slug: celtis-biondii

scientific: Celtis biondii

authorship: Pamp.

epithet: biondii

published_in: Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s., 17: 252 (1910)

Celtis biondii f. holophylla

authorship: (Nakai) Koji Ito

Celtis biondii var. heterophylla

authorship: (H.Lév.) C.K.Schneid.

Celtis biondii var. holophylla

authorship: (Nakai) E.W.Ma

Celtis biondii var. insularis

authorship: Hatus. ex H.Umemoto, Yokota & Kokub.

Celtis emuyaca var. cuspidatophylla

authorship: (F.P.Metcalf) C.Pei

Celtis guangxiensis

authorship: Chun

Celtis leveillei

authorship: Nakai

Celtis leveillei var. heterophylla

authorship: (H.Lév.) Nakai

Celtis rockii

authorship: Rehder

Celtis trichocarpa

authorship: C.C.Cheng & E.W.Ma

codes: CHN CHC CHS JAP KOR NNS TAI

China North-Central

code: CHN

region: China

China South-Central

code: CHC

China Southeast

code: CHS

Japan

code: JAP

region: Eastern Asia

Korea

code: KOR

Nansei-shoto

code: NNS

Taiwan

code: TAI

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 170 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Biond’s hackberry
Chinese hackberry

names: 沙楠子樹 紫弹树

names: Каркас Бионди

names: コウライエノキ コバノチョウセンエノキ

source: Wikidata (P1843, CC0) + GBIF vernacular names

partners:
Hestina assimilis shirakii
Hestina persimilis
Sasakia charonda
Timelaea albescens

value: tree

authors: Pamp.

published_in: Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. xvii. 252 (1910)

reason: Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted.

reason: Only 0 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: celtis-brasiliensis

scientific: Celtis brasiliensis

authorship: (Gardner) Planch.

genus: Celtis

epithet: brasiliensis

family: Cannabaceae

rank: species

taxonomic_status: accepted

accepted_according_to: World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06

Celtis boliviensis

authorship: Planch.

Celtis crenata

authorship: (Wedd.) Miq.

Celtis dumosa

authorship: Casar. ex Planch.

Celtis fuscata

authorship: Rojas Acosta

Celtis lanceolata

authorship: Parodi

Celtis rhamnoides

authorship: DC. ex Planch.

Mertensia brasiliensis

authorship: Gardner

Momisia crenata

authorship: Wedd.

note: Full per-image metadata (photographer, licence, licence URL, attribution, derivative restrictions and image URLs) is on the per-species JSON at per_image_metadata_url. Each image is licensed individually; this bulk file omits the per-image matrix to stay small and cleanly licensed.

scheme: TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3

source: Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)

license: CC BY 3.0

excludes: introduced extinct location_doubtful

Brazil Southeast

code: BZL

continent: SOUTHERN AMERICA

region: Brazil

lifeform: scrambling shrub or tree

climate: wet tropical

mean_annual_temp_c: degrees Celsius

min_temp_coldest_month_c: degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)

max_temp_warmest_month_c: degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)

annual_precip_mm: millimetres per year

precip_driest_quarter_mm: millimetres in the driest quarter

source: CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec

citation: Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.

occurrences: iNaturalist Research-grade Observations

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 61 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

hardiness_zone_note: min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other.

model: Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)

source: Kew World Checklist of Useful Plant Species

license: CC-BY 4.0

note: Categories in which this species is recorded as a useful plant. A record of use, not a recommendation, a dose or a safety claim.

iucn_category: LC

label: Least Concern

source: IUCN Red List category via Wikidata (P141)

license: CC0 (Wikidata); IUCN category is a factual label

type: eatenBy

label: Eaten by

source: Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI)

license: CC-BY 4.0 (aggregate) / per-source

note: Species recorded interacting with this plant in the wild, aggregated across many source datasets by GloBI. Provenance is asserted at the GloBI aggregate level, not per partner, and partners are the most frequently recorded per interaction type.

label: Growth habit

category: Form and habit

source: GIFT

value: shrub

key: woodiness

label: Woodiness

value: woody

label: Life form

value: phanerophyte

label: Life cycle

category: Life cycle

value: perennial

USDA PLANTS Database

license: Public domain (US Government work)

name: GIFT (Global Inventory of Floras and Traits)

license: CC BY 4.0

EOL TraitBank (via Zenodo)

license: Per record: CC0 / CC BY 4.0 / public domain only

name: Traits mined from USDA NRCS plant guides

source: USDA PLANTS, GIFT, Wikidata, EOL TraitBank (via Zenodo) and traits mined from USDA NRCS plant guides

license: per source (public domain, CC BY 4.0, CC0)

note: Structured growth characteristics merged from four open sources (USDA PLANTS, GIFT, Wikidata, EOL TraitBank via Zenodo) plus traits mined from public-domain USDA NRCS guides. A documented record, not care advice. Each value keeps every source that reported it; a value marked extracted:true was read from prose, carries a verbatim quote and source_url, and has no structured source corroborating it.

authors: (Gardner) Planch.

published_in: Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 3, 10: 310

source: IPNI (International Plant Names Index)

note: The protologue citation: who published the name, in which work and year, and the IPNI record it resolves to. This is naming provenance, not a description.

World Flora Online Plant List

note: accepted name, authority, classification

iNaturalist

note: photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only

license: per photograph

note: native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form

field: care

field: toxicity

reason: Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready.

reason: No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page.

reason: No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name.

reason: Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all.

field: phenology

data: CC BY 4.0

note: This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew).


slug: celtis-caudata

scientific: Celtis caudata

epithet: caudata

Celtis littoralis

authorship: Liebm.

licences: CC-BY CC-BY-SA

codes: MXC MXG MXE MXN MXT MXS COS ELS GUA NIC

Mexico Central

code: MXC

continent: NORTHERN AMERICA

region: Mexico

Mexico Gulf

code: MXG

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

Mexico Southeast

code: MXT

Mexico Southwest

code: MXS

Costa Rica

code: COS

region: Central America

El Salvador

code: ELS

Guatemala

code: GUA

Nicaragua

code: NIC

lifeform: tree

climate: seasonally dry tropical

names: Capulincillo Granjeno

license: CC0 / per-source

partners:
Aratinga nana
Bombycilla cedrorum
Dives dives
Dumetella carolinensis
Empidonax flaviventris
Empidonax minimus
Empidonax traillii
Icteria virens

authors: Planch.

published_in: Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 3, 10: 294

name: Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)

reason: Fewer than 30 georeferenced research-grade observations of this taxon, which is too few to state a percentile range for the conditions it grows in. We would rather show nothing than a range computed from eight points in one county.

reason: No dated flowering annotations found for this taxon.


slug: celtis-chichape

scientific: Celtis chichape

epithet: chichape

Celtis pubescens var. chichape

authorship: (Wedd.) Baehni

Celtis tala var. chichape

authorship: (Wedd.) Planch.

codes: AGE AGW BOL BZS BZC PAR URU

Argentina Northeast

code: AGE

region: Southern South America

Argentina Northwest

code: AGW

Bolivia

code: BOL

region: Western South America

Brazil South

code: BZS

Brazil West-Central

code: BZC

Paraguay

code: PAR

Uruguay

code: URU

lifeform: shrub or tree

climate: desert or dry shrubland

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 63 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

label: Height

category: Size

value: 8 m

authors: (Wedd.) Miq.


slug: celtis-clausseniana

scientific: Celtis clausseniana

epithet: clausseniana

codes: BZE BZL BZC

Brazil Northeast

code: BZE

Brazil Southeast

code: BZL

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 75 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.


slug: celtis-glabrata

scientific: Celtis glabrata

authorship: Steven ex Planch.

epithet: glabrata

Celtis tournefortii var. glabrata

authorship: (Steven ex Planch.) Boiss.

codes: IRN IRQ LBS NCS TCS TUR ALB BUL GRC KRY YUG

Iran

code: IRN

continent: ASIA-TEMPERATE

region: Western Asia

Iraq

code: IRQ

Lebanon-Syria

code: LBS

North Caucasus

code: NCS

region: Caucasus

Transcaucasus

code: TCS

Türkiye

code: TUR

Albania

code: ALB

continent: EUROPE

region: Southeastern Europe

Bulgaria

code: BUL

Greece

code: GRC

Krym

code: KRY

region: Eastern Europe

NW. Balkan Pen.

code: YUG

climate: temperate

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 42 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

label: Flowering months

category: Flowers and fruit

value: Mar-Apr

label: Photosynthetic pathway

category: Physiology

authors: Steven ex Planch.

published_in: Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 3, 10: 285


slug: celtis-gomphophylla

scientific: Celtis gomphophylla

authorship: Baker

epithet: gomphophylla

Celtis durandii

authorship: Engl.

Celtis durandii var. ugandensis

authorship: (Rendle) Rendle

Celtis ugandensis

authorship: Rendle

Trema integrifolium

authorship: Baill.

partners:
Arizelocichla fusciceps
Arizelocichla milanjensis
Bycanistes brevis
Bycanistes bucinator
Cercopithecus ascanius
Cercopithecus mitis
Charaxes tiridates
Cinnyricinclus leucogaster

label: Fruit type

value: drupe

authors: Baker

published_in: J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 22: 521

reason: Kew's World Checklist of Vascular Plants does not cover this taxon.


slug: celtis-iguanaea

scientific: Celtis iguanaea

authorship: (Jacq.) Sarg.

epithet: iguanaea

published_in: Silva (Sargent) 7: 64 (1895)

preferred: iguana hackberry

source: wikidata

Celtidopsis citrifolia

authorship: (Kunth) Priemer

Celtis aculeata

authorship: Sw.

Celtis aculeata var. pubescens

authorship: Griseb.

Celtis alnifolia

authorship: (Wedd.) Miq.

Celtis asperula

authorship: Miq.

Celtis biflora

authorship: Ruiz ex Miq.

Celtis brevifolia

authorship: (Klotzsch) Miq.

Celtis dichotoma

authorship: (Klotzsch) Ruiz ex Miq.

Celtis diffusa

authorship: Planch.

Celtis ehrenbergiana

authorship: (Klotzsch) Liebm.

Celtis epiphylladena

authorship: Ortega

Celtis glycycarpa

authorship: Mart. ex Miq.

Celtis platycaulis

authorship: Greenm.

Celtis pubescens

authorship: (F.Dietr.) Spreng.

Celtis rhamnoides

authorship: Willd.

Celtis williamsii

authorship: Rusby

Celtis zizyphoides

authorship: (Kunth) Spreng.

Mertensia aculeata

authorship: (Sw.) Schult.

Mertensia citrifolia

authorship: Kunth

Mertensia iguanea

authorship: (Jacq.) Schult.

Mertensia rhamnoides

authorship: Schult.

