata

authorship: (Harv.) Fourc.

Trichogyne glomerata

authorship: Harv.

codes: CPP OFS LES NAM TVL

Free State

code: OFS

Lesotho

code: LES

Namibia

code: NAM

Northern Provinces

code: TVL

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 35 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: (Harv.) Schltr.


slug: ifloga-polycnemoides

scientific: Ifloga polycnemoides

authorship: Fenzl

epithet: polycnemoides

Trichogyne polycnemoides

authorship: (Fenzl) Anderb.

authorship: Steud.

authors: Fenzl


slug: ifloga-repens

scientific: Ifloga repens

authorship: (L.) Hilliard & B.L.Burtt

epithet: repens

Gnaphalium repens

authorship: Houtt.

Ifloga reflexa

authorship: (L.f.) Schltr.

Trichogyne radicans

authorship: DC.

Trichogyne reflexa

authorship: (L.f.) Less.

Trichogyne repens

authorship: (L.) Anderb.

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 68 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: (L.) Hilliard & B.L.Burtt


slug: ileostylus-micranthus

scientific: Ileostylus micranthus

authorship: (Hook.f.) Tiegh.

genus: Ileostylus

epithet: micranthus

family: Loranthaceae

published_in: Bull. Soc. Bot. France 41: 25 (1894)

preferred: Green mistletoe

Loranthus aucklandicus

authorship: Engl.

codes: NZN NZS NFK

New Zealand North

code: NZN

New Zealand South

code: NZS

Norfolk Is.

code: NFK

lifeform: hemiparasitic epiphyte

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2028 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Anthornis melanura
Finschia novaeseelandiae
Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis
Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae
Prunella modularis
Rhipidura fuliginosa
Siphanta acuta
Sturnus vulgaris

type: hasParasite

label: Parasites

partners:
Korthalsella lindsayi
Korthalsella salicornioides
Sophora microphylla
Tupeia antarctica

partners:
Acer palmatum
Alnus
Arbutus unedo
Coprosma
Coprosma areolata
Coprosma crassifolia
Coprosma dumosa
Coprosma foetidissima

authors: Tiegh.

published_in: Bull. Soc. Bot. France 42: 25


slug: ilex-ambigua

scientific: Ilex ambigua

authorship: (Michx.) Torr.

genus: Ilex

family: Aquifoliaceae

preferred: Carolina holly

Ilex ambigua f. channellii

authorship: Edwin

Ilex ambigua var. coriacea

authorship: Trel.

Ilex beadlei var. laevis

authorship: Ashe

Ilex buswellii

authorship: Small

Ilex caroliniana

authorship: (Walter) Trel.

Ilex dubia f. condensata

authorship: Loes.

Nemopanthus ambiguus

authorship: (Michx.) Alph.Wood

Prinos ambiguus

authorship: Michx.

Synstima acuminata

authorship: Raf.

Synstima ambigua

authorship: Raf. ex S.Watson

codes: ALA ARK FLA GEO KTY LOU MSI NCA OKL SCA TEN TEX VRG

Alabama

code: ALA

region: Southeastern U.S.A.

Arkansas

code: ARK

Florida

code: FLA

Georgia

code: GEO

Kentucky

code: KTY

Louisiana

code: LOU

Mississippi

code: MSI

North Carolina

code: NCA

Oklahoma

code: OKL

region: North-Central U.S.A.

South Carolina

code: SCA

Tennessee

code: TEN

Texas

code: TEX

region: South-Central U.S.A.

Virginia

code: VRG

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 493 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

iucn_category: LC

label: Least Concern

source: IUCN Red List category via Wikidata (P141)

license: CC0 (Wikidata); IUCN category is a factual label

partners: Apoidea Diptera

type: visitedBy

label: Visited by

partners:
Parancistrocerus perennis
Trichiotinus lunulatus
Tropidia albistylum

value: shrub

source: EOL TraitBank / Fire Effects Information System (USDA)


slug: ilex-amelanchier

scientific: Ilex amelanchier

authorship: M.A.Curtis ex Chapm.

epithet: amelanchier

preferred: sarvis holly

Ilex dubia

authorship: (G.Don) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.

codes: ALA FLA GEO LOU MSI NCA SCA

names:
sarvis holly
Swamp Holly

label: Growth form

value: Multiple Stem

label: Growth rate

value: slow

label: Foliage colour

value: green

label: Flower colour

value: yellow

reason: Only 0 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: ilex-anomala

scientific: Ilex anomala

authorship: Hook. & Arn.

epithet: anomala

published_in: Bot. Beechey Voy. : 111 (1832)

preferred: Hawai'i holly

english:
Hawai'i holly
Hawaiian Holly
Hawaiian holly
Hawaiʻi holly

Byronia hookeri

authorship: Steud.

Byronia sandwicensis

authorship: Endl.

Ilex taitensis

authorship: (A.Gray) J.W.Moore

Polystigma hookeri

authorship: Meisn.

codes: HAW MRQ SCI

Hawaii

code: HAW

continent: PACIFIC

region: North-Central Pacific

Marquesas

code: MRQ

region: South-Central Pacific

Society Is.

code: SCI

lifeform: shrub or tree

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 643 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Hawai'i holly
Hawaiʻi holly

names: Aiea ʻAiea

label: Eaten by

partners:
Chlorodrepanis flava
Copsychus malabaricus
Himatione sanguinea
Ibidoecus longiclypeatus
Leiothrix lutea
Myadestes obscurus
Philaenus spumarius
Pycnonotus cafer

label: Growth habit

label: Woodiness

value: woody

value: pink

authors: Hook. & Arn.

published_in: Bot. Beechey Voy. 111

reason: Only 20 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: ilex-aquifolium

scientific: Ilex aquifolium

authorship: L.

epithet: aquifolium

preferred: European holly

english:
European holly
English holly
holly

Aquifolium ferox

authorship: Mill. ex Raf.

Aquifolium ilex

authorship: Scop.

Aquifolium spinosum

authorship: Lam.

Ilex aquifolium f. aureopicta

authorship: (Loudon) Geerinck

Ilex aquifolium var. barcinonae

authorship: Pau

Ilex aquifolium var. crassifolia

authorship: Aiton

Ilex balearica

authorship: Desf.

Ilex camelliifolia

authorship: Henry

Ilex chrysocarpa

authorship: Wender.

Ilex ciliata

authorship: hort. ex Koehne

Ilex citriocarpa

authorship: Murr

Ilex crassifolia

authorship: Aiton ex Steud.

Ilex echinata

authorship: Mill.

Ilex ferox

authorship: Ait. ex Steud.

Ilex fischeri

authorship: hort. ex Carrière

Ilex sempervirens

authorship: Salisb.

codes: ALG MOR TUN ALB AUT BAL BGM BUL COR DEN FRA GER GRB GRC IRE ITA YUG NET NOR POR ROM SAR SIC SPA SWI

Algeria

code: ALG

region: Northern Africa

Morocco

code: MOR

Tunisia

code: TUN

Albania

code: ALB

continent: EUROPE

region: Southeastern Europe

Austria

code: AUT

region: Middle Europe

Baleares

code: BAL

region: Southwestern Europe

Belgium

code: BGM

Bulgaria

code: BUL

Corse

code: COR

Denmark

code: DEN

region: Northern Europe

France

code: FRA

Germany

code: GER

Great Britain

code: GRB

Greece

code: GRC

Ireland

code: IRE

Italy

code: ITA

NW. Balkan Pen.

code: YUG

Netherlands

code: NET

Norway

code: NOR

Portugal

code: POR

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1983 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Aglais io
Andrena barbilabris
Andrena carantonica
Andrena chrysosceles
Andrena fucata
Andrena fulva
Andrena haemorrhoa
Andrena helvola

partners:
Apis mellifera
Bombus
Andrena haemorrhoa
Andrena nitida
Celastrina argiolus
Osmia bicornis
Ancistrocerus gazella
Andrena angustior

partners:
Acanalonia conica
Andrena barbilabris
Apis mellifera
Arboridia
Arilus cristatus
Atherigona reversura
Bombus flavifrons
Bombus vancouverensis vancouverensis

partners:
Columba palumbus
Erithacus rubecula
Garrulus glandarius
Sylvia atricapilla
Turdus iliacus
Turdus merula
Turdus philomelos
Turdus pilaris

partners:
Phytomyza ilicis
Turdus iliacus
Turdus merula
Turdus viscivorus
Erithacus rubecula
Garrulus glandarius
Pogonocherus hispidus
Pulvinaria floccifera

partners:
Chrysocharis gemma
Chrysocharis pubicornis
Closterocerus scapiatus
Cyrtogaster vulgaris
Entedon
Flammulina velutipes var. velutipes
Grifola frondosa
Ileostylus micranthus

partners:
Meripilus giganteus
Nectria galligena
Phytophthora ilicis


slug: ilex-arisanensis

scientific: Ilex arisanensis

authorship: Yamam.

epithet: arisanensis

published_in: Icon. Pl. Formosan., Suppl. 1: 30 (1925)

Taiwan

code: TAI

region: Eastern Asia

iucn_category: EN

label: Endangered

authors: Yamam.

published_in: Suppl. Ic. Pl. Formos. i. 30 (1925)


slug: ilex-asprella

scientific: Ilex asprella

authorship: Champ. ex Benth.

epithet: asprella

published_in: Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 4: 329 (1852)

Ilex asprella var. gracilipes

authorship: (Merr.) Loes.

Ilex axyphylla

authorship: Miq.

Ilex gracilipes

authorship: Merr.

Ilex merrillii

authorship: Briq.

Prinos asprellus

authorship: Hook. & Arn.

codes: CHS TAI PHI

China Southeast

code: CHS

region: China

Philippines

code: PHI

region: Malesia

lifeform: shrub

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1980 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: 岗梅叶 岗梅

label: Flower-visited by

partners:
Amata persimilis
Cyrestis thyodamas formosana

authors: Champ. ex Benth.

published_in: Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 4: 329


slug: ilex-bioritsensis

scientific: Ilex bioritsensis

authorship: Hayata

epithet: bioritsensis

published_in: J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(1): 53 (1911)

Ilex pernyi f. veitchii

authorship: (Rehder) Rehder

Ilex pernyi var. veitchii

authorship: Rehder

codes: CHN CHC CHS TAI CHT

China North-Central

code: CHN

China South-Central

code: CHC

Tibet

code: CHT

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 112 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: 刺叶冬青 岗梅叶

names: Падуб бёрицуйский

authors: Hayata

published_in: J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(Art. 1):  53

reason: Only 5 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: ilex-brandegeeana

scientific: Ilex brandegeeana

authorship: Loes.

epithet: brandegeeana

published_in: Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. German. Nat. Cur. 78: 148 (1901)

codes: MXC MXE MXN MXT MXS ELS GUA

Mexico Central

code: MXC

region: Mexico

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

Mexico Southeast

code: MXT

Mexico Southwest

code: MXS

El Salvador

code: ELS

region: Central America

Guatemala

code: GUA

climate: seasonally dry tropical

authors: Loes.


slug: ilex-canariensis

scientific: Ilex canariensis

authorship: Poir.

epithet: canariensis

preferred: Small-leaved holly

codes: CNY MDR

Canary Is.

code: CNY

region: Macaronesia

Madeira

code: MDR

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 457 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Azevim Azevinho

label: Height

value: evergreen

label: Life cycle

value: white

label: Flowering months

value: Apr-Jul

label: Fruit type

value: drupe

authors: Poir.

published_in: Encycl. [J. Lamarck & al.] Suppl. 3. 67


slug: ilex-cassine

scientific: Ilex cassine

authorship: L.

epithet: cassine

preferred: dahoon

Ageria cassena

authorship: Raf.

Cassine caroliniana

authorship: Lam.

Hierophyllus cassena

authorship: (Michx.) Raf.

Ilex angustifolia

authorship: Willd.

Ilex angustifolia var. ligustrifolia

authorship: Pursh

Ilex atramentaria

authorship: Barton

Ilex cassine subsp. mexicana

authorship: (Turcz.) A.E.Murray

Ilex cassine var. angustifolia

authorship: Aiton

Ilex cassinoides

authorship: Link

Ilex castaneifolia

authorship: hort. ex Decne.

Ilex dahoon

authorship: Walter

Ilex dahoon var. angustifolia

authorship: (Aiton) Torr. & A.Gray ex S.Watson

Ilex dahoon var. laurifolia

authorship: (Nutt.) DC.

Ilex dahoon var. parvifolia

authorship: Koch

Ilex lanceolata

authorship: Griseb.

authorship: Chapm.

Ilex laurifolia

authorship: Nutt.

Ilex mexicana

authorship: (Turcz.) Black ex Hemsl.

Ilex peragua

authorship: Trel.

Ilex watsoniana

authorship: Spach

Pileostegia mexicana

authorship: Turcz.

Prinos cassinoides

authorship: Hort. ex Steud.

codes: ALA FLA GEO LOU MXC MXG MXE MXN MXS MSI NCA SCA TEX BAH CUB

Alabama

code: ALA

Florida

code: FLA

Georgia

code: GEO

Louisiana

code: LOU

Mexico Gulf

code: MXG

Mississippi

code: MSI

North Carolina

code: NCA

South Carolina

code: SCA

Texas

code: TEX

Bahamas

code: BAH

region: Caribbean

Cuba

code: CUB

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1971 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Падуб кассине

partners:
Apis mellifera
Augochlora pura
Augochlorella gratiosa
Bombus bimaculatus
Bombus griseocollis
Chauliognathus marginatus
Colletes banksi
Erynnis horatius

partners:
Apis mellifera
Bombus bimaculatus
Bombus griseocollis
Chauliognathus marginatus
Erynnis horatius
Megachile xylocopoides
Monobia quadridens
Perdita bradleyi

partners:
Dumetella carolinensis
Melanerpes carolinus
Sialia sialis
Bombycilla cedrorum
Catharus fuscescens
Catharus guttatus
Catharus minimus
Catharus ustulatus


slug: ilex-chinensis

scientific: Ilex chinensis

authorship: Sims

epithet: chinensis

Ilex myriadenia

authorship: Hance

Ilex oldhamii

authorship: Miq.

Ilex purpurea

authorship: Hassk.

Ilex purpurea f. oldhamii

authorship: (Miq.) Loes.

Ilex purpurea var. myriadenia

authorship: (Hance) Loes.

Ilex purpurea var. oldhamii

authorship: (Miq.) Loes. ex Diels

codes: CHC CHS JAP TAI MYA VIE

China South-Central

code: CHC

China Southeast

code: CHS

Japan

code: JAP

Taiwan

code: TAI

Myanmar

code: MYA

region: Indo-China

Vietnam

code: VIE

names: 四季青 冬青

names: NanaminoKi ナナミノキ

label: Leaf retention

value: perennial

label: Photosynthetic pathway

authors: Sims


slug: ilex-cochinchinensis

scientific: Ilex cochinchinensis

authorship: (Lour.) Loes.

epithet: cochinchinensis

published_in: Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. German. Nat. Cur. 78: 230 (1901)

Hexacadica corymbosa

authorship: (Lour.) Raf.

Hexadica cochinchinensis

authorship: Lour.

Ilex ardisioides

authorship: Loes.

Ilex cleyeroides

authorship: Hayata

Ilex oligadenia

authorship: Merr. & Chun

codes: CHS CHH TAI CBD VIE

Hainan

code: CHH

Cambodia

code: CBD

label: Least Concern

names: 越南冬青 革葉冬青


slug: ilex-colchica

scientific: Ilex colchica

authorship: Pojark.

epithet: colchica

published_in: Ref. Nauchno-Issl. Rabot, Otdelenie Biol. Nauk 1945: 8 (1947)

Ilex imerethica

authorship: Gagnidze

codes: NCS TCS TUR BUL TUE

North Caucasus

code: NCS

region: Caucasus

Transcaucasus

code: TCS

Türkiye

code: TUR

region: Western Asia

Bulgaria

code: BUL

Türkiye-in-Europe

code: TUE

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 426 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Падуб колхидский

value: Apr-May

authors: Pojark.

published_in: in Referat. Nauch.-Issl. Rab. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Biol. 1945, 8 (1947), in obs


slug: ilex-collina

scientific: Ilex collina

authorship: Alexander

epithet: collina

preferred: longstalk holly

Nemopanthus collinus

authorship: (Alexander) R.C.Clark

Nemopanthus collinus f. vantrompii

authorship: (M.G.Brooks) R.C.Clark

codes: NCA TEN VRG WVA

North Carolina

code: NCA

region: Southeastern U.S.A.

Tennessee

code: TEN

Virginia

code: VRG

West Virginia

code: WVA

region: Northeastern U.S.A.

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 50 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

iucn_category: VU

label: Vulnerable

names:
longstalk holly
Mountain Holly

label: Pollinated by

partners: Apis Diptera

authors: Alexander

published_in: Castanea 6(2): 30

reason: Only 8 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: ilex-coriacea

scientific: Ilex coriacea

authorship: (Pursh) Chapm.

epithet: coriacea

preferred: large gallberry

Ennepta atomaria

authorship: Raf.

Ilex lucida

authorship: Torr. & A.Gray ex S.Watson

Prinos atomarius

authorship: Nutt.

Prinos cariaceus

authorship: Pursh

Prinos lucidus

authorship: Aiton

codes: ALA FLA GEO LOU MSI NCA SCA TEX VRG

Alabama

code: ALA

Florida

code: FLA

Georgia

code: GEO

Louisiana

code: LOU

Mississippi

code: MSI

South Carolina

code: SCA

Texas

code: TEX

region: South-Central U.S.A.

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1041 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
large gallberry
Bay Gallbush

partners: Apoidea Lepidoptera

label: Growth form

value: Thicket Forming

label: Growth rate

value: moderate

reason: Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted.


slug: ilex-cornuta

scientific: Ilex cornuta

authorship: Lindl. & Paxton

epithet: cornuta

published_in: Paxton's Fl. Gard. 1: 43 (1850)

preferred: Chinese holly

english:
Chinese holly
Horned Holly

Ilex cornuta f. burfordii

authorship: (De France) Rehder

Ilex cornuta var. burfordii

authorship: De France

Ilex cornuta var. fortunei

authorship: (Lindl.) S.Y.Hu

Ilex fortunei

authorship: Lindl.