Momisia aculeata

authorship: (Sw.) Klotzsch

Momisia anfractuosa

authorship: (Liebm.) Rose & Standl.

Momisia brevifolia

authorship: Klotzsch

Momisia iguanaea

authorship: (Jacq.) Rose & Standl.

Momisia platycaulis

authorship: (Greenm.) Rose & Standl.

Momisia spinifera

authorship: Rojas

Momisia zizyphoides

authorship: (Kunth) F.Dietr.

Plagioceltis dichotoma

authorship: Mildbr. ex Baehni

Rhamnus grangenos

authorship: Sessé & Moc.

Rhamnus iguanaea

authorship: Jacq.

Saurobroma iguanense

authorship: Raf.

Ziziphus commutata

authorship: Roem. & Schult.

Ziziphus iguanea

authorship: (Jacq.) Lam.

codes: FLA MXC MXG MXE MXN MXT MXS AGE AGW ARU BAH BLZ BOL BZN BZE BZS BZL BZC CLM COS CUB DOM ECU ELS FRG GUA GUY HAI HON JAM LEE NLA NIC PAN PAR PER PUE SUR TRT VEN VNA WIN

Florida

code: FLA

region: Southeastern U.S.A.

Mexico Central

code: MXC

Mexico Gulf

code: MXG

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

Mexico Southeast

code: MXT

Mexico Southwest

code: MXS

Argentina Northeast

code: AGE

Argentina Northwest

code: AGW

Aruba

code: ARU

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 148 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Frieseomelitta varia
Scaptotrigona aff. depilis

partners:
Alouatta guariba
Leontopithecus chrysopygus
Sturnira lilium
Artibeus planirostris
Penelope obscura
Pterodoras granulosus
Sapajus apella
Sapajus nigritus

Wikidata

note: common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)

reason: Only 1 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: celtis-laevigata

scientific: Celtis laevigata

authorship: Willd.

epithet: laevigata

preferred: sugar hackberry

english:
sugar hackberry
Southern Hackberry
Sugarberry
sugarberry

source: inat

Celtis americana

authorship: Mill.

Celtis laevigata f. microphylla

authorship: Sarg.

Celtis laevigata var. apposita

authorship: Ashe

Celtis laevigata var. smallii

authorship: (Beadle) Sarg.

Celtis laevigata var. texana

authorship: (Scheele) Sarg.

Celtis mississippiensis

authorship: Bosc

Celtis smallii

authorship: Beadle

Celtis texana

authorship: Scheele

Momisia lamarckii

authorship: Blume

Sponia laevigata

authorship: (Willd.) G.Don

codes: ALA ARK FLA GEO ILL INI KAN KTY LOU MRY MXG MXE MXN MXS MSI MSO NWM NCA OKL SCA TEN TEX VRG WVA BER

Alabama

code: ALA

Arkansas

code: ARK

Georgia

code: GEO

Illinois

code: ILL

region: North-Central U.S.A.

Indiana

code: INI

region: Northeastern U.S.A.

Kansas

code: KAN

Kentucky

code: KTY

Louisiana

code: LOU

Maryland

code: MRY

Mississippi

code: MSI

Missouri

code: MSO

New Mexico

code: NWM

region: South-Central U.S.A.

North Carolina

code: NCA

Oklahoma

code: OKL

South Carolina

code: SCA

Tennessee

code: TEN

Texas

code: TEX

Virginia

code: VRG

West Virginia

code: WVA

Bermuda

code: BER

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1980 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Automeris io
Crematogaster pilosa
Halysidota tessellaris
Polygonia interrogationis
Shivaphis celti

partners:
Turdus migratorius
Bombycilla cedrorum
Sialia sialis
Toxostoma rufum
Agrilus fallax
Agrilus lecontei
Agrilus lecontei celticola
Agrilus macer

source: EOL TraitBank / Fire Effects Information System (USDA)

quote: The leaves are alternated, simple, and slightly serrate

value: The flowers appear just before, or with the leaves in the spring

iNaturalist

note: photographs, flowering annotations and the common name, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only

reason: Only 23 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: celtis-mildbraedii

scientific: Celtis mildbraedii

authorship: Engl.

epithet: mildbraedii

Celtis bequaertii

authorship: De Wild.

codes: ANG BEN CMN CAF COM CON ZAI SWZ ETH GAB GHA GUI GNB GGI IVO KEN NAT MDG MOZ NGA SUD TAN TOG UGA ZIM

Angola

code: ANG

continent: AFRICA

region: South Tropical Africa

Benin

code: BEN

region: West Tropical Africa

Cameroon

code: CMN

region: West-Central Tropical Africa

Central African Republic

code: CAF

Comoros

code: COM

region: Western Indian Ocean

Congo

code: CON

DR Congo

code: ZAI

Eswatini

code: SWZ

region: Southern Africa

Ethiopia

code: ETH

region: Northeast Tropical Africa

Gabon

code: GAB

Ghana

code: GHA

Guinea

code: GUI

Guinea-Bissau

code: GNB

Gulf of Guinea Is.

code: GGI

Ivory Coast

code: IVO

Kenya

code: KEN

region: East Tropical Africa

KwaZulu-Natal

code: NAT

Madagascar

code: MDG

Mozambique

code: MOZ

Nigeria

code: NGA

Sudan-South Sudan

code: SUD

Tanzania

code: TAN

Togo

code: TOG

Uganda

code: UGA

Zimbabwe

code: ZIM

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 45 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Natal Elm
Natal White-Stinkwood

partners:
Cercopithecus cephus
Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni
Cercopithecus nictitans
Cercopithecus pogonias
Colobus guereza
Gorilla gorilla
Lophocebus albigena
Pan troglodytes

reason: Only 4 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: celtis-occidentalis

scientific: Celtis occidentalis

authorship: L.

epithet: occidentalis

preferred: common hackberry

Celtis audibertiana

authorship: Spach

Celtis cordata

authorship: Pers.

Celtis cordifolia

authorship: L'Hér. ex Duhamel

Celtis crassifolia

authorship: Lam.

Celtis longifolia

authorship: Nutt.

Celtis mississippiensis var. pumila

authorship: (Pursh) Mack. & Bush

Celtis obliqua

authorship: Moench

Celtis occidentalis f. canina

authorship: (Raf.) F.Seym.

Celtis occidentalis f. pumila

authorship: (Pursh) F.Seym.

Celtis occidentalis var. aspera

authorship: Dippel

Celtis occidentalis var. audibertiana

authorship: (Spach) Dippel

Celtis occidentalis var. canina

authorship: (Raf.) Sarg.

Celtis occidentalis var. cordata

authorship: (Pers.) Willd.

Celtis occidentalis var. crassifolia

authorship: (Lam.) A.Gray

Celtis occidentalis var. pumila

authorship: (Muhl.) Pursh

authorship: (Pursh) A.Gray

Celtis occidentalis var. submembranacea

authorship: Fernald

Celtis procera

authorship: Salisb.

Celtis pumila

authorship: Pursh

Sponia crassifolia

authorship: (Lam.) G.Don

Sponia occidentalis

authorship: (L.) G.Don

codes: ALA ARK COL CNT DEL WDC GEO ILL INI IOW KAN KTY MAI MAN MRY MAS MIC MIN MSI MSO NEB NWH NWJ NWM NWY NCA NDA OHI OKL ONT PEN QUE RHO SCA SDA TEN TEX VER VRG WVA WIS WYO

Alabama

code: ALA

Arkansas

code: ARK

Colorado

code: COL

region: Northwestern U.S.A.

Connecticut

code: CNT

Delaware

code: DEL

District of Columbia

code: WDC

Georgia

code: GEO

Illinois

code: ILL

Indiana

code: INI

Iowa

code: IOW

Kansas

code: KAN

Kentucky

code: KTY

Maine

code: MAI

Manitoba

code: MAN

region: Western Canada

Maryland

code: MRY

Massachusetts

code: MAS

Michigan

code: MIC

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1953 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Каркас западный

names:
Nordamerikanischer Zürgelbaum
Amerikanischer Zürgelbaum

names: Каркас західний

partners:
Asterocampa celtis
Asterocampa celtis antonia
Asterocampa leilia antonia
Bombus griseocollis
Harmonia axyridis

partners:
Acanalonia conica
Agrilus lecontei
Agromyza pallidiseta
Airora cylindrica
Ampedus areolatus
Ampelovirus
Aphaenogaster tennesseensis
Araneus alboventris

partners:
Heliria cristata
Hyphantria cunea
Lymantria dispar
Nymphalis antiopa
Sturnus vulgaris
Telamona tiliae
Zeuzera pyrina
Acanthis flammea

partners:
Agrilus celti
Agrilus fallax
Agrilus ferrisi
Agrilus lecontei
Agrilus macer

quote: Common hackberry is a large deciduous tree

quote: reaching 12 m to 18 m in height at maturity

quote: Leaves are alternately arranged, simple, 7 to 12 cm long, and sharply toothed

quote: Flowers are small, greenish-yellow, and emerge in April and May with the leaves

reason: Only 10 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: celtis-pallida

scientific: Celtis pallida

authorship: Torr.

epithet: pallida

preferred: spiny hackberry

Celtis azcurrensis

authorship: Parodi

Celtis bonplandiana

authorship: Planch.

Celtis ehrenbergiana var. discolor

authorship: (Hunz. & Dottori) Oakley & D.E.Prado

Celtis flexuosa var. glabrifolia

authorship: Griseb.

Celtis lancifolia

authorship: (Wedd.) Miq.

Celtis pallida subsp. sericea

authorship: (Romanczuk) Romanczuk & M.A.Martínez

Celtis sericea

authorship: Romanczuk

Celtis spinosa var. pallida

authorship: (Torr.) M.C.Johnst.

Celtis tala f. obtusata

authorship: Chodat

Celtis tala f. subpilosa

authorship: Kuntze

Celtis tala f. velutina

authorship: Herzog

Celtis tala var. pallida

authorship: (Torr.) Planch.

Momisia lancifolia

authorship: Wedd.

codes: ARI FLA MXC MXG MXE MXN MXS NWM TEX AGE AGW BOL BZE BZS BZL BZC ECU HAI PAR PUE URU VEN

Arizona

code: ARI

region: Southwestern U.S.A.