Ilex furcata

authorship: Lindl. ex Göpp.

codes: CHN CHC CHS CHH KOR

China North-Central

code: CHN

China South-Central

code: CHC

China Southeast

code: CHS

Hainan

code: CHH

Korea

code: KOR

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1957 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Chinese holly
Horned Holly

names: 枸骨 功劳叶

names: Падуб рогатый

names: ヤバネヒイラギモチ ヒイラギモチ

names: 호랑가시나무 Ho-rang-ga-si-na-mu

partners:
Apis mellifera
Andrena barbara
Bombus griseocollis
Eucerini
Habropoda laboriosa
Muscidae sp.
Xylocopa virginica

label: Visited by

partners:
Andrena macra
Apis mellifera
Bombus impatiens
Calycopis cecrops
Colletes thoracicus
Dielis plumipes
Galgula partita
Lasioglossum fuscipenne

partners:
Alypia octomaculata
Aspidiotus duplex
Erithacus rubecula
Lepus sinensis
Muntiacus reevesi

label: Parasites

partners:
Aphytis diaspidis
Aprostocetus antiguensis
Aprostocetus ilexi
Encarsia
Metaphycus eruptor

value: tree

reason: Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready.


slug: ilex-crenata

scientific: Ilex crenata

authorship: Thunb.

epithet: crenata

preferred: Japanese holly

Celastrus adenophylla

authorship: Miq.

Eurya myrtilloides

authorship: Elmer

Ilex crenata f. bullata

authorship: Rehder

Ilex crenata f. convexa

authorship: (Makino) Rehder

Ilex crenata f. helleri

authorship: (Craig) Rehder

Ilex crenata f. latifolia

authorship: (Goldring) Rehder

Ilex crenata f. luteovariegata

authorship: (Regel) Rehder

Ilex crenata f. multicrenata

authorship: (C.J.Tseng) S.K.Chen

Ilex crenata f. nummularia

authorship: (Yatabe) H.Hara

Ilex crenata subsp. fukasawana

authorship: (Makino) Murata

Ilex crenata var. aureovariegata

authorship: Goldring

Ilex crenata var. convexa

authorship: Makino

Ilex crenata var. helleri

authorship: (Craig) L.H.Bailey

Ilex crenata var. luteovariegata

authorship: Regel

Ilex crenata var. mariesii

authorship: Bean ex Dallim.

Ilex crenata var. nummularia

authorship: Yatabe

Ilex crenata var. thomsonii

authorship: (Hook.f.) Loes.

Ilex crenata var. tokarensis

authorship: Hatus.

Ilex crenata var. variegata

authorship: Dallim.

Ilex euryifolia

authorship: Mori & Yamam.

Ilex helleri

authorship: Craig

Ilex luzonica

authorship: Rolfe

codes: CHN CHC CHS CHH JAP KOR KUR SAK TAI CHT ASS EHM MYA NEP VIE

Japan

code: JAP

Kuril Is.

code: KUR

region: Russian Far East

Sakhalin

code: SAK

Taiwan

code: TAI

Tibet

code: CHT

Assam

code: ASS

region: Indian Subcontinent

East Himalaya

code: EHM

Myanmar

code: MYA

Nepal

code: NEP

Vietnam

code: VIE

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2006 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Japanese holly
Box-leaf Holly

names: 假黃楊 日本冬青（齒葉冬青）

names: Падуб городчатый

names: イヌツゲ イヌツゲ(広義)

names:
Ostrokrzew bukszpanowy
Ostrokrzew karbowanolistny

names: იაპონური ბაძგი

partners:
Apis mellifera
Colletes thoracicus
Eristalis dimidiata
Fixsenia favonius
Xylocopa virginica

partners:
Colletes thoracicus
Eristalis dimidiata
Polistes dorsalis

label: Eaten by

partners:
Hishimonus hamatus
Biston robustum
Crypsicometa incertaria
Ectropis excellens
Erithacus rubecula
Euphoria sepulcralis
Jankowskia pseudathleta
Nothomiza formosa

reason: No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page.

reason: Only 21 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: ilex-decidua

scientific: Ilex decidua

authorship: Walter

epithet: decidua

preferred: possumhaw

Ageria retusa

authorship: Raf.

Ilex aestivalis

authorship: Lam.

Ilex decidua var. mulleri

authorship: Edwin ex T.R.Dudley

Ilex prionites

authorship: Willd.

Ilex tenuifolia

authorship: Salisb.

Prinos deciduus

authorship: DC.

codes: ALA ARK WDC FLA GEO ILL INI KAN KTY LOU MRY MXE MSI MSO NCA OKL SCA TEN TEX VRG

Alabama

code: ALA

Arkansas

code: ARK

District of Columbia

code: WDC

Florida

code: FLA

Georgia

code: GEO

Illinois

code: ILL

region: North-Central U.S.A.

Indiana

code: INI

Kansas

code: KAN

Kentucky

code: KTY

Louisiana

code: LOU

Maryland

code: MRY

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

Mississippi

code: MSI

Missouri

code: MSO

North Carolina

code: NCA

Oklahoma

code: OKL

South Carolina

code: SCA

Tennessee

code: TEN

Virginia

code: VRG

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2003 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

species: Berberis thunbergii

slug: berberis-thunbergii

names:
possumhaw
Deciduous Holly

names: 落叶冬青 落葉冬青

names: Падуб листопадный

partners:
Apoidea
Celastrina idella
Diptera

partners:
Archilochus colubris
Papilio troilus
Poecile carolinensis
Prosapia bicincta

partners:
Turdus migratorius
Bombycilla cedrorum
Erythridula ulmalatae
Hyphantria cunea
Sialia sialis
Anthrenus verbasci
Bassariscus astutus
Catharus fuscescens

reason: Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all.


slug: ilex-dipyrena

scientific: Ilex dipyrena

authorship: Wall.

epithet: dipyrena

published_in: Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich ed.) 1: 473. 1820

preferred: Himalayan Holly

Ilex andersonii

authorship: Pasq.

Ilex cunninghamii

authorship: hort. ex Loudon

Ilex dentonii

authorship: Hort ex Loudon

Ilex dipyrena var. paucispinosa

authorship: Loes.

Ilex monopyrena

authorship: G.Watt ex Loes.

Nemopanthus andersonii

authorship: hort. ex Pasquale

codes: CHC CHT ASS EHM MYA NEP PAK WHM

China South-Central

code: CHC

Tibet

code: CHT

Assam

code: ASS

East Himalaya

code: EHM

Myanmar

code: MYA

Nepal

code: NEP

Pakistan

code: PAK

West Himalaya

code: WHM

names: 双核枸骨 刺叶冬青

label: Growth habit

source: EOL TraitBank / ECOCROP (FAO)

label: Woodiness

value: Single Stem

value: May-Oct

authors: Wall.

reason: No dated flowering annotations found for this taxon.


slug: ilex-discolor

scientific: Ilex discolor

authorship: Hemsl.

epithet: discolor

published_in: Diagn. Pl. Nov. Mexic. : 5 (1878)

Ilex discolor var. tolucana

authorship: (Hemsl.) Edwin ex T.R.Dudley

codes: MXC MXG MXE MXN MXT MXS ELS GUA HON

Mexico Central

code: MXC

Mexico Gulf

code: MXG

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

Mexico Southeast

code: MXT

Mexico Southwest

code: MXS

El Salvador

code: ELS

Guatemala

code: GUA

Honduras

code: HON

value: shrub

authors: Hemsl.

published_in: Diagn. Pl. Nov. Mexic. 1: 5

reason: No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name.

reason: Only 6 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: ilex-ficoidea

scientific: Ilex ficoidea

epithet: ficoidea

Ilex glomeratiflora

authorship: Hayata

codes: CHC CHS TAI VIE

China Southeast

code: CHS

Taiwan

code: TAI

Vietnam

code: VIE

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 390 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: 上山虎 榕叶冬青

partners:
Alcippe brunnea
Alcippe morrisonia
Columba pulchricollis
Cyanoderma ruficeps
Dendrocitta formosae
Erpornis zantholeuca
Garrulax poecilorhynchus
Garrulus glandarius

published_in: J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 23: 116


slug: ilex-formosana

scientific: Ilex formosana

authorship: Maxim.

epithet: formosana

published_in: Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 29(3): 46 (1881)

Ilex loheri

authorship: Merr.

codes: CHC CHS TAI PHI

China South-Central

code: CHC

Philippines

code: PHI

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 149 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: 台湾冬青 糊樗

authors: Maxim.

published_in: Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 7. xxix. n. III. (1881) 46


slug: ilex-glabra

scientific: Ilex glabra

authorship: (L.) A.Gray

epithet: glabra

preferred: inkberry

source: wikidata

Ennepta myricoides

authorship: Raf.

Ilex glabra var. austrina

authorship: Ashe

Prinos glaber

authorship: L.

Winterlia glabra

authorship: (L.) K.Koch

Winterlia triflora

authorship: Moench

codes: ALA ARK CNT DEL FLA GEO LOU MAI MRY MAS MSI NWH NWJ NWY NCA NSC PEN RHO SCA TEX VRG

Alabama

code: ALA

Arkansas

code: ARK

Connecticut

code: CNT

Delaware

code: DEL

Florida

code: FLA

Georgia

code: GEO

Louisiana

code: LOU

Maine

code: MAI

Maryland

code: MRY

Massachusetts

code: MAS

Mississippi

code: MSI

New Hampshire

code: NWH

New Jersey

code: NWJ

New York

code: NWY

North Carolina

code: NCA

Nova Scotia

code: NSC

region: Eastern Canada

Pennsylvania

code: PEN

Rhode I.

code: RHO

South Carolina

code: SCA

Texas

code: TEX

Virginia

code: VRG

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1964 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
inkberry
Appalachian tea

names:
Tintenbeere
kahle Winterbeere

names:
Houx Galbre
houx glabre

label: Flower-visited by

partners:
Bombus impatiens
Apis mellifera
Bombus bimaculatus
Colletes banksi
Megachile texana
Perdita floridensis
Agapostemon splendens
Andrena alleghaniensis

partners:
Bombus griseocollis
Cerceris fumipennis
Chauliognathus marginatus
Dielis plumipes
Sinica sinica
Toxomerus marginatus

partners:
Apatelodes torrefacta
Apis mellifera
Catharus guttatus
Celastrina argiolus
Cerceris fumipennis
Dolba hyloeus
Harrisimemna trisignata
Meleagris gallopavo

quote: Leaves are alternate, simple, entire or finely toothed toward the tip

quote: Flowering: March-June; fruiting: September-October, the fruits persisting into the following spring.


slug: ilex-goshiensis

scientific: Ilex goshiensis

epithet: goshiensis

published_in: J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(1): 54 (1911)

Ilex hanceana f. goshiensis

authorship: Yamam.

Ilex hanceana f. rotundata

authorship: Makino ex Yamam.

source: Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)

codes: CHS CHH JAP NNS TAI

China Southeast

code: CHS

Hainan

code: CHH

Japan

code: JAP

region: Eastern Asia

Nansei-shoto

code: NNS

Taiwan

code: TAI

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 87 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: 圓葉冬青 海岛冬青

published_in: J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(Art. 1):  54


slug: ilex-integra

scientific: Ilex integra

authorship: Thunb.

epithet: integra

preferred: elegance female holly

Ilex ellipsoidea

authorship: Okamoto

Ilex integra f. lutea

authorship: H.Ohba & S.Akiyama

Ilex integra var. brachypoda

authorship: (Hu) Hatus.

Ilex othera

authorship: Spreng.

Prinos integer

authorship: (Thunb.) Hook. & Arn.

Winterlia integra

authorship: (Thunb.) K.Koch

codes: CHS JAP KOR NNS TAI

China Southeast

region: China

Korea

code: KOR

source: CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 34 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
elegance female holly
mochitree

names: 全緣葉冬青 全缘冬青

names: Падуб цельнокрайний

names: mochi-no-ki モチノキ

partners:
Anthaxia moya
Carpelius exigussp
Celastrina argiolus
Eristalinus arvorumsp
Exosoma amamiense
Haptoncurina motschulskii
Lasioglossum nutilum
Microchrysa flaviventris

partners:
Callosciurus erythraeus
Celastrina albocoeruleus
Erithacus rubecula

partners:
Coccophagus nipponicus
Macrodasyceras hirsutum

authors: Miq.

published_in: Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3: 105


slug: ilex-kusanoi

scientific: Ilex kusanoi

authorship: Hayata

epithet: kusanoi

published_in: J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(1): 55 (1911)

codes: NNS TAI

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 72 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: 兰屿冬青 草野氏冬青

source: Wikidata (P1843, CC0) + GBIF vernacular names

published_in: J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(Art. 1):  55

reason: Only 12 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: ilex-laevigata

scientific: Ilex laevigata

authorship: (Pursh) A.Gray

epithet: laevigata

preferred: smooth winterberry

Prinos laevigatus

authorship: Pursh

codes: CNT DEL WDC GEO MAI MRY MAS NWH NWJ NWY NCA PEN RHO SCA VER VRG

Connecticut

code: CNT

Delaware

code: DEL

District of Columbia

code: WDC

Georgia

code: GEO

Maine

code: MAI

Maryland

code: MRY

Massachusetts

code: MAS

Vermont

code: VER

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 76 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

source: Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI)


slug: ilex-lamprophylla

scientific: Ilex lamprophylla

authorship: Standl.

epithet: lamprophylla

published_in: J. Washington Acad. Sci. 15: 476 (1925)

Ilex discolor var. lamprophylla

authorship: (Standl.) Edwin

codes: COS ELS HON NIC PAN

Costa Rica

code: COS

El Salvador

code: ELS

Honduras

code: HON

Nicaragua

code: NIC

Panamá

code: PAN

type: dispersedBy

label: Dispersed by

partners:
Atlapetes albinucha gutturalis
Aulacorhynchus prasinus
Elaenia frantzii
Megarhynchus pitangua
Melanerpes aurifrons
Melozone leucotis
Myiodynastes luteiventris
Psilhorinus morio

partners:
Atlapetes albinucha
Aulacorhynchus prasinus
Catharus ustulatus
Chamaepetes unicolor
Chiroxiphia linearis
Chlorophonia callophrys
Chlorospingus flavopectus
Colaptes rubiginosus

authors: Standl.

published_in: J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 476

reason: Fewer than 30 georeferenced research-grade observations of this taxon, which is too few to state a percentile range for the conditions it grows in. We would rather show nothing than a range computed from eight points in one county.

reason: Only 1 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: ilex-lohfauensis

scientific: Ilex lohfauensis

authorship: Merr.

epithet: lohfauensis

Ilex hanceana var. anhweiensis

authorship: Loes.

Ilex hanceana var. lohfauensis

authorship: (Merr.) Chun

codes: CHC CHS

China South-Central

code: CHC

China Southeast

code: CHS

names: 矮冬青 罗浮冬青

authors: Merr.

published_in: Philipp. J. Sci., C 13: 144


slug: ilex-longipes

scientific: Ilex longipes

authorship: Chapm. ex Trel.

epithet: longipes

published_in: Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 5: 346 (1889)

preferred: Georgia holly

Ilex decidua subsp. longipes

authorship: (Chapm. ex Trel.) A.E.Murray

Ilex decidua var. longipes

authorship: (Chapm. ex Trel.) H.E.Ahles

Ilex longipes f. hirsuta

authorship: (Lundell) T.R.Dudley

Ilex longipes var. hirsuta

authorship: Lundell

codes: ALA ARK GEO MSI SCA TEN TEX VRG

Alabama

code: ALA

Arkansas

code: ARK

Mississippi

code: MSI

South Carolina

code: SCA

Tennessee

code: TEN

Texas

code: TEX

Virginia

code: VRG

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 180 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners: Apoidea Diptera

source: USDA PLANTS

label: Life cycle

authors: Trel.

published_in: Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 5: 346

reason: Only 3 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: ilex-lonicerifolia

scientific: Ilex lonicerifolia

epithet: lonicerifolia

published_in: Icon. Pl. Formosan. 3: 54 (1913)

Ilex hakkuensis

authorship: Yamam.

Ilex lonicerifolia var. hakkuensis

authorship: (Yamam.) S.Y.Hu

Taiwan

code: TAI

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 40 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: 忍冬叶冬青 忍冬葉冬青

published_in: Icon. Pl. Formosan. 3: 54


slug: ilex-macropoda

scientific: Ilex macropoda

authorship: Miq.

epithet: macropoda

published_in: Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3: 105 (1867)

Ilex costata

authorship: Blume ex Maxim.

Ilex dubia var. macropoda

authorship: (Miq.) Loes.

Ilex macropoda f. pseudomacropoda

authorship: (Loes.) H.Hara

Ilex macropoda var. pseudomacropoda

authorship: (Loes.) Nakai

Ilex montana var. macropoda

authorship: (Miq.) Fernald

Ilex monticola var. macropoda

authorship: (Miq.) Rehder

codes: CHC CHS JAP KOR

Japan

code: JAP

Korea

code: KOR

names: アオハダ 青膚

partners:
Nothomiza formosa
Rhynchobapta cervinaria
Synegia hadassa
Synegia ichinosawana
Synegia limitatoides

source: GIFT

label: Life form

value: phanerophyte


slug: ilex-maximowicziana

scientific: Ilex maximowicziana

epithet: maximowicziana

published_in: Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. German. Nat. Cur. 78: 339 (1901)

Ilex kanehirai

authorship: Koidz.

Ilex maximowicziana var. kanehirae

authorship: (Yamamoto) T.Yamaz.

Ilex mutchagara

authorship: Makino

codes: CHS JAP NNS TAI

Nansei-shoto

code: NNS

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 185 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: 倒卵叶冬青 倒卵葉冬青

reason: Only 4 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: ilex-memecylifolia

scientific: Ilex memecylifolia

authorship: Champ. ex Benth.

epithet: memecylifolia

published_in: Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 4: 328 (1852)

codes: CHC CHS VIE

Vietnam

code: VIE

names: 谷木叶冬青 谷木冬青

published_in: Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 4: 328

reason: Only 0 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: ilex-micrococca

scientific: Ilex micrococca

authorship: Maxim.

epithet: micrococca

published_in: Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 29(3): 39 (1881)

Ilex micrococca f. luteocarpa

authorship: H.Ohba & S.Akiyama

Ilex micrococca var. longifolia

authorship: Hayata

Ilex pseudogodajam

authorship: Franch.

codes: CHC CHS CHH JAP TAI CHT MLY MYA VIE

Hainan

code: CHH

Tibet

code: CHT

Malaya

code: MLY

region: Malesia

Myanmar

code: MYA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 53 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: 小果冬青 山绿茶

names: tama-mizuki タマミズキ

published_in: Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 7. xxix. n. III. (1881) 39


slug: ilex-microphylla

scientific: Ilex microphylla

authorship: Hook.

epithet: microphylla

Ilex imbricata

authorship: Rusby

Ilex kunthiana

authorship: Triana

Ilex kunthiana f. funckii

authorship: Loes.

codes: BOL CLM ECU PER VEN

Bolivia

code: BOL

region: Western South America

Colombia

code: CLM

Ecuador

code: ECU

Peru

code: PER

Venezuela

code: VEN

region: Northern South America

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 61 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

label: Height

authors: Hook.

reason: Only 11 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: ilex-mitis

scientific: Ilex mitis

authorship: Radlk.

epithet: mitis

published_in: Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 1885: 1081 (1886)

preferred: African holly

english:
African holly
Cape holly
water tree
wild holly

Celastrus sieberi

authorship: Bernh. ex Harv. & Sond.