Florida

code: FLA

Mexico Central

code: MXC

region: Mexico

Mexico Gulf

code: MXG

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

Mexico Southwest

code: MXS

New Mexico

code: NWM

Texas

code: TEX

Argentina Northeast

code: AGE

region: Southern South America

Argentina Northwest

code: AGW

Bolivia

code: BOL

region: Western South America

Brazil Northeast

code: BZE

region: Brazil

Brazil South

code: BZS

Brazil Southeast

code: BZL

Brazil West-Central

code: BZC

Ecuador

code: ECU

Haiti

code: HAI

region: Caribbean

Paraguay

code: PAR

Puerto Rico

code: PUE

Uruguay

code: URU

Venezuela

code: VEN

region: Northern South America

lifeform: scrambling shrub

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2004 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Asterocampa leilia
Enchenopa binotata
Libytheana carinenta

partners:
Asterocampa leilia
Caria ino
Chelonoidis chilensis
Colinus virginianus
Leptotila verreauxi
Libytheana carinenta
Ortalis vetula
Saturnia anona

partners:
Coccophagus nigrans
Gahaniella californica
Metaphycus celticola
Vivamexico tamaulipeca


slug: celtis-paniculata

scientific: Celtis paniculata

authorship: (Endl.) Planch.

epithet: paniculata

preferred: silky celtis

source: usda

Celtis opaca

authorship: C.Moore ex Benth.

Celtis palauensis

authorship: Kaneh. & Hatus.

Dicera lanceolata

authorship: Zipp. ex Blume

Solenostigma paniculata

authorship: Endl.

Sponia solenostigma

authorship: Steud.

Trema integrifolium

authorship: Hosok.

codes: BOR LSI MOL NWG SOL NSW NFK QLD CRL NWC VAN

Borneo

code: BOR

continent: ASIA-TROPICAL

region: Malesia

Lesser Sunda Is.

code: LSI

Maluku

code: MOL

New Guinea

code: NWG

region: Papuasia

Solomon Is.

code: SOL

New South Wales

code: NSW

continent: AUSTRALASIA

region: Australia

Norfolk Is.

code: NFK

Queensland

code: QLD

Caroline Is.

code: CRL

continent: PACIFIC

region: Northwestern Pacific

New Caledonia

code: NWC

region: Southwestern Pacific

Vanuatu

code: VAN

names:
investigator-tree
silky celtis

partners:
Libythea geoffroy
Phaedyma shepherdi
Charaxes sempronius
Menippus darcyi

source: USDA PLANTS

published_in: Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 3, 10: 305

USDA PLANTS Database

note: common name, checklist symbol CEPA6

license: public domain


slug: celtis-philippensis

scientific: Celtis philippensis

authorship: Blanco

epithet: philippensis

Bosea trinervia

authorship: Roxb.

Celtis brevinervis

authorship: (Blume) Planch.

Celtis collinsae

authorship: Craib

Celtis mindanaensis

authorship: Elmer

Celtis multifolia

authorship: Elmer ex Merr.

Celtis philippensis var. wightii

authorship: (Planch.) Soepadmo

Celtis trinervia

authorship: (Roxb.) Koord.

Celtis wightii

authorship: Planch.

Celtis wightii var. consimilis

authorship: (Blume) Gagnep.

Solenostigma brevinerve

authorship: Blume

Solenostigma philippinensis

authorship: (Blanco) Blume

Sponia strychnifolia

authorship: Teijsm. & Binn.

codes: CHC CHS CHH TAI AND BIS BOR IND JAW LAO LSI MLY MOL MYA NWG PHI SOL SRL SUL SUM THA VIE NTA QLD WAU

China South-Central

code: CHC

region: China

China Southeast

code: CHS

Hainan

code: CHH

Taiwan

code: TAI

region: Eastern Asia

Andaman Is.

code: AND

region: Indo-China

Bismarck Archipelago

code: BIS

India

code: IND

region: Indian Subcontinent

Jawa

code: JAW

Laos

code: LAO

Malaya

code: MLY

Myanmar

code: MYA

Philippines

code: PHI

Sri Lanka

code: SRL

Sulawesi

code: SUL

Sumatera

code: SUM

Thailand

code: THA

Vietnam

code: VIE

Northern Territory

code: NTA

partners:
Phaedyma shepherdi
Pteropus rufus
Rohana parisatis


slug: celtis-reticulata

scientific: Celtis reticulata

authorship: Torr.

epithet: reticulata

published_in: Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York  1: 247 (1824)

Celtis laevigata subsp. reticulata

authorship: (Torr.) A.E.Murray

Celtis laevigata var. brevipes

authorship: (S.Watson) Sarg.

Celtis laevigata var. reticulata

authorship: (Torr.) Benson

Celtis mississippiensis var. reticulata

authorship: (Torr.) Sarg.

Celtis occidentalis f. reticulata

authorship: (Torr.) Voss

Celtis occidentalis var. reticulata

authorship: (Torr.) M.E.Jones

Celtis patula

authorship: Raf.

Celtis reticulata var. vestita

authorship: Sarg.

codes: ARI CAL COL IDA KAN MXC MXE MXN MXS NEV NWM OKL ORE TEX UTA WAS WYO

Arizona

code: ARI

California

code: CAL

Colorado

code: COL

region: Northwestern U.S.A.

Idaho

code: IDA

Kansas

code: KAN

region: North-Central U.S.A.

Mexico Central

code: MXC

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

Mexico Southwest

code: MXS

Nevada

code: NEV

New Mexico

code: NWM

region: South-Central U.S.A.

Oklahoma

code: OKL

Oregon

code: ORE

Texas

code: TEX

Utah

code: UTA

Washington

code: WAS

Wyoming

code: WYO

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2030 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Net-Leaf Hackberry
netleaf hackberry

type: flowerVisitedBy

label: Flower-visited by

type: visitedBy

label: Visited by

partners:
Asterocampa celtis
Asterocampa clyton
Pachypsylla celtidismamma

partners:
Agrilus lecontei celticola
Agrilus macer
Agrilus paracelti
Cyrtonyx montezumae
Euptilotis neoxenus
Melozone fusca
Myadestes townsendi
Oreortyx pictus

type: hasParasite

label: Parasites

partners:
Aceria celtis
Phoradendron leucarpum

published_in: Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 2(7-8): 247


slug: celtis-sinensis

scientific: Celtis sinensis

authorship: Pers.

epithet: sinensis

preferred: Chinese Celtis

english:
Chinese Celtis
Chinese elm
Chinese hackberry
Japanese hackberry

Celtis japonica f. magnifica

authorship: Nakai

Celtis nervosa

authorship: Hemsl.

Celtis sinensis

authorship: Willd.

Celtis sinensis f. magnifica

authorship: (Nakai) Nakai

Celtis sinensis var. japonica

authorship: (Planch.) Nakai

Celtis sinensis var. nervosa

authorship: (Hemsl.) F.Y.Lu, C.H.Ou, Y.T.Chen, Y.S.Chi, K.C.Lu & Y.H.Tseng

Celtis tetrandra subsp. sinensis

authorship: (Pers.) Y.C.Tang

Celtis willdenowiana

authorship: Schult.

codes: CHN CHC CHS JAP KOR TAI EHM LAO VIE

China North-Central

code: CHN

China South-Central

code: CHC

China Southeast

code: CHS

Japan

code: JAP

Korea

code: KOR

Taiwan

code: TAI

East Himalaya

code: EHM

Laos

code: LAO

Vietnam

code: VIE

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2034 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Chinese elm
Chinese Celtis

names: 朴 朴树

names: enoki エノキ

partners:
Acytolepis puspa
Chitoria chrysolora
Phaedyma shepherdi
Polygonia c-album
Sasakia charonda
Apatura ulupi
Arna bipunctapex
Caloptilia celidis

type: hasPathogen

label: Pathogens

partners:
Botryosphaeriales
Cuscuta japonica

source: EOL TraitBank / USDA PLANTS

license: Public domain (U.S. Government work)

reason: Only 12 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: celtis-spinosa

scientific: Celtis spinosa

authorship: Spreng.

epithet: spinosa

codes: AGE BZS PAR URU

Argentina Northeast

code: AGE

region: Southern South America

Brazil South

code: BZS

Paraguay

code: PAR

Uruguay

code: URU

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 60 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Alouatta guariba
Brachyteles arachnoides

authors: Spreng.

published_in: Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 1: 931

reason: Only 2 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: celtis-tala

scientific: Celtis tala

authorship: Gillies ex Planch.

epithet: tala

preferred: Tala

Celtis cinerea

authorship: Torr.

Celtis selloviana

authorship: Miq.

Celtis spinosa var. weddeliana

authorship: (Planch.) Baehni

Celtis tala var. gaudichaudiana

authorship: Planch.

Celtis tala var. selloviana

authorship: (Miq.) Kuntze

Celtis weddelliana

authorship: (Planch.) Romanczuk

Mertensia tala

authorship: Wedd. ex Planch.

Mertensia texana

authorship: Trécul ex Planch.

Momisia integrifolia

authorship: Wedd.

codes: AGE AGW BZS URU

Argentina Northwest

code: AGW

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1484 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Tala
Desert Hackberry

partners:
Thraupis sayaca
Agelaioides badius
Aratinga mitrata
Bertholdia steinbachi
Carimeta maculipennis
Colaptes melanochloros
Elaenia parvirostris
Elaenia spectabilis

authors: Gillies ex Planch.

published_in: Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 3, 10: 311

reason: Only 29 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: celtis-tenuifolia

scientific: Celtis tenuifolia

authorship: Nutt.

epithet: tenuifolia

preferred: dwarf hackberry

Celtis fuscata

authorship: Raf.

Celtis georgiana

authorship: Small

Celtis grandidentata

authorship: Ten.

Celtis laevigata

authorship: Willd.

Celtis occidentalis subsp. georgiana

authorship: (Small) A.E.Murray

Celtis occidentalis subsp. tenuifolia

authorship: (Nutt.) A.E.Murray

Celtis occidentalis var. georgiana

authorship: (Small) H.E.Ahles

Celtis occidentalis var. grandidentata

authorship: (Ten.) Dippel

Celtis pumila var. georgiana

authorship: (Small) Sarg.

Celtis tenuifolia var. georgiana

authorship: (Small) Fernald & B.G.Schub.

licences: CC0 CC-BY CC-BY-SA

codes: ALA ARK DEL WDC FLA GEO ILL INI KAN KTY LOU MRY MIC MSI MSO NWJ NCA OHI OKL ONT PEN SCA TEN TEX VRG WVA

Alabama

code: ALA

region: Southeastern U.S.A.

Arkansas

code: ARK

Delaware

code: DEL

District of Columbia

code: WDC

Florida

code: FLA

Georgia

code: GEO

Illinois

code: ILL

Indiana

code: INI

region: Northeastern U.S.A.