Gymnosporia brachystachya

authorship: Baker

Ilex capensis

authorship: Harv. & Sond.

Manglilla milleriana

authorship: Pers.

Myrsine mitis

authorship: Spreng.

Prinos laurinus

authorship: Thury ex Choisy

Scleroxylum mite

authorship: (L.) Willd.

Sideroxylon mite

authorship: L.

Sideroxylon nigricans

authorship: Dum.Cours. ex A.DC.

codes: ANG BUR CMN CPP ZAI SWZ ETH OFS GUI GGI KEN NAT LES LBR MDG MLW MOZ NGA TVL RWA SIE SUD TAN UGA ZAM ZIM

Angola

code: ANG

region: South Tropical Africa

Burundi

code: BUR

region: West-Central Tropical Africa

Cameroon

code: CMN

Cape Provinces

code: CPP

region: Southern Africa

DR Congo

code: ZAI

Eswatini

code: SWZ

Ethiopia

code: ETH

region: Northeast Tropical Africa

Free State

code: OFS

Guinea

code: GUI

region: West Tropical Africa

Gulf of Guinea Is.

code: GGI

Kenya

code: KEN

region: East Tropical Africa

KwaZulu-Natal

code: NAT

Lesotho

code: LES

Liberia

code: LBR

Madagascar

code: MDG

region: Western Indian Ocean

Malawi

code: MLW

Mozambique

code: MOZ

Nigeria

code: NGA

Northern Provinces

code: TVL

Rwanda

code: RWA

Sierra Leone

code: SIE

Sudan-South Sudan

code: SUD

Tanzania

code: TAN

Uganda

code: UGA

Zambia

code: ZAM

Zimbabwe

code: ZIM

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 618 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Arizelocichla fusciceps
Arizelocichla milanjensis
Bycanistes brevis
Bycanistes bucinator
Cercopithecus mitis
Cercopithecus mitis doggetti
Cinnyricinclus leucogaster
Columba arquatrix


slug: ilex-montana

scientific: Ilex montana

authorship: Torr. & A.Gray

epithet: montana

preferred: Mountain Winterberry

english:
Mountain Winterberry
mountain holly

Ilex ambigua f. mollis

authorship: (A.Gray) H.E.Ahles

Ilex ambigua var. montana

authorship: (Torr. & A.Gray) H.E.Ahles

Ilex ambigua var. monticola

authorship: (Alph.Wood) Wunderlin & Poppleton

Ilex beadlei

authorship: Ashe

Ilex dubia var. beadlei

authorship: (Ashe) Rehder

Ilex dubia var. mollis

authorship: (A.Gray) Loes.

Ilex montana var. beadlei

authorship: (Ashe ex Kearney) Fernald

Ilex montana var. lanceolata

authorship: (Macfad.) Griseb.

Ilex monticola var. mollis

authorship: (A.Gray) Britton

Prinos lanceolatus

authorship: Macfad.

codes: ALA CNT GEO KTY MRY MAS NWJ NWY NCA PEN SCA TEN VRG WVA

Alabama

code: ALA

region: Southeastern U.S.A.

Connecticut

code: CNT

region: Northeastern U.S.A.

Georgia

code: GEO

Kentucky

code: KTY

Maryland

code: MRY

Massachusetts

code: MAS

New Jersey

code: NWJ

New York

code: NWY

North Carolina

code: NCA

Pennsylvania

code: PEN

South Carolina

code: SCA

Tennessee

code: TEN

Virginia

code: VRG

West Virginia

code: WVA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1307 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
mountain holly
Mountain Winterberry

source: EOL TraitBank / USDA PLANTS


slug: ilex-mucronata

scientific: Ilex mucronata

authorship: (L.) M.Powell, Savol. & S.Andrews

epithet: mucronata

preferred: catberry

Ageria mucronata

authorship: Raf.

Ilex delicatula

authorship: Barton

Ilicioides canadensis

authorship: Kuntze

Ilicioides mucronata

authorship: (L.) Britton

Nemopanthes mucronata

authorship: (L.) Trel.

Nemopanthus canadensis

authorship: (Michx.) DC.

Nemopanthus mucronatus f. chrysocarpus

authorship: (Farw.) Fernald

name: Nemopanthus mucronatus var. chrysocarpus

authorship: Farw.

Prinos canadensis

authorship: Lodd. ex Steud.

Prinos integrifolius

authorship: Elliott

codes: CNT ILL INI MAI MRY MAS MIC MIN NBR NWH NWJ NWY NFL NSC OHI ONT PEN PEI QUE RHO VER WVA WIS

Illinois

code: ILL

Indiana

code: INI

Maine

code: MAI

Michigan

code: MIC

Minnesota

code: MIN

New Brunswick

code: NBR

New Hampshire

code: NWH

Newfoundland

code: NFL

Nova Scotia

code: NSC

Ohio

code: OHI

Ontario

code: ONT

Prince Edward I.

code: PEI

Québec

code: QUE

Rhode I.

code: RHO

Vermont

code: VER

Wisconsin

code: WIS

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2001 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Падуб остроконечный

partners:
Andrena alleghaniensis
Andrena carlini
Andrena mandibularis
Andrena regularis
Andrena vicina
Apis mellifera
Apoidea
Bombus ternarius

partners:
Andrena carlini
Andrena regularis
Andrena vicina
Apis mellifera
Melanostoma
Andrena alleghaniensis
Andrena mandibularis
Bombus ternarius

partners:
Microtus pennsylvanicus
Apis mellifera
Bombus ternarius
Hyalophora columbia
Lepus americanus
Platycheirus rosarum
Rangifer tarandus
Sphinx kalmiae


slug: ilex-myrtifolia

scientific: Ilex myrtifolia

authorship: Walter

epithet: myrtifolia

preferred: myrtle dahoon

Ilex cassine subsp. myrtifolia

authorship: (Walter) A.E.Murray

Ilex cassine var. myrtifolia

authorship: (Walter) Sarg.

Ilex dahoon var. myrtifolia

authorship: (Walter) Chapm.

codes: ALA FLA GEO LOU MSI NCA SCA

Alabama

code: ALA

Florida

code: FLA

Georgia

code: GEO

Louisiana

code: LOU

Mississippi

code: MSI

North Carolina

code: NCA

South Carolina

code: SCA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 352 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: Walter

published_in: Fl. Carol. [Walter] 241


slug: ilex-nervosa

scientific: Ilex nervosa

authorship: Triana

epithet: nervosa

Ilex nervosa var. aequatoriensis

authorship: Loes.

Ilex nervosa var. glabrata

authorship: Steyerm.

Bolivia

code: BOL

Colombia

code: CLM

Ecuador

code: ECU

Peru

code: PER

Venezuela

code: VEN

partners:
Anisognathus somptuosus
Chiroxiphia boliviana
Chlorochrysa calliparaea
Chlorophonia cyanea
Chlorospingus flavigularis
Chlorospingus flavopectus
Chlorospingus parvirostris
Cyanerpes caeruleus

authors: Triana

published_in: Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 5, 16: 377


slug: ilex-obtusata

scientific: Ilex obtusata

authorship: Triana & Planch.

epithet: obtusata

Prinos obtusatus

authorship: Willd. ex D.Dietr.

codes: CLM PER VEN

authors: Triana & Planch.

published_in: Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 5, 16: 378


slug: ilex-opaca

scientific: Ilex opaca

authorship: Aiton

epithet: opaca

preferred: American holly

english:
American holly
American Holly

Ageria opaca

authorship: (Aiton) Raf.

Ilex americana

authorship: Lam.

Ilex arenicola

authorship: Ashe

Ilex arenicola var. obovata

authorship: McFarlin

Ilex canadensis

authorship: Michx.

Ilex cumulicola

authorship: Small

Ilex opaca f. subintegra

authorship: Weath.

Ilex opaca f. xanthocarpa

authorship: Rehder

Ilex opaca var. acuminata

authorship: Raf.

Ilex opaca var. arenicola

authorship: (Ashe) Ashe

Ilex opaca var. floribunda

authorship: Demcker

Ilex opaca var. laxiflora

authorship: (Lam.) Nutt.