Kansas

code: KAN

Kentucky

code: KTY

Louisiana

code: LOU

Maryland

code: MRY

Michigan

code: MIC

Mississippi

code: MSI

Missouri

code: MSO

New Jersey

code: NWJ

North Carolina

code: NCA

Ohio

code: OHI

Oklahoma

code: OKL

Ontario

code: ONT

region: Eastern Canada

Pennsylvania

code: PEN

South Carolina

code: SCA

Tennessee

code: TEN

Texas

code: TEX

Virginia

code: VRG

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 538 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Micocoulier à petites feuilles
micocoulier de Géorgie

partners:
Acronicta rubricoma
Asterocampa celtis
Celticecis globosa
Hyphantria cunea

partners:
Agrilus celti
Agrilus fallax
Agrilus lecontei
Agrilus paracelti
Asterocampa clyton
Polygonia interrogationis

reason: Only 3 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: celtis-tetrandra

scientific: Celtis tetrandra

authorship: Roxb.

epithet: tetrandra

Celtis alpina

authorship: Royle

Celtis fengqingensis

authorship: Hu ex E.W.Ma

Celtis formosana

authorship: Hayata

Celtis glabra

authorship: Planch.

Celtis kunmingensis

authorship: C.C.Cheng & D.Y.Hong

Celtis sinensis var. tetrandra

authorship: (Roxb.) F.Y.Lu, C.H.Ou, Y.T.Chen, Y.S.Chi, K.C.Lu & Y.H.Tseng

Celtis wallichii

authorship: Steud.

Sponia tetrandra

authorship: Voigt

codes: CHC CHS CHH TAI CHT ASS BAN EHM IND JAW LAO LSI MYA NEP PAK SUM THA VIE WHM

China South-Central

code: CHC

China Southeast

code: CHS

Hainan

code: CHH

Taiwan

code: TAI

Tibet

code: CHT

Assam

code: ASS

Bangladesh

code: BAN

East Himalaya

code: EHM

India

code: IND

Jawa

code: JAW

Laos

code: LAO

Lesser Sunda Is.

code: LSI

Myanmar

code: MYA

Nepal

code: NEP

Pakistan

code: PAK

Sumatera

code: SUM

Thailand

code: THA

Vietnam

code: VIE

West Himalaya

code: WHM

climate: subtropical or tropical

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1147 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: 云南朴 四蕊朴

names: Каркас четырёхтычинковый

partners:
Chitoria chrysolora
Clitenella fulminans
Elephas maximus
Hestina assimilis formosana
Hoplapoderus pardaloides
Libythea celtis
Libythea lepita
Neptis nata

reason: Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted.


slug: celtis-timorensis

scientific: Celtis timorensis

authorship: Span.

epithet: timorensis

Celtis cinnamomea

authorship: Lindl. ex Planch.

Celtis crenato-serrata

authorship: Merr.

Celtis dysodoxylon

authorship: Thwaites

Celtis hamata

authorship: Blume

Celtis reticulosa

authorship: Miq.

codes: CHC CHS CHH CHT AND ASS BAN BOR CBD XMS EHM IND JAW LAO LSI MYA NEP NCB PHI SRL SUM THA VIE

China South-Central

code: CHC

China Southeast

code: CHS

Hainan

code: CHH

Andaman Is.

code: AND

Borneo

code: BOR

Cambodia

code: CBD

Christmas I.

code: XMS

Nicobar Is.

code: NCB

Philippines

code: PHI

Sri Lanka

code: SRL

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 46 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Stinking Wood
Stinkwood

names: 假玉桂 朴树叶

reason: Only 0 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: celtis-trinervia

scientific: Celtis trinervia

authorship: Lam.

epithet: trinervia

preferred: almex

codes: MXT BLZ CAY CLM COS CUB DOM ELS GUA HAI JAM LEE NIC PUE

Mexico Southeast

code: MXT

region: Mexico

Belize

code: BLZ

region: Central America

Cayman Is.

code: CAY

region: Caribbean

Colombia

code: CLM

region: Western South America

Costa Rica

code: COS

Cuba

code: CUB

Dominican Republic

code: DOM

El Salvador

code: ELS

Guatemala

code: GUA

Haiti

code: HAI

Jamaica

code: JAM

Leeward Is.

code: LEE

Nicaragua

code: NIC

Puerto Rico

code: PUE

source: EOL TraitBank / NMNH Botany specimens

authors: Lam.

published_in: Encycl. [J. Lamarck & al.] 4(1): 140

reason: Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready.


slug: cenarrhenes-nitida

scientific: Cenarrhenes nitida

authorship: Labill.

genus: Cenarrhenes

epithet: nitida

family: Proteaceae

Tasmania

code: TAS

region: Australia

climate: subtropical

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 366 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Native Plum
Port Arthur Plum

authors: Labill.

reason: No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page.

reason: Only 15 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: cenchrus-alopecuroides

scientific: Cenchrus alopecuroides

authorship: (L.) Thunb.

genus: Cenchrus

epithet: alopecuroides

family: Poaceae

preferred: Chinese fountaingrass

Alopecurus hordeiformis

authorship: L.

Catatherophora hordeiformis

authorship: (L.) Steud.

Cenchrus asperifolius

authorship: Desf.

Cenchrus compressus

authorship: (R.Br.) Morrone

Cenchrus purpurascens

authorship: Thunb.

Cenchrus setaceus subsp. morronei

authorship: Ibn Tattou

Chamaeraphis compressa

authorship: Poir. ex Steud.

Gymnotrix cenchroides

authorship: Roem. & Schult.

Gymnotrix compressa

authorship: (R.Br.) Brongn.

Gymnotrix japonica

authorship: (Trin.) Kunth

Gymnotrix purpurascens

authorship: Sw. ex Steud.

Panicum aristidoides

authorship: Willd. ex Spreng.

Penicillaria alopecuroides

authorship: (L.) Sweet

Penicillaria ciliata

authorship: Willd.

Pennisetum alopecuroides

authorship: (L.) Spreng.

Pennisetum alopecuroides f. anacanthum

authorship: Hayashi

name: Pennisetum alopecuroides f. erythrochaetum

authorship: (Ohwi) Ohwi

name: Pennisetum alopecuroides f. purpurascens

authorship: (Thunb.) Ohwi

Pennisetum alopecuroides f. viridescens

authorship: (Miq.) Ohwi

name: Pennisetum alopecuroides subsp. sordidum

authorship: (Koidz.) T.Koyama

name: Pennisetum alopecuroides var. albiflorum

name: Pennisetum alopecuroides var. erythrochaetum

authorship: Ohwi

name: Pennisetum alopecuroides var. viridescens

Pennisetum asperifolium

authorship: Kunth

Pennisetum compressum var. viridescens

authorship: (Miq.) Rendle

Pennisetum cylindricum

authorship: Trin.

Pennisetum indicum

authorship: Kuntze

Pennisetum indicum var. purpurascens

authorship: (Thunb.) Kuntze

name: Pennisetum purpurascens var. viridescens

authorship: (Miq.) Makino

Pennisetum sordidum

authorship: Koidz.

Setaria compressa

authorship: (R.Br.) Kunth

Trichoon paniceus

authorship: Willd. ex Steud.

codes: CHN CHC CHS CHH JAP KOR CHM NNS OGA TAI CHT AND JAW MLY MYA NCB PHI VIE NSW NTA QLD VIC WAU

China North-Central

code: CHN

China South-Central

code: CHC

China Southeast

code: CHS

Hainan

code: CHH

Japan

code: JAP

Korea

code: KOR

Manchuria

code: CHM

Nansei-shoto

code: NNS

Ogasawara-shoto

code: OGA

Taiwan

code: TAI

Tibet

code: CHT

Andaman Is.

code: AND

Jawa

code: JAW

region: Malesia

Malaya

code: MLY

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2006 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Aiolopus strepens
Aiolopus thalassinus
Eysarcoris ventralis
Gryllodes sigillatus
Laodelphax striatellus
Mycalesis sangaica
Parnara guttatus
Pelopidas mathias

reason: Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all.


slug: cenchrus-americanus

scientific: Cenchrus americanus

authorship: (L.) Morrone

epithet: americanus

preferred: pearl millet

Andropogon racemosus

authorship: Poir. ex Steud.

Cenchrus paniceus

authorship: B.Heyne ex Wall.

Cenchrus pycnostachyus

authorship: Steud.

Cenchrus spicatus

authorship: (L.) Cav.

Chaetochloa glauca

authorship: (L.) Scribn.

Chaetochloa lutescens

authorship: Stuntz

Chamaeraphis glauca

authorship: (L.) Kuntze

Holcus paniciformis

authorship: Roxb. ex Hook.f.

Holcus racemosus

authorship: Forssk.

Holcus spicatus

authorship: L.

Ixophorus glaucus

authorship: (L.) Nash

Panicum alopecuroides

authorship: J.Koenig ex Trin.

Panicum coeruleum

authorship: Mill.

Panicum compressum

authorship: Balb. ex Steud.

Panicum involucratum

authorship: Roxb.

Panicum lutescens

authorship: Weigel

Panicum spicatum

authorship: (L.) Roxb.

Penicillaria deflexa

authorship: Andersson ex A.Braun

Penicillaria elongata

authorship: Schrad. ex Schltdl.

Penicillaria involucrata

authorship: (Roxb.) Schult.

Penicillaria nigritarum

authorship: Schltdl.

Penicillaria plukenetii

authorship: Link

Penicillaria solitaria

authorship: Stokes

Penicillaria spicata

authorship: (L.) Willd.

Pennisetum albicauda

authorship: Stapf & C.E.Hubb.

Pennisetum americanum f. echinurus

authorship: (K.Schum.) Leeke

Pennisetum americanum subsp. spicatum

authorship: (L.) Maire & Weiller

Pennisetum echinurus

authorship: (K.Schum.) Stapf & C.E.Hubb.

Pennisetum giganteum

authorship: Ten. ex Steud.

Pennisetum nigritarum var. deflexum

authorship: (Andersson ex A.Braun) T.Durand & Schinz

name: Pennisetum nigritarum var. macrostachyum

authorship: T.Durand & Schinz

Pennisetum spicatum

authorship: (L.) Körn.

name: Pennisetum spicatum var. longipedunculatum

Pennisetum typhoideum

authorship: Rich.

Pennisetum typhoideum var. echinurus

authorship: (K.Schum.) Rendle

Pennisetum typhoideum var. plukenetii

authorship: (Link) Rendle

Phleum africanum

authorship: Lour.

Setaria glauca

authorship: (L.) P.Beauv.

Setaria rufa

authorship: Chevall.

Setaria sericea

authorship: (Aiton) P.Beauv.

Setariopsis glauca

authorship: (L.) Samp.

codes: ANG BEN BKN CMN CAF CHA CON ZAI GAB MLW MOZ NGA TOG ZAM

Angola

code: ANG

region: South Tropical Africa

Benin

code: BEN

region: West Tropical Africa

Burkina

code: BKN

Cameroon

code: CMN

region: West-Central Tropical Africa

Central African Republic

code: CAF

Chad

code: CHA

region: Northeast Tropical Africa

Congo

code: CON

DR Congo

code: ZAI

Gabon

code: GAB

Malawi

code: MLW

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 87 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
dukhn
دخن أفريقي

names: Перистощетинник американский

names: トウジンキビ トウジンビエ

names: Cenchrus d'Amérique, Cenchrus en épi, Pennisétum glauque

names: sajje సజ్జలు

partners:
Amrasca biguttula
Leptodelphax maculiger
Pyrilla perpusilla
Autoba gayneri
Bos taurus
Cardinalis cardinalis
Chilo sacchariphagus
Chilo suppressalis

partners:
Chilo partellus
Maize streak virus - E[Pat]
Panicum mosaic satellite virus

quote: is an introduced, annual, warm-season crop

quote: typically white, or yellow, but there are varieties with colors ranging from brown to purple

reason: Only 17 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: cenchrus-biflorus

scientific: Cenchrus biflorus

authorship: Roxb.

epithet: biflorus

preferred: Indian sandbur

Cenchrus annularis

authorship: Andersson

Cenchrus barbatus

authorship: Schumach.

Cenchrus catharticus

authorship: Delile

Cenchrus lapeta

authorship: Ham. ex Stapf

Cenchrus niloticus

authorship: Fig. & De Not.

Cenchrus rajasthanensis

authorship: Kanodia & P.C.Nanda

Cenchrus triflorus

authorship: Aitch.

Elymus caput-medusae

authorship: Forssk.

codes: ALG ANG BEN BOT BKN BUR CMN CVI CPV CHA CON ZAI DJI EGY EQG ERI ETH GAM GHA GUI GNB IVO KEN MDG MLI MTN MOZ NAM NGR NGA TVL SEN SOM SUD TAN TOG ZAM ZIM SAU SIN YEM IND PAK WHM

Algeria

code: ALG

region: Northern Africa

Botswana

code: BOT

region: Southern Africa

Burundi

code: BUR

Cape Verde

code: CVI

region: Macaronesia

Caprivi Strip

code: CPV

Djibouti

code: DJI

Egypt

code: EGY

Equatorial Guinea

code: EQG

Eritrea

code: ERI

Ethiopia

code: ETH

Gambia

code: GAM

Ghana

code: GHA

Guinea

code: GUI

Guinea-Bissau

code: GNB

Ivory Coast

code: IVO

Kenya

code: KEN

region: East Tropical Africa

Madagascar

code: MDG

region: Western Indian Ocean

Mali

code: MLI

Mauritania

code: MTN

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 32 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

source: Dr. Duke's Phytochemical & Ethnobotanical Database

note: A snapshot of the reported literature 1992-2016, not a current assay. An activity is attributed to the compound in that literature; it is not a claim about the plant.

names: Cenchrus à deux fleurs, Cramcram, Cram-cram


slug: cenchrus-caliculatus

scientific: Cenchrus caliculatus

authorship: Cav.

epithet: caliculatus

Cenchrus anomoplexis

authorship: Labill.

Cenchrus australis var. latifolius

authorship: Drake

Cenchrus laniflorus

authorship: Steud.

Pennisetum calyculatum

authorship: (Cav.) Spreng.

codes: LSI NWG KER NSW NZN NFK NTA QLD WAU COO FIJ HAW MRQ NWC NUE PIT SAM SCI TON TUA TUB VAN

Lesser Sunda Is.

code: LSI

New Guinea

code: NWG

region: Papuasia

Kermadec Is.

code: KER

region: New Zealand

New South Wales

code: NSW

New Zealand North

code: NZN

Norfolk Is.

code: NFK

Northern Territory

code: NTA

Queensland

code: QLD

Western Australia

code: WAU

Cook Is.

code: COO

region: South-Central Pacific

Fiji

code: FIJ

region: Southwestern Pacific

Hawaii

code: HAW

region: North-Central Pacific

Marquesas

code: MRQ

New Caledonia

code: NWC

Niue

code: NUE

Pitcairn Is.

code: PIT

Samoa

code: SAM

Society Is.

code: SCI

Tonga

code: TON

Tuamotu

code: TUA

Tubuai Is.

code: TUB

Vanuatu

code: VAN

lifeform: perennial

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 71 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Hillside Burr Grass
Owee Grass

source: Wikidata (P1843, CC0) + GBIF vernacular names

value: herb

value: graminoid

reason: No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name.


slug: cenchrus-caudatus

scientific: Cenchrus caudatus

authorship: (Schrad.) Kuntze

epithet: caudatus

preferred: African feathergrass

Cenchrus glaucocladus

authorship: (Stapf & C.E.Hubb. ex Stent & J.M.Rattray) Morrone

Cenchrus macrourus

authorship: (Trin.) Morrone

Cenchrus mildbraedii

authorship: (Mez) Morrone

Gymnotrix caudata

authorship: Schrad.

Gymnotrix gigantea

authorship: (A.Rich.) Walp.

Panicum asperum

authorship: Link

Pennisetum angolense

authorship: Rendle

Pennisetum asperum

authorship: Schult.

Pennisetum davyi

authorship: Stapf & C.E.Hubb.

Pennisetum giganteum var. minus

authorship: Leeke

Pennisetum giganteum var. trinervium

authorship: Pilg.

Pennisetum kisantuense

authorship: Vanderyst

Pennisetum macrourum

authorship: Trin.

Pennisetum mildbraedii

authorship: Mez

Pennisetum natalense

authorship: Stapf

Pennisetum scaettae

authorship: Robyns

Perotis latifolia

authorship: Eckl. ex Steud.

source: Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)

codes: ANG BEN BOT BUR CMN CPP CAF CON ZAI SWZ ETH GAB GUI KEN NAT LES MLW NAM NGA TVL RWA SOM SUD TAN TOG UGA ZAM ZIM SAU YEM

Angola

code: ANG

Benin

code: BEN

Botswana

code: BOT

Burundi

code: BUR

Cameroon

code: CMN

Cape Provinces

code: CPP

Central African Republic

code: CAF

Congo

code: CON

DR Congo

code: ZAI

Eswatini

code: SWZ

Ethiopia

code: ETH

Gabon

code: GAB

Guinea

code: GUI

Kenya

code: KEN

KwaZulu-Natal

code: NAT

Lesotho

code: LES

Malawi

code: MLW

Namibia

code: NAM

Nigeria

code: NGA

Northern Provinces

code: TVL

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 267 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
African Fountain Grass
African River Grass

reason: Only 8 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: cenchrus-ciliaris

scientific: Cenchrus ciliaris

authorship: L.

epithet: ciliaris

preferred: buffelgrass

english:
buffelgrass
Buffel grass

Cenchrus anjania

authorship: Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.

Cenchrus bulbosus

authorship: Fresen. ex Steud.

Cenchrus ciliaris f. intermedius

authorship: (Chiov.) Chiov.

Cenchrus ciliaris subsp. ibrahimii

authorship: Chrtek & Osb.-Kos.

Cenchrus ciliaris var. anachoreticus

authorship: (Chiov.) Pirotta

Cenchrus ciliaris var. leptostachys

authorship: (Leeke) Maire & Weiller

Cenchrus ciliaris var. longisetosus

authorship: Kuntze

Cenchrus ciliaris var. nubicus

authorship: Fig. & De Not.

Cenchrus ciliaris var. robustior

authorship: Penz.

Cenchrus ciliaris var. villiferus

authorship: Fig. & De Not

Cenchrus glaucus

authorship: C.R.Mudaliar & Sundararaj

Cenchrus longifolius

authorship: Hochst. ex Steud.

Cenchrus mutabilis

authorship: Wight ex Hook.f.

name: Cenchrus pennisetiformis var. intermedius

authorship: Chiov.

Cenchrus rufescens

authorship: Desf.

Pennisetum cenchroides

authorship: Rich.

name: Pennisetum cenchroides var. hamphilahense

Pennisetum ciliare

authorship: (L.) Link

Pennisetum ciliare f. brachystachys

authorship: Peter

Pennisetum distylum

authorship: Guss.

Pennisetum incomptum

authorship: Nees ex Steud.

Pennisetum longifolium

authorship: Fenzl ex Steud.

Pennisetum panormitanum

authorship: Lojac.

Pennisetum petraeum

authorship: Steud.

Pennisetum rufescens

authorship: (Desf.) Spreng.

codes: ALG ANG BEN BOT CMN CNY CPP CVI CPV CHA ZAI DJI EGY ERI SWZ ETH OFS GAM GHA KEN NAT LBY MDG MLI MTN MOR MOZ NAM NGR NGA TVL RWA SEN SOC SOM SUD TAN TOG TUN UGA WSA ZAM ZIM AFG GST IRN IRQ KUW LBS OMA PAL SAU SIN YEM BAN IND PAK GRC SIC

Algeria

code: ALG

Angola

code: ANG

Benin

code: BEN

Botswana

code: BOT

Canary Is.

code: CNY

Cape Verde

code: CVI

Caprivi Strip

code: CPV

Chad

code: CHA

Djibouti

code: DJI

Egypt

code: EGY

Eritrea

code: ERI

source: CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2037 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
sabat
سبط مهدب

names: Колючещетинник реснитчатый

names:
Cenchrus cilié
Cenchrus cilié, Pennisétum cilié

names: זיף-נוצה ריסני

partners:
Petrorossia guanchorum
Phaneroptera sparsa
Scaeva albomaculata

partners:
Aeneolamia albofasciata
Antilope cervicapra
Chloropelix canariensis
Euodice cantans
Euodice malabarica
Heterohyrax brucei
Lonchura punctulata
Madoqua kirkii


slug: cenchrus-clandestinus

scientific: Cenchrus clandestinus

authorship: (Hochst. ex Chiov.) Morrone

epithet: clandestinus

preferred: kikuyugrass

Kikuyuochloa clandestina

authorship: (Hochst. ex Chiov.) H.Scholz

Pennisetum clandestinum

authorship: Hochst. ex Chiov.

Pennisetum inclusum

authorship: Pilg.

codes: BUR ZAI ERI ETH KEN MLW RWA TAN UGA ZIM

Burundi

code: BUR

DR Congo

code: ZAI

Ethiopia

code: ETH

Kenya

code: KEN

Rwanda

code: RWA

Tanzania

code: TAN

Uganda

code: UGA

Zimbabwe

code: ZIM

lifeform: perennial or rhizomatous geophyte

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2021 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

source: Kew World Checklist of Useful Plant Species

names:
kikuyugrass
Kikuyo Grass

names:
Kikuyo
Pasto en rollo japonés

names: 铺地狼尾草 舖地狼尾草

names: capim-da-abissínia capim-da-abyssinia

names: Перистощетинник скрытный

names:
/
Cenchrus clandestin

names:
דשא קוקויה
זיף-נוצה חבוי

names: Kikoejoegras kikuju

partners:
Leptodelphax maculiger
Anas platyrhynchos domestica
Anser anser f. domesticus
Borogonalia impressifrons
Borogonalia wilsoni
Bos taurus
Cacatua sanguinea
Cacatua tenuirostris

partners:
Neodusmetia sangwani
Spongospora subterranea

source: EOL TraitBank / ECOCROP (FAO)

source: EOL TraitBank / Flora do Brasil

value: non-woody

value: geophyte

label: Growth form

value: Multiple Stem


slug: cenchrus-echinatus

scientific: Cenchrus echinatus

authorship: L.

epithet: echinatus

preferred: southern sandbur

Cenchrus brevisetus

authorship: E.Fourn. ex Hemsl.