Ilex opaca var. subintegra

authorship: (Weath.) Rehder

Ilex quercifolia

authorship: Meerb.

codes: ALA ARK CNT DEL WDC FLA GEO ILL INI KTY LOU MRY MAS MSI MSO NWJ NWY NCA OHI OKL PEN RHO SCA TEN TEX VRG WVA

Arkansas

code: ARK

Connecticut

code: CNT

Delaware

code: DEL

District of Columbia

code: WDC

Illinois

code: ILL

Indiana

code: INI

Kentucky

code: KTY

Maryland

code: MRY

Massachusetts

code: MAS

Missouri

code: MSO

New Jersey

code: NWJ

New York

code: NWY

Ohio

code: OHI

Oklahoma

code: OKL

Pennsylvania

code: PEN

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2075 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Падуб матовый
Падуб тусклый

partners:
Bombus bimaculatus
Andrena vicina
Bombus griseocollis
Andrena carlini
Andrena carolina
Andrena dunningi
Andrena rufosignata
Anthrenus verbasci

partners:
Andrena cressonii cressonii
Andrena imitatrix
Andrena nasonii
Andrena nuda
Andrena rehni
Andrena spiraeana
Anthocomus equestris
Apis mellifera

partners:
Turdus migratorius
Bombycilla cedrorum
Catharus fuscescens
Catharus guttatus
Catharus ustulatus
Hylocichla mustelina
Sphyrapicus varius
Analeptura lineola

partners:
Chrysomyxa ilicina
Closterocerus cinctipennis
Closterocerus scapiatus
Encarsia
Mauleus iligneus
Megastigmus floridanus
Pediobius albipes
Sphegigaster

quote: grows to heights of 15 to 30 feet tall, but records indicate mature heights of up to 100 feet


slug: ilex-paraguariensis

scientific: Ilex paraguariensis

epithet: paraguariensis

preferred: Paraguay tea

english:
Paraguay tea
Yerba Maté
Yerba mate
holly
mate

Ilex bonplandiana

authorship: Münter

Ilex congonhas

authorship: Liais

Ilex curitibensis

authorship: Miers

Ilex domestica

authorship: Reissek

Ilex paraguariensis f. confusa

authorship: Loes.

Ilex paraguariensis f. domestica

authorship: (Reissek) Loes.

Ilex paraguariensis f. latifolia

authorship: (Reissek) Chodat

Ilex paraguariensis f. parvifolia

authorship: Chodat

Ilex paraguariensis var. acutifolia

authorship: Mart.

Ilex paraguayensis

authorship: Hook.

Ilex theaezans

authorship: Bonpl. ex Miers

codes: AGE BZE BZS BZL BZC PAR URU

Argentina Northeast

code: AGE

region: Southern South America

Brazil Northeast

code: BZE

region: Brazil

Brazil South

code: BZS

Brazil Southeast

code: BZL

Brazil West-Central

code: BZC

Paraguay

code: PAR

Uruguay

code: URU

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 113 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

Caffeine

activities: (+)-Inotropic Adenosine-Antagonist Analeptic Analgesic-Synergist Antiapneic Antiapoptotic Antiasthmatic Anticarcinogenic

Chlorophyll

activities:
Antibacterial
Anticancer
Anticancer (Colon)
Anticancer (Liver)
Antidecubitic
Antihalitosic
Antimenorrhagic
Antimutagenic

Theobromine

activities: Anorexic Antiasthmatic Anticellulitic Arteriodilator Bronchodilator CNS-Stimulant Cardiotonic Diuretic

Theophylline

activities: (+)-Inotropic Allergenic Antiapneic Antiasthmatic Antibradyarrhythmic Antibronchitic Anticellulitic Antidote

Tannin

activities: Anthelmintic AntiHIV Antibacterial Anticancer Anticariogenic Antidiarrheic Antidysenteric Antihepatotoxic

Pyridoxine

activities: Analgesic AntiMSG-Sensitivity AntiMorning-Sickness AntiPMS AntiTMJ Antiacne Antiaggregant Antianemic

Ursolic-acid

activities: Analgesic AntiEBV AntiHIV AntiTGF-beta Antialzheimeran Antiarrhythmic Antiarthritic Antibacterial

Rutin

activities: 5-HT-Inhibitor Aldehyde-Oxidase-Inhibitor Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor Allelochemic AntiCVI Antiaggregant Antiallergic Antiapoplectic

Chlorogenic-acid

activities: Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor Allelochemic Allergenic Analgesic AntiEBV AntiHIV AntiLegionella Antiatherosclerotic

source: Dr. Duke's Phytochemical & Ethnobotanical Database

note: A snapshot of the reported literature 1992-2016, not a current assay. An activity is attributed to the compound in that literature; it is not a claim about the plant.

iucn_category: NT

label: Near Threatened

names: mate holly

names:
Yerba
Yerba Mate

names: 巴拉圭冬青 巴拉圭茶

names: mate congonha

names: Падуб парагвайский

names: Mate-Baum Mate-Strauch

names:
Thé des Jésuites
Thé du Brésil

partners:
Alouatta guariba
Chiroxiphia caudata
Megarynchus pitangua
Mimus saturninus
Molothrus bonariensis
Phylloscartes ventralis
Pitangus sulphuratus
Saltator similis

type: hasPathogen

label: Pathogens

partners: Yerba mate-associated circular DNA virus 1


slug: ilex-pedunculosa

scientific: Ilex pedunculosa

authorship: Miq.

epithet: pedunculosa

published_in: Verslagen Meded. Afd. Natuurk. Kon. Akad. Wetensch., ser. 2, 2: 83 (1868)

Ilex impressivena

authorship: Yamam.

Ilex pedunculosa f. aurantiaca

authorship: (Koidz.) Ohwi

Ilex pedunculosa var. aurantiaca

authorship: Koidz.

Ilex pedunculosa var. continentalis

authorship: (Loes.) Bean

Ilex senjoensis

authorship: Hayashi

codes: CHN CHC CHS JAP TAI

China North-Central

code: CHN

China South-Central

code: CHC

China Southeast

code: CHS

Japan

code: JAP

Taiwan

code: TAI

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 152 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

label: Least Concern

names: 一口红 具柄冬青

names: ソヨゴ Soyogo

partners:
Acleris platynotana
Nothomiza formosa
Plesiomorpha flaviceps
Synegia hadassa

label: Photosynthetic pathway

source: USDA PLANTS, GIFT, Wikidata, EOL TraitBank (via Zenodo) and traits mined from USDA NRCS plant guides

published_in: Verslagen Meded. Afd. Natuurk. Kon. Akad. Wetensch. ser. 2, 2: 83


slug: ilex-pubescens

scientific: Ilex pubescens

authorship: Hook. & Arn.

epithet: pubescens

published_in: Bot. Beechey Voy. : 176 (1833)

codes: CHC CHS CHH TAI

Hainan

code: CHH

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 702 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Downy Holly
pubescent holly

names: 毛冬青 密毛假黃楊

label: Leaf retention

authors: Hook. & Arn.

published_in: Bot. Beechey Voy. 176, t. 35

source: IPNI (International Plant Names Index)


slug: ilex-rotunda

scientific: Ilex rotunda

authorship: Thunb.

epithet: rotunda

preferred: Kurogane holly

Ilex microcarpa

authorship: Lindl. & Paxton

Ilex rotunda var. microcarpa

authorship: (Lindl. & Paxton) S.Y.Hu

Ilex rotunda var. sinensis

authorship: Masam.

Synstima rotundifolia

authorship: Raf.

codes: CHC CHS CHH JAP KOR NNS TAI LAO VIE

Korea

code: KOR

Nansei-shoto

code: NNS

Laos

code: LAO

region: Indo-China

Vietnam

code: VIE

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 338 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

source: Kew World Checklist of Useful Plant Species

names:
Kurogane holly
Round-leaf holly

names: 救必应 鐵冬青

names: kurogane-mochi クロガネモチ

partners:
Hypsipetes leucocephalus nigerrimus
Pochazia shantungensis
Vespa basalis

authors: Thunb.

published_in: Fl. Jap. (Lipsiae) 77

reason: Only 5 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: ilex-serrata

scientific: Ilex serrata

epithet: serrata

Ilex nemotoi

authorship: Makino

Ilex serrata f. subtilis

authorship: (Miq.) Ohwi

Ilex serrata var. sieboldii

authorship: (Miq.) Rehder

Ilex serrata var. subtilis

authorship: (Miq.) Loes.

Ilex sieboldii var. subtilis

authorship: (Miq.) Yatabe

codes: CHC CHS JAP

Japan

region: Eastern Asia

names: 落霜红 落霜红根

names: ume-modoki ウメモドキ

label: Pollinated by

partners:
Formica japonica
Lasioglossum occidens

partners:
Erithacus rubecula
Pochazia shantungensis
Ricania shantungensis
Ricania speculum

published_in: Fl. Jap. (Lipsiae) 78


slug: ilex-sideroxyloides

scientific: Ilex sideroxyloides

authorship: (Sw.) Griseb.

epithet: sideroxyloides

published_in: Abh. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 7: 224 (1857)

preferred: gongolin

Ilex cubana var. tiburonica

authorship: Loes.

Ilex occidentalis

authorship: Macfad.

Prinos sideroxyloides

authorship: Sw.

codes: CUB DOM HAI JAM LEE PUE TRT VEN VNA WIN

Cuba

code: CUB

region: Caribbean

Dominican Republic

code: DOM

Haiti

code: HAI

Jamaica

code: JAM

Leeward Is.

code: LEE

Puerto Rico

code: PUE

Trinidad-Tobago

code: TRT

Venezuela

code: VEN

Venezuelan Antilles

code: VNA

Windward Is.

code: WIN

names:
Bois citron
Bois gris

source: EOL TraitBank / NMNH Botany specimens

authors: Griseb.


slug: ilex-socorroensis

scientific: Ilex socorroensis

authorship: Brandegee

epithet: socorroensis

published_in: Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 4: 90 (1910)

Mexican Pacific Is.

code: MXI

region: Mexico

iucn_category: CR

label: Critically Endangered

authors: Brandegee

published_in: Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 4: 90


slug: ilex-theezans

scientific: Ilex theezans

authorship: Mart.

epithet: theezans

published_in: Syst. Mat. Med. Bras. : 61 (1843)

Ilex acrodonta

authorship: Reissek

Ilex gigantea

authorship: Bonpl. ex Miers

Prinos serratus

authorship: Vell.

codes: AGE BZE BZS BZL BZC PAR

Argentina Northeast

code: AGE

Brazil Northeast

code: BZE

Brazil South

code: BZS

Brazil Southeast

code: BZL

Brazil West-Central

code: BZC

Paraguay

code: PAR

names: Carvalho-branco Caúna

partners:
Turdus rufiventris
Leontopithecus caissara
Penelope superciliaris
Procnias nudicollis
Turdus albicollis
Turdus amaurochalinus
Turdus flavipes
Carpornis melanocephala

source: EOL TraitBank / Flora do Brasil

authors: Mart.

published_in: Syst. Mat. Med. Bras. 61


slug: ilex-triflora

scientific: Ilex triflora

authorship: Blume

epithet: triflora

Ilex crenata var. kanehirai

authorship: Yamam.