Cenchrus cavanillesii

authorship: Tausch

Cenchrus crinitus

authorship: Mez

Cenchrus echinatus var. brevisetus

authorship: (E.Fourn. ex Hemsl.) Scribn.

Cenchrus echinatus var. hillebrandianus

authorship: (Hitchc.) F.Br.

Cenchrus echinatus var. morisonii

authorship: Kuntze

Cenchrus hillebrandianus

authorship: Hitchc.

Cenchrus insularis

authorship: Scribn.

Cenchrus macrocarpus

authorship: Ledeb. ex Steud.

Cenchrus pungens

authorship: Kunth

Panicastrella muricata

authorship: Moench

codes: ALA ARI ARK CAL WDC FLA GEO KAN KTY LOU MRY MXC MXG MXE MXN MXT MXS MSI NEV NWM NCA OKL SCA TEN TEX VRG AGE AGW ARU BAH BLZ BER BOL BZN BZE BZS BZL BZC CAY CPI CLN CLS CLM COS CUB DSV DOM ECU ELS FRG GAL GUA GUY HAI HON JAM LEE NLA NIC PAN PAR PER PUE SWC SUR TRT TCI URU VEN VNA WIN

Alabama

code: ALA

region: Southeastern U.S.A.

Arizona

code: ARI

region: Southwestern U.S.A.

Arkansas

code: ARK

California

code: CAL

District of Columbia

code: WDC

Florida

code: FLA

Georgia

code: GEO

Kansas

code: KAN

region: North-Central U.S.A.

Kentucky

code: KTY

Louisiana

code: LOU

Maryland

code: MRY

Mexico Central

code: MXC

region: Mexico

Mexico Gulf

code: MXG

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

Mexico Southeast

code: MXT

Mexico Southwest

code: MXS

Mississippi

code: MSI

Nevada

code: NEV

New Mexico

code: NWM

region: South-Central U.S.A.

North Carolina

code: NCA

Oklahoma

code: OKL

South Carolina

code: SCA

Tennessee

code: TEN

Texas

code: TEX

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2029 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

source: IUCN Red List category via Wikidata (P141)

names: Cenchre épineux, Herbe pagode, Gratte-cul, Pagode

partners:
Toxidia thyrrhus
Leptodelphax maculiger
Leptoschoinus fucatus
Lonchura oryzivora
Notozulia entreriana
Oxylipeurus polytrapezius


slug: cenchrus-gracillimus

scientific: Cenchrus gracillimus

authorship: Nash

epithet: gracillimus

published_in: Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 300 (1895)

preferred: slender sandbur

codes: ALA FLA GEO MSI BAH CAY CUB DOM HAI JAM PUE TCI

Alabama

code: ALA

Florida

code: FLA

Georgia

code: GEO

Bahamas

code: BAH

region: Caribbean

Cayman Is.

code: CAY

Cuba

code: CUB

Dominican Republic

code: DOM

Haiti

code: HAI

Jamaica

code: JAM

Puerto Rico

code: PUE

Turks-Caicos Is.

code: TCI

lifeform: annual or perennial

source: Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI)

source: GIFT

value: hemicryptophyte

source: USDA PLANTS, GIFT, Wikidata, EOL TraitBank (via Zenodo) and traits mined from USDA NRCS plant guides

authors: Nash

published_in: Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22(7): 300

reason: Fewer than 30 georeferenced research-grade observations of this taxon, which is too few to state a percentile range for the conditions it grows in. We would rather show nothing than a range computed from eight points in one county.


slug: cenchrus-latifolius

scientific: Cenchrus latifolius

authorship: (Spreng.) Morrone

epithet: latifolius

preferred: Uruguayan fountaingrass

Gymnothrix latifolia

authorship: (Spreng.) Schult. ex Roem. & Schult.

Gymnotrix latifolia

authorship: (Spreng.) Schult. & Schult.f.

Pennisetum latifolium

authorship: Spreng.

Pennisetum lechleri

authorship: Steud.

codes: MXC MXG MXE MXT MXS AGE AGW BOL BZS BZL CLM ECU PAR PER URU

Mexico Central

code: MXC

Mexico Gulf

code: MXG

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

Mexico Southeast

code: MXT

Mexico Southwest

code: MXS

Argentina Northeast

code: AGE

region: Southern South America

Argentina Northwest

code: AGW

Bolivia

code: BOL

region: Western South America

Brazil South

code: BZS

region: Brazil

Brazil Southeast

code: BZL

Colombia

code: CLM

Ecuador

code: ECU

Paraguay

code: PAR

Peru

code: PER

Uruguay

code: URU

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 61 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Sandbur
Uruguay Fountaingrass

reason: Only 5 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: cenchrus-longisetus

scientific: Cenchrus longisetus

epithet: longisetus

preferred: feathertop

Cenchrus villosus

authorship: (Fresen.) Kuntze

Pennisetum villosum

authorship: Fresen.

Pennisetum villosum var. humile

authorship: Hochst. ex A.Rich.

codes: ERI ETH SOM SAU YEM

Eritrea

code: ERI

region: Northeast Tropical Africa

Ethiopia

code: ETH

Somalia

code: SOM

Saudi Arabia

code: SAU

region: Arabian Peninsula

Yemen

code: YEM

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1949 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Feathertop
Feathertop Grass

names:
Pasto Africano Plumoso
Zacate africano plumoso

names: 羽绒狼尾草 羽絨狼尾草

names: Plumas-de-seda capim-da-Abissínia

names: Перистощетинник мохнатый

names:
Wolliges Federborstengras
weißes Lampenputzergras

names: Cenchrus à soies longues, Pennisétum velu, Pennisétum hérissé

names: Veegras veergras

value: 1 m

value: Feb-Apr

source: IPNI (International Plant Names Index)

USDA PLANTS Database

note: common name, checklist symbol PEVI2


slug: cenchrus-longispinus

scientific: Cenchrus longispinus

authorship: (Hack.) Fernald

epithet: longispinus

preferred: mat sandbur

source: wikidata

Cenchrus echinatus f. longispina

authorship: Hack.

Cenchrus echinatus var. longispinus

authorship: (Hack.) Jansen & Wacht.

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1040 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
mat sandbur
Bohena Beauty

names: 长刺蒺藜草 長刺蒺藜草

names: سبط طويل الأشواك

names:
Колючещетинник длинноколючковый
Колючещетинник длинношипый

names:
Cenchrus
Cenchrus à épines longues

names:
Nappola
Nappola con spine lunghe

names:
Гострянка довгоколючкова
Ценхрус довгоколючковий

value: therophyte

value: annual

authors: (Hack. ex Kneuck.) Fernald

published_in: Rhodora 45: 388

reason: Kew's World Checklist of Vascular Plants does not cover this taxon.


slug: cenchrus-myosuroides

scientific: Cenchrus myosuroides

epithet: myosuroides

preferred: big sandbur

Cenchropsis ekmaniana

authorship: (Hitchc.) Wipff & R.B.Shaw

Cenchropsis myosuroides

authorship: (Kunth) Nash

Cenchropsis myosuroides var. longiseta

authorship: (Caro & E.A.Sánchez) Wipff & R.B.Shaw

Cenchrus ekmanianus

authorship: Hitchc.

Cenchrus myosuroides var. longisetus

authorship: Caro & E.A.Sánchez

Cenchrus scabridus

authorship: Arechav.

Cenchrus setoides

authorship: Buckley

Panicum cenchroides

authorship: Elliott

Pennisetum myosuroides

authorship: (Kunth) Spreng.

Pennisetum pungens

authorship: Nutt.

Setaria elliottiana

authorship: Schult.

codes: ALA FLA GEO LOU MXI MXE MXN MXS SCA TEX AGE AGW BAH BOL BZE BZS BZL BZC CLC CLN CLM COS CUB DOM ECU HAI LEE PAR PER PUE TCI URU

Alabama

code: ALA

Florida

code: FLA

Georgia

code: GEO

Louisiana

code: LOU

Mexican Pacific Is.

code: MXI

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

South Carolina

code: SCA

Texas

code: TEX

Bahamas

code: BAH

Brazil Northeast

code: BZE

Brazil West-Central

code: BZC

Chile Central

code: CLC

Chile North

code: CLN

Costa Rica

code: COS

region: Central America

Cuba

code: CUB

Dominican Republic

code: DOM

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 41 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Athysanella acuticauda
Lonchura punctulata
Terthron albovittatum
Toyoides albipennis

reason: Only 1 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: cenchrus-nervosus

scientific: Cenchrus nervosus

authorship: (Nees) Kuntze

epithet: nervosus

preferred: bentspike fountaingrass

source: usda

Cenchrus nervosus var. ramosus

authorship: Kuntze

Gymnotrix nervosa

authorship: Nees

Pennisetum nervosum

authorship: (Nees) Trin.

codes: AGE AGW BOL BZE BZS BZL BZC CLM ECU PAR PER URU VEN

Argentina Northeast

code: AGE

Argentina Northwest

code: AGW

Bolivia

code: BOL

Brazil South

code: BZS

Brazil Southeast

code: BZL

Colombia

code: CLM

Ecuador

code: ECU

Paraguay

code: PAR

Peru

code: PER

Uruguay

code: URU

Venezuela

code: VEN

region: Northern South America

names:
Bentspike Fountain Grass
Bentspike fountaingrass

names: capim-da-praia grama-da-praia

authors: (Nees) Kuntze


slug: cenchrus-orientalis

scientific: Cenchrus orientalis

authorship: (Rich.) Morrone

epithet: orientalis

preferred: Oriental pennisetum

Alopecurus hordeiformis

authorship: Willd. ex Steud.

Cenchrus orientalis subsp. triflorum

authorship: (Nees ex Steud.) Acev.-Rodr. & M.T.Strong

Panicum orientale

authorship: (Rich.) Willd.

Pennisetum fasciculatum

authorship: Trin.

Pennisetum griffithii

authorship: Munro ex Hook.f.

Pennisetum orientale

authorship: Rich.

Pennisetum orientale var. triflorum

authorship: (Nees ex Steud.) Stapf

Pennisetum persicum

authorship: Boiss. & Buhse

Pennisetum phalariforme

authorship: Steud.

Pennisetum sinaicum

authorship: Decne.

Pennisetum tenue

authorship: Fig. & De Not.