Ilex fleuryana

authorship: Tardieu

Ilex horsfieldii

authorship: Miq.

Ilex kanehirae var. glabra

authorship: Kaneh.

Ilex leptophylla

authorship: W.P.Fang & Z.M.Tan

Ilex lobbiana

authorship: Rolfe

Ilex mutchagara var. kanehirae

authorship: (Yamam.) Masam.

Ilex triflora var. lobbiana

authorship: (Rolfe) Loes.

codes: CHC CHS CHH ASS BAN CBD EHM JAW MLY MYA THA VIE

China South-Central

code: CHC

region: China

China Southeast

code: CHS

Hainan

code: CHH

Assam

code: ASS

region: Indian Subcontinent

Bangladesh

code: BAN

Cambodia

code: CBD

East Himalaya

code: EHM

Jawa

code: JAW

region: Malesia

Malaya

code: MLY

Myanmar

code: MYA

Thailand

code: THA

Vietnam

code: VIE

source: IUCN Red List category via Wikidata (P141)

names: 三花冬青 小冬青

authors: Blume

published_in: Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 17: 1150


slug: ilex-tugitakayamensis

scientific: Ilex tugitakayamensis

authorship: Sasaki

epithet: tugitakayamensis

published_in: Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 21: 153 (1931)

Taiwan

code: TAI

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 37 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

label: Endangered

authors: Sasaki

published_in: Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 21: 153


slug: ilex-uraiensis-yamam

scientific: Ilex uraiensis

epithet: uraiensis

codes: CHS NNS TAI

Nansei-shoto

code: NNS

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 149 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: Yamam.

published_in: J. Soc. Trop. Agric. 1932, iv. 486

reason: Only 8 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: ilex-uraiensis-mori-yamamoto

authorship: Mori & Yamamoto

published_in: J. Soc. Trop. Agric. 4: 486 1932

Ilex formosae

authorship: (Loes.) H.L.Li

Ilex mertensii var. formosae

authorship: Loes.

Ilex uraiensis var. formosae

authorship: (Loes.) S.Y.Hu

names: 乌来冬青 烏來冬青

reason: Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted.

reason: Kew's World Checklist of Vascular Plants does not cover this taxon.


slug: ilex-verticillata

scientific: Ilex verticillata

authorship: (L.) A.Gray

epithet: verticillata

preferred: winterberry holly

english:
winterberry holly
Michigan holly
black alder
common winterberry
coralberry
winterberry

source: inat

Ilex bronxensis

authorship: Britton

Ilex verticillata subsp. tenuifolia

authorship: (Torr.) A.E.Murray

Ilex verticillata var. aurantiaca

authorship: Moldenke

Ilex verticillata var. fastigiata

authorship: (E.P.Bicknell) Fernald

Ilex verticillata var. padifolia

authorship: (Willd.) Torr. & A.Gray ex S.Watson

Ilex verticillata var. tenuifolia

authorship: (Torr.) S.Watson

Prinos gronovii

authorship: Michx.

Prinos padifolius

authorship: Willd.

Prinos prunifolius

authorship: Desf.

Prinos verticillatus

authorship: L.

Prinos verticillatus var. dubius

authorship: DC.

Prinos verticillatus var. tenuifolius

authorship: Torr.

codes: ALA ARK CNT DEL WDC FLA GEO ILL INI IOW KTY LOU MAI MRY MAS MIC MIN MSI MSO NBR NWH NWJ NWY NFL NCA NSC OHI ONT PEN PEI QUE RHO SCA TEN TEX VER VRG WVA WIS

Alabama

code: ALA

Arkansas

code: ARK

Connecticut

code: CNT

Delaware

code: DEL

District of Columbia

code: WDC

Florida

code: FLA

Georgia

code: GEO

Illinois

code: ILL

region: North-Central U.S.A.

Indiana

code: INI

Iowa

code: IOW

Kentucky

code: KTY

Louisiana

code: LOU

Maine

code: MAI

Maryland

code: MRY

Massachusetts

code: MAS

Michigan

code: MIC

Minnesota

code: MIN

Mississippi

code: MSI

Missouri

code: MSO

New Brunswick

code: NBR

region: Eastern Canada

New Hampshire

code: NWH

New Jersey

code: NWJ

New York

code: NWY

Newfoundland

code: NFL

North Carolina

code: NCA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1955 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

Betulin

activities: AntiHIV Anticarcinomic Antifeedant Antiflu Antiinflammatory Antitumor Antiviral Aphidifuge

names: Падуб мутовчатый

partners:
Bombus griseocollis
Bombus impatiens
Ampedus mixtus
Analeptura lineola
Anania funebris
Ancistrocerus
Andrena crataegi
Andrena robertsonii

partners:
Anasimyia chrysostomus
Andrena robertsonii
Andrena vicina
Anthrenus coloratus
Anthrenus verbasci
Apis mellifera
Augochlora pura
Bombus bimaculatus

partners:
Sialia sialis
Turdus migratorius
Automeris io
Bonasa umbellus
Catharus guttatus
Catharus ustulatus
Cepphis armataria
Colaptes auratus

quote: Winterberry is an erect moderate sized shrub

quote: The simple, smooth, obovate to oblong-ovate foliage is sharply double toothed

quote: the deciduous leaves are arranged alternately along the stems

quote: Three years after planting, pistillate flowers begin to emerge

reason: Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready.

reason: No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page.


slug: ilex-viridis

scientific: Ilex viridis

authorship: Champ. ex Benth.

epithet: viridis

published_in: Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 4: 329 (1852)

Ilex triflora var. viridis

authorship: (Champ. ex Benth.) Loes.

codes: CHC CHS CHH LAO MYA THA VIE

China South-Central

code: CHC

China Southeast

code: CHS

Hainan

code: CHH

Laos

code: LAO

Myanmar

code: MYA

Thailand

code: THA

Vietnam

code: VIE

names: 亮叶冬青根 亮叶冬青

authors: Champ. ex Benth.

published_in: Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 4: 329

reason: Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all.


slug: ilex-vomitoria

scientific: Ilex vomitoria

authorship: Aiton

epithet: vomitoria

preferred: Yaupon Holly

english:
Yaupon Holly
Cassina
Yaupon
yaupon

Ilex caroliniana

authorship: (Lam.) Loes.

Ilex floridana

authorship: Lam.

Ilex ligustrina

authorship: Jacq.

Ilex ligustrina f. ekmanii

authorship: Loes.

Ilex ligustrina f. parvifolia

authorship: Griseb.

Ilex ligustrina var. minutiflora

authorship: (A.Rich.) Loes.

Ilex minutiflora f. parvifolia

authorship: Griseb. ex Urb.

Ilex vomitoria f. pendula

authorship: Foret & Solymosy

Ilex vomitoria subsp. chiapensis

authorship: (Sharp) A.E.Murray

Ilex vomitoria var. chiapensis

authorship: Sharp

codes: ALA ARK FLA GEO LOU MXT MSI NCA OKL SCA TEX VRG CUB

Alabama

code: ALA

Arkansas

code: ARK

Florida

code: FLA

Georgia

code: GEO

Louisiana

code: LOU

Mexico Southeast

code: MXT

Oklahoma

code: OKL

South Carolina

code: SCA

Texas

code: TEX

region: South-Central U.S.A.

Virginia

code: VRG

Cuba

code: CUB

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1938 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Cassina yaupon

names: 代茶冬青 催吐冬青

names: Падуб чайный

partners: Apoidea Lepidoptera

partners:
Bombus pensylvanicus
Brachypalpoides bicolor
Calycopis cecrops
Chauliognathus marginatus
Danaus plexippus
Hoplitimyia mutabilis
Mitoura gryneus
Tilloclytus geminatus

label: Visited by

partners:
Ancistrocerus unifasciatus
Andrena dolomellea
Apis mellifera
Atalopedes huron
Atta texana
Camponotus floridanus
Metcalfa pruinosa
Palpada agrorum

partners:
Homalodisca vitripennis
Ancistrocerus unifasciatus
Apis mellifera
Atlides halesus
Bassariscus astutus
Bombycilla cedrorum
Cardinalis cardinalis
Celastrina argiolus

source: EOL TraitBank / Fire Effects Information System (USDA)

source: derived from USDA NRCS plant guide

quote: evergreen shrub or a small tree


slug: ilex-wightiana

scientific: Ilex wightiana

authorship: Wall.

epithet: wightiana

source: Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)

codes: IND SRL

India

code: IND

Sri Lanka

code: SRL

authors: Wall.

published_in: Numer. List n. 4332


slug: iliamna-bakeri

scientific: Iliamna bakeri

authorship: (Jeps.) Wiggins

genus: Iliamna

epithet: bakeri

family: Malvaceae

published_in: Contr. Dudley Herb. 1: 228 (1936)

preferred: Baker's wild hollyhock

source: wikidata

Sphaeralcea bakeri

authorship: Jeps.

codes: CAL ORE

California

code: CAL

region: Southwestern U.S.A.