Pennisetum triflorum

authorship: Nees ex Steud.

codes: ALG EGY MOR SOC AFG GST IRN IRQ LBS OMA PAL SAU SIN TZK TCS TKM TUR BAN EHM IND MYA NEP PAK SRL WHM

Algeria

code: ALG

region: Northern Africa

Egypt

code: EGY

Morocco

code: MOR

Socotra

code: SOC

Afghanistan

code: AFG

region: Western Asia

Gulf States

code: GST

Iran

code: IRN

Iraq

code: IRQ

Lebanon-Syria

code: LBS

Oman

code: OMA

Palestine

code: PAL

Saudi Arabia

code: SAU

Sinai

code: SIN

Tadzhikistan

code: TZK

region: Central Asia

Transcaucasus

code: TCS

region: Caucasus

Turkmenistan

code: TKM

Türkiye

code: TUR

Bangladesh

code: BAN

region: Indian Subcontinent

East Himalaya

code: EHM

India

code: IND

Myanmar

code: MYA

region: Indo-China

Nepal

code: NEP

Pakistan

code: PAK

Sri Lanka

code: SRL

West Himalaya

code: WHM

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 123 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Oriental Fountain Grass
Oriental Pennisetum

reason: Only 7 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: cenchrus-palmeri

scientific: Cenchrus palmeri

authorship: Vasey

epithet: palmeri

published_in: Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 2, 2: 211 (1889)

preferred: giant sandbur

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

lifeform: annual

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 234 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Giant sandbur
Palmer sandbur

source: USDA PLANTS

authors: Vasey

published_in: Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, 2: 211

USDA PLANTS Database

note: common name, checklist symbol CEPA22


slug: cenchrus-pedicellatus

scientific: Cenchrus pedicellatus

authorship: (Trin.) Morrone

epithet: pedicellatus

preferred: Kyasuma grass

Panicum araneosum

authorship: Edgew.

Pennisetum amoenum

authorship: Hochst. ex A.Rich.

Pennisetum densiflorum

authorship: (Fig. & De Not.) T.Durand & Schinz

Pennisetum intertextum

authorship: Schltdl.

Pennisetum lanuginosum var. majus

authorship: Hochst.

Pennisetum notarisii

authorship: T.Durand & Schinz

name: Pennisetum pedicellatum subsp. unispiculum

authorship: Brunken

Pennisetum pedicellatum var. pallidum

authorship: Chiov.

name: Pennisetum pedicellatum var. pubirhachis

authorship: Berhaut

codes: BEN BKN CMN CVI CAF CHA CON ERI ETH GAM GHA GUI GNB IVO KEN MDG MLI MTN NGR NGA SEN SUD TAN TOG ZAM AND ASS BAN EHM IND MYA WHM

Benin

code: BEN

region: West Tropical Africa

Burkina

code: BKN

Cameroon

code: CMN

region: West-Central Tropical Africa

Cape Verde

code: CVI

region: Macaronesia

Central African Republic

code: CAF

Chad

code: CHA

Congo

code: CON

Eritrea

code: ERI

Ethiopia

code: ETH

Gambia

code: GAM

Ghana

code: GHA

Guinea

code: GUI

Guinea-Bissau

code: GNB

Ivory Coast

code: IVO

Kenya

code: KEN

region: East Tropical Africa

Madagascar

code: MDG

region: Western Indian Ocean

Mali

code: MLI

Mauritania

code: MTN

Niger

code: NGR

Nigeria

code: NGA

Senegal

code: SEN

Sudan-South Sudan

code: SUD

Tanzania

code: TAN

Togo

code: TOG

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 229 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Annual Mission Grass
Hairy fountain grass

names: தீனாநாத் புல்

names: หญ้าขจรจบ หญ้าขจรจบดอกใหญ่


slug: cenchrus-purpureus

scientific: Cenchrus purpureus

authorship: (Schumach.) Morrone

epithet: purpureus

preferred: elephant grass

Gymnotrix nitens

authorship: Andersson

Pennisetum benthamii var. nudum

authorship: Hack.

Pennisetum blepharideum

authorship: Gilli

Pennisetum flavicomum

authorship: Leeke

Pennisetum giganteum

authorship: Regel

Pennisetum gossweileri

authorship: Stapf & C.E.Hubb.

Pennisetum hainanense

authorship: H.R.Zhao & A.T.Liu

Pennisetum lachnorrhachis

authorship: Peter

Pennisetum macrostachyum

authorship: Benth.

Pennisetum nitens

authorship: (Andersson) Hack.

Pennisetum purpureum

authorship: Schumach.

Pennisetum purpureum subsp. benthamii

authorship: (Steud.) Maire & Weiller

Pennisetum purpureum subsp. flexispica

authorship: (K.Schum.) Maire & Weiller

codes: ALD ALG ANG BEN BKN BUR CMN CAF CHA CON ZAI EQG ETH GAB GAM GHA GUI GGI IVO KEN LBR MLW MLI MOZ NGA RWA SEN SEY SIE SUD TAN TOG UGA ZAM ZIM OMA

Aldabra

code: ALD

Algeria

code: ALG

Angola

code: ANG

region: South Tropical Africa

Benin

code: BEN

Burkina

code: BKN

Burundi

code: BUR

Cameroon

code: CMN

Central African Republic

code: CAF

Chad

code: CHA

Congo

code: CON

DR Congo

code: ZAI

Equatorial Guinea

code: EQG

Gabon

code: GAB

Gulf of Guinea Is.

code: GGI

Liberia

code: LBR

Malawi

code: MLW

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1975 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: ثيوم أرجواني

names: Слоновая трава

names: エレファントグラス ナピアグラス

names:
Napier, Herbe éléphant
Pennisète pourpre

names: நேப்பியர் புல்

names: זיף-נוצה ארגמני

partners:
Aeneolamia contigua
Homalodisca vitripennis
Leptodelphax maculiger
Prosapia simulans simulans
Prosapia tilaranensis
Borbo cinnara
Bos
Bos taurus

partners:
Colpixys gigas
Cosmocomoidea blefuscu
Cosmocomoidea rakitovi
Tetrastichus


slug: cenchrus-setaceus

scientific: Cenchrus setaceus

authorship: (Forssk.) Morrone

epithet: setaceus

preferred: Fountain Grass

english:
Fountain Grass
crimson fountaingrass

source: inat

Pennisetum macrostachyon

authorship: Fresen.

Pennisetum numidicum

authorship: Paris

Pennisetum orientale subsp. parisii

authorship: Trab.

Pennisetum orientale var. parisii

authorship: (Trab.) Leeke

Pennisetum parisii

authorship: (Trab.) Trab.

Pennisetum phalaroides

authorship: Schult.

Pennisetum ruppellii

authorship: Steud.

Pennisetum ruppellii var. depauperatum

authorship: Schweinf.

Pennisetum setaceum

authorship: (Forssk.) Chiov.

Pennisetum spectabile

authorship: Fig. & De Not.

Pennisetum tiberiadis

authorship: Boiss.

Phalaris setacea

authorship: Forssk.

codes: ALG CHA DJI EGY ERI ETH KEN LBY MOR SEN SOC SOM SUD TAN TUN AFG LBS OMA PAL SAU SIN YEM

Djibouti

code: DJI

Egypt

code: EGY

Eritrea

code: ERI

Ethiopia

code: ETH

Kenya

code: KEN

Libya

code: LBY

Morocco

code: MOR

Senegal

code: SEN

Socotra

code: SOC

Somalia

code: SOM

Sudan-South Sudan

code: SUD

Tanzania

code: TAN

Tunisia

code: TUN

Afghanistan

code: AFG

Lebanon-Syria

code: LBS

Oman

code: OMA

Palestine

code: PAL

Saudi Arabia

code: SAU

Sinai

code: SIN

Yemen

code: YEM

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1971 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
African Fountain Grass
Crimson Fountaingrass

names: Перистощетинник щетинистый

names:
afrikanisches Lampenputzergras
einjähriges Lampenputzergras

names:
fraai lampenpoetsergras
fraai lampenpoetsersgras

partners:
Chloropelix canariensis
Balclutha brevis
Geomydoecus perotensis
Lonchura punctulata
Psaltriparus minimus


slug: cenchrus-setosus

scientific: Cenchrus setosus

authorship: Sw.

epithet: setosus

published_in: Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. : 26 (1788)

preferred: Chinese fountaingrass

Cenchrus polystachios subsp. setosus

authorship: (Sw.) P.M.Peterson & Y.Herrera

Cenchrus subangustus

authorship: (Schumach.) Morrone

Cenchrus triticoides

authorship: (Poir.) Veldkamp

Panicum alopecuros

authorship: Lam.

Panicum barbatum

authorship: Roxb.

Panicum cenchroides

authorship: Rich.

Panicum densispica

authorship: Poir.

Panicum dentispica

authorship: Kunth

Panicum erubescens

authorship: Willd.

Pennisetum alopecuroides

authorship: Ham.

Pennisetum breve

authorship: Nees

Pennisetum cauda-ratti

authorship: (Schumach.) Franch.

Pennisetum ciliatum

authorship: Parl. ex Webb

Pennisetum dasystachyum

authorship: Desv.

Pennisetum elegans

authorship: Nees ex Steud.

Pennisetum gabonense

authorship: Franch.

Pennisetum gracile

authorship: Benth.

Pennisetum myurus

authorship: Parl.

Pennisetum polystachion f. viviparum

authorship: Fosberg & Sachet

Pennisetum polystachion subsp. setosum

authorship: (Sw.) Brunken

Pennisetum setosum

authorship: (Sw.) Rich.

Pennisetum setosum var. breve

authorship: (Nees) Döll

Pennisetum stenostachyum

authorship: Peter

Pennisetum subangustum

authorship: (Schumach.) Stapf & C.E.Hubb.

Pennisetum triticoides

authorship: (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.

Setaria cenchroides

authorship: (Rich.) Roem. & Schult.

Setaria erubescens

authorship: (Willd.) P.Beauv.

Setaria geniculata

authorship: Sieber ex Kunth

codes: ALD ANG BEN BKN BUR CAB CMN CVI CAF CHA COM CON ZAI ETH GAB GAM GHA GUI GNB GGI IVO KEN LBR MDG MLW MLI MOZ NGR NGA RWA REU SEN SEY SIE SUD TAN TOG UGA ZAM ZIM SAU AND BAN IND LAO MYA NEP THA VIE

Aldabra

code: ALD

Angola

code: ANG

Benin

code: BEN

Burkina

code: BKN

Burundi

code: BUR

Cabinda

code: CAB

Cameroon

code: CMN

Cape Verde

code: CVI

Central African Republic

code: CAF

Chad

code: CHA

Comoros

code: COM

Congo

code: CON

DR Congo

code: ZAI

Ethiopia

code: ETH

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 491 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
West Indian pennisetum
feather pennisetum

names: Перистощетинник многоколосый

names: หญ้าขจรจบดอกเหลือง


slug: cenchrus-spinifex

scientific: Cenchrus spinifex

authorship: Cav.

epithet: spinifex

preferred: coastal sandbur

Cenchrus albertsonii

authorship: Runyon

Cenchrus carolinianus

authorship: Walter

Cenchrus humilis

authorship: Hitchc.