Oregon

code: ORE

region: Northwestern U.S.A.

lifeform: perennial

source: CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 77 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Baker's wild hollyhock
Baker's globemallow

value: herb

value: variable

authors: (Jeps.) Wiggins

published_in: Contr. Dudley Herb. 1: 228


slug: iliamna-remota

scientific: Iliamna remota

authorship: Greene

epithet: remota

published_in: Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1: 206 (1906)

Iliamna remota var. typica

authorship: Sherff

Phymosia remota

authorship: (Greene) Britton

Sphaeralcea remota

authorship: (Greene) Fernald

codes: ILL INI VRG

Illinois

code: ILL

Indiana

code: INI

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 68 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Kankakee globe-mallow
Kankakee mallow

source: Wikidata (P1843, CC0) + GBIF vernacular names

partners: Halictidae Halictus

partners:
Agapostemon virescens
Apis mellifera
Bombus
Bombus affinis
Bombus bimaculatus
Bombus impatiens
Melissodes bimaculatus
Popillia japonica

partners:
Melissodes bimaculatus
Neurocolpus nubilus

label: Eaten by

source: Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI)

authors: Greene

published_in: Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1: 206

reason: Only 18 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: iliamna-rivularis

scientific: Iliamna rivularis

authorship: (Douglas) Greene

epithet: rivularis

preferred: streambank wild hollyhock

Iliamna acerifolia

authorship: (Torr. & A.Gray) Greene

Iliamna rivularis subsp. diversa

authorship: (A.Nelson) Wiggins

Iliamna rivularis var. diversa

authorship: (A.Nelson) C.L.Hitchc.

Malva acerifolia

authorship: Nutt. ex Walp.

Malva rivularis

authorship: Douglas

Phymosia acerifolia

authorship: (Torr. & A.Gray) Rydb.

Phymosia rivularis

authorship: (Douglas) Rydb.

Sphaeralcea acerifolia

authorship: Torr. & A.Gray

Sphaeralcea rivularis

authorship: (Douglas) Torr.

Sphaeroma rivulare

authorship: (Douglas) Kuntze

codes: ABT BRC COL IDA MNT NEV NWM ORE UTA WAS WYO

Alberta

code: ABT

region: Western Canada

British Columbia

code: BRC

Colorado

code: COL

Idaho

code: IDA

Montana

code: MNT

Nevada

code: NEV

New Mexico

code: NWM

Utah

code: UTA

Washington

code: WAS

Wyoming

code: WYO

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1412 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
streambank wild hollyhock
Streambank Globemallow

names: Илиамна приречная

partners:
Bombus huntii
Bombus perplexus
Bombus rufocinctus
Halictus rubicundus
Melissodes bimaculatus
Zodion
Agapostemon femoratus
Anthidium atrifrons

partners:
Condylostylus occidentalis
Diadasia diminuta
Papilio eurymedon

label: Growth habit

source: USDA PLANTS

source: GIFT

value: subshrub

value: non-woody

label: Growth form

value: Multiple Stem

label: Growth rate


slug: illecebrum-verticillatum

scientific: Illecebrum verticillatum

authorship: L.

genus: Illecebrum

epithet: verticillatum

family: Caryophyllaceae

preferred: Coral-necklace

english:
Coral-necklace
coral necklace

Bergeretia uliginosa

authorship: Bubani

codes: ALG AZO CNY MDR MOR TUN AUT BGM COR CZE DEN FRA GER GRB GRC ITA NET POL POR SAR SPA

Algeria

code: ALG

region: Northern Africa

Azores

code: AZO

region: Macaronesia

Canary Is.

code: CNY

Madeira

code: MDR

Morocco

code: MOR

Tunisia

code: TUN

Austria

code: AUT

region: Middle Europe

Belgium

code: BGM

Corse

code: COR

region: Southwestern Europe

Czechia-Slovakia

code: CZE

Denmark

code: DEN

region: Northern Europe

France

code: FRA

Germany

code: GER

Great Britain

code: GRB

Greece

code: GRC

region: Southeastern Europe

Italy

code: ITA

Netherlands

code: NET

Poland

code: POL

Portugal

code: POR

Sardegna

code: SAR

Spain

code: SPA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 673 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Coral-necklace
Coral Necklace

names:
Knorpelblume
Quirlige Knorpelmiere

names:
illécèbe verticillé
Illecebre verticille

names: broskbägare broskfoderört

names:
Berwr yr Iâr
Clymog

source: EOL TraitBank / USDA PLANTS

label: Woodiness


slug: illicium-angustisepalum

scientific: Illicium angustisepalum

genus: Illicium

epithet: angustisepalum

family: Schisandraceae

Illicium jiadifengpi f. minwanense

authorship: (B.N.Chang & S.D.Zhang) Q.Lin

Illicium minwanense

authorship: B.N.Chang & S.D.Zhang

China Southeast

code: CHS

names: 勒鱼 大屿八角

value: woody

source: USDA PLANTS, GIFT, Wikidata, EOL TraitBank (via Zenodo) and traits mined from USDA NRCS plant guides

published_in: Sargentia 7: 36

reason: No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name.

reason: Only 2 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: illicium-anisatum

scientific: Illicium anisatum

epithet: anisatum

Badianifera anisatum

authorship: (L.) Kuntze

Badianifera officinarum

authorship: Kuntze

Illicium anisatum var. roseum

authorship: Makino

Illicium japonicum

authorship: Siebold

Illicium linnaei

authorship: Nakai

Illicium masa-ogatai

authorship: (Makino) A.C.Sm.

Illicium religiosum

authorship: Siebold & Zucc.

Illicium variegatum

authorship: Anon.

codes: JAP KOR NNS TAI

Japan

code: JAP

region: Eastern Asia

Korea

code: KOR

Nansei-shoto

code: NNS

Taiwan

code: TAI

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 302 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Aniseed tree
Japanese star-anise

names: anis-do-Japão anis-estrelado

names:
Fausse badiane
anis du Japon

label: Parasites

partners: Japanese star anise ringspot-associated virus

label: Hosts

authors: L.

source: IPNI (International Plant Names Index)


slug: illicium-arborescens

scientific: Illicium arborescens

authorship: Hayata

epithet: arborescens

published_in: Icon. Pl. Formosan.  2: 105 (1912)

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 394 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

source: Kew World Checklist of Useful Plant Species

names: 台湾八角 臺灣八角

authors: Hayata

published_in: Icon. Pl. Formosan. ii. 105 (1912)

reason: Only 20 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: illicium-dunnianum

scientific: Illicium dunnianum

authorship: Tutcher

epithet: dunnianum

codes: CHC CHS

China South-Central

code: CHC

names: 红花八角 樟木钻

authors: Tutcher

published_in: J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 37: 62

reason: Fewer than 30 georeferenced research-grade observations of this taxon, which is too few to state a percentile range for the conditions it grows in. We would rather show nothing than a range computed from eight points in one county.


slug: illicium-floridanum

scientific: Illicium floridanum

epithet: floridanum

preferred: Florida anisetree

Badianifera floridana

authorship: (J.Ellis) Kuntze

Illicium floridanum f. album

authorship: F.G.Mey. & Mazzeo

Illicium reticulatum

authorship: Raf.

codes: ALA FLA GEO LOU MXC MXG MXE MSI

Alabama

code: ALA

region: Southeastern U.S.A.

Florida

code: FLA

Georgia

code: GEO

Louisiana

code: LOU

Mexico Central

code: MXC

region: Mexico

Mexico Gulf

code: MXG

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

Mississippi

code: MSI

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1338 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Florida anisetree
Florida Anise

names: 多花八角 佛羅里達八角

partners: Apoidea Lepidoptera Trochilidae

label: Flower-visited by

label: Life cycle

published_in: Philos. Trans. 60: 524, t. 12


slug: illicium-parviflorum

scientific: Illicium parviflorum

authorship: Michx. ex Vent.

epithet: parviflorum

preferred: yellow anisetree

Badianifera parviflora

authorship: (Michx. ex Vent.) Kuntze

Cymbostemon parviflorus

authorship: (Michx. ex Vent.) Spach

codes: FLA DOM

Dominican Republic

code: DOM

region: Caribbean

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 103 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
yellow anisetree
Swamp star anise

source: EOL TraitBank / NMNH Botany specimens

authors: Michx.

published_in: Fl. Bor.-Amer. (Michaux) 1: 326 (err. typ. 526)


slug: illigera-luzonensis

scientific: Illigera luzonensis

authorship: Merr.

genus: Illigera

epithet: luzonensis

family: Hernandiaceae

published_in: Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17: 18 (1904)

Gronovia ternata

authorship: Blanco

Illigera meyeniana

authorship: Kunth ex Walp.

Illigera ternata

authorship: (Blanco) Dunn

codes: NNS TAI PHI

Philippines

code: PHI

region: Malesia

lifeform: liana

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 49 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: 台湾青藤 呂宋青藤

authors: Merr.

published_in: Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17: 18