Cenchrus microcephalus

authorship: Nash ex Hitchc. & Chase

Cenchrus muricatus

authorship: Phil.

Cenchrus parviceps

authorship: Shinners

Cenchrus pauciflorus var. muricatus

authorship: Caro & E.A.Sánchez

Cenchrus roseus

authorship: E.Fourn. ex Hemsl.

Cenchrus spinosus

authorship: Rojas Acosta

Cenchrus strictus

authorship: Chapm.

Nastus carolinianus

authorship: (Walter) Lunell

codes: ALA ARI ARK CAL COL WDC FLA GEO ILL KTY LOU MRY MXC MXG MXE MXN MXT MXS MSI NEV NWM NWY NCA OKL SCA TEN TEX VRG AGE AGW AGS BAH BLZ BOL BZS CAY CLN CLM COS CUB DOM ECU ELS HAI HON JAM LEE NIC PAN PAR PER PUE TCI URU VNA WIN

Alabama

code: ALA

region: Southeastern U.S.A.

Arizona

code: ARI

region: Southwestern U.S.A.

Arkansas

code: ARK

California

code: CAL

Colorado

code: COL

region: Northwestern U.S.A.

District of Columbia

code: WDC

Florida

code: FLA

Georgia

code: GEO

Illinois

code: ILL

region: North-Central U.S.A.

Kentucky

code: KTY

Louisiana

code: LOU

Maryland

code: MRY

Mexico Central

code: MXC

region: Mexico

Mexico Gulf

code: MXG

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

Mexico Southeast

code: MXT

Mexico Southwest

code: MXS

Mississippi

code: MSI

Nevada

code: NEV

New Mexico

code: NWM

region: South-Central U.S.A.

New York

code: NWY

region: Northeastern U.S.A.

North Carolina

code: NCA

Oklahoma

code: OKL

South Carolina

code: SCA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2015 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Колючещетинник колючконосный
Колючещетинник малоцветковый

names:
Cenchrus, Cenchrus douteux
cenchrus épineux

quote: Grass Family (Poaceae). Mat sandbur is a native, warm season annual and at times, short-lived perennial.

reason: Only 9 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: cenchrus-tribuloides

scientific: Cenchrus tribuloides

authorship: L.

epithet: tribuloides

preferred: sanddune sandbur

Cenchrus echinatus var. tribuloides

authorship: (L.) Torr.

Cenchrus macrocephalus

authorship: (Döll) Scribn.

Cenchrus pauciflorus f. monostachys

authorship: (Asch. & Graebn.) Soó

Cenchrus tribuloides f. monostachys

authorship: Asch. & Graebn.

Cenchrus tribuloides var. macrocarpus

authorship: Steud.

Cenchrus tribuloides var. macrocephalus

authorship: Döll

codes: ALA DEL FLA GEO LOU MAI MRY MAS MSI NWJ NWY NCA PEN SCA VER VRG BAH BER BZE BZS BZL CAY CUB DOM HAI JAM LEE PUE SWC TCI

Alabama

code: ALA

Delaware

code: DEL

Florida

code: FLA

Georgia

code: GEO

Maine

code: MAI

Massachusetts

code: MAS

New Jersey

code: NWJ

Pennsylvania

code: PEN

Vermont

code: VER

Virginia

code: VRG

Bahamas

code: BAH

region: Caribbean

Bermuda

code: BER

Brazil Northeast

code: BZE

region: Brazil

Brazil South

code: BZS

Brazil Southeast

code: BZL

Cayman Is.

code: CAY

Cuba

code: CUB

Dominican Republic

code: DOM

Haiti

code: HAI

Jamaica

code: JAM

Leeward Is.

code: LEE

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 135 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Колючещетинник малоцветковый


slug: cenolophium-fischeri

scientific: Cenolophium fischeri

genus: Cenolophium

epithet: fischeri

family: Apiaceae

published_in: Nova Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 12(1): 103 (1824)

Angelica fischeri

authorship: (Spreng.) Spreng.

Athamanta denudata

authorship: Fisch. ex Hornem.

Cenolophium aspergillifolium

authorship: (Boguslaw) Schischk.

Cenolophium denudatum

authorship: (Hornem.) Tutin

Cenolophium divaricatum

authorship: Besser

Cenolophium fischeri f. lapponicum

authorship: (F.Nyl.) Cajander

Cenolophium lapponicum

authorship: Nyl. ex Nyl. & Sael.

Cnidium fischeri

authorship: Spreng.

Crithmum campestre

authorship: Gueld. ex M.Bieb.

Selinum carvifolium

authorship: Gilib. ex DC.

Seseli aspergillifolium

authorship: Boguslaw

codes: ALT BRY IRK KAZ KRA MON TVA WSB CHX YAK BLT BLR RUC RUE RUN RUW RUS UKR

Altay

code: ALT

region: Siberia

Buryatiya

code: BRY

Irkutsk

code: IRK

Kazakhstan

code: KAZ

region: Central Asia

Krasnoyarsk

code: KRA

Mongolia

code: MON

region: Mongolia

Tuva

code: TVA

West Siberia

code: WSB

Xinjiang

code: CHX

region: China

Yakutiya

code: YAK

Baltic States

code: BLT

region: Eastern Europe

Belarus

code: BLR

Central European Russia

code: RUC

East European Russia

code: RUE

North European Russia

code: RUN

Northwest European Russia

code: RUW

South European Russia

code: RUS

Ukraine

code: UKR

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1336 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Пусторёберник обнажённый

names: Нүцгэн шүхэргэнэ

published_in: Nova Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 12(1): add. to 103


slug: cenostigma-eriostachys

scientific: Cenostigma eriostachys

authorship: (Benth.) Gagnon & G.P.Lewis

genus: Cenostigma

epithet: eriostachys

family: Fabaceae

Caesalpinia eriostachys

authorship: Benth.

Poincianella eriostachys

authorship: (Benth.) Britton & Rose

Schizolobium covilleanum

authorship: Pittier

codes: MXE MXN MXT MXS CPI COS CUB ELS GUA HON NIC PAN

Mexico Northeast

code: MXE

Mexico Northwest

code: MXN

Mexico Southeast

code: MXT

Mexico Southwest

code: MXS

Central American Pacific Is.

code: CPI

region: Central America

Costa Rica

code: COS

Cuba

code: CUB

El Salvador

code: ELS

Guatemala

code: GUA

Honduras

code: HON

Nicaragua

code: NIC

Panamá

code: PAN

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 311 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Casiguano Garrobero

partners:
Agrilus caesalpiniae
Sciurus colliaei
Xylocopa muscaria

value: tree

value: woody

authors: (Benth.) Gagnon & G.P.Lewis

published_in: PhytoKeys 71: 88


slug: cenostigma-gaumeri

scientific: Cenostigma gaumeri

authorship: (Greenm.) Gagnon & G.P.Lewis

epithet: gaumeri

Caesalpinia gaumeri

authorship: Greenm.

Caesalpinia guanensis

authorship: (Britton) León

Poincianella gaumeri

authorship: (Greenm.) Britton & Rose

Poincianella guanensis

authorship: Britton

codes: MXG MXT MXS BLZ CUB HON

Mexico Gulf

code: MXG

Belize

code: BLZ

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 89 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: (Greenm.) Gagnon & G.P.Lewis

reason: Only 18 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: cenostigma-pluviosum

scientific: Cenostigma pluviosum

authorship: (DC.) Gagnon & G.P.Lewis

epithet: pluviosum

Caesalpinia floribunda

authorship: Tul.

Caesalpinia paraensis

authorship: Ducke

Caesalpinia pluviosa

authorship: DC.

Caesalpinia pluviosa var. maraniona

authorship: G.P.Lewis & C.E.Hughes

Caesalpinia pluviosa var. paraensis

authorship: (Ducke) G.P.Lewis

name: Caesalpinia pluviosa var. peltophoroides

authorship: (Benth.) G.P.Lewis

name: Caesalpinia pluviosa var. sanfranciscana

Poincianella pluviosa

authorship: (DC.) L.P.Queiroz

Poincianella pluviosa var. cabraliana

authorship: (G.P.Lewis) L.P.Queiroz

Poincianella pluviosa var. paraensis

authorship: (Ducke) L.P.Queiroz

name: Poincianella pluviosa var. peltophoroides

authorship: (Benth.) L.P.Queiroz

name: Poincianella pluviosa var. sanfranciscana

codes: AGW BOL BZN BZE BZS BZL BZC PAR PER

Argentina Northwest

code: AGW

region: Southern South America

Bolivia

code: BOL

region: Western South America

Brazil North

code: BZN

Brazil Northeast

code: BZE

Brazil South

code: BZS

Brazil Southeast

code: BZL

Brazil West-Central

code: BZC

Paraguay

code: PAR

Peru

code: PER

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 168 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Acacia amarilla
Palo Brasil

names: catingueira-de-folha-miúda faveira

partners:
Frieseomelitta varia
Scaptotrigona aff. depilis

value: phanerophyte

value: perennial


slug: centaurea-aegialophila

scientific: Centaurea aegialophila

authorship: Wagenitz

genus: Centaurea

epithet: aegialophila

family: Asteraceae

published_in: Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 33(2): 230, nom. nov. 1974

Aegialophila cretica

authorship: Boiss. & Heldr.

Centaurea aegialophila

authorship: Boiss. & Heldr. ex Boiss.

Crocodilium creticum

authorship: (Boiss. & Heldr.) N.Garcia & Susanna

codes: EGY LBY CYP TUR KRI

Egypt

code: EGY

region: Northern Africa

Libya

code: LBY

Cyprus

code: CYP

region: Western Asia

Türkiye

code: TUR

Kriti

code: KRI

region: Southeastern Europe

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 281 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: Wagenitz

name: Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)


slug: centaurea-aegyptiaca

scientific: Centaurea aegyptiaca

authorship: L.

epithet: aegyptiaca

Calcitrapa aegyptiaca

authorship: Sweet

Centaurea cancellata

authorship: Sieber ex Spreng.

codes: EGY SUD OMA PAL SAU SIN

Sudan-South Sudan

code: SUD

region: Northeast Tropical Africa

Oman

code: OMA

region: Arabian Peninsula

Palestine

code: PAL

Saudi Arabia

code: SAU

Sinai

code: SIN

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 51 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

value: subshrub

name: GIFT (Global Inventory of Floras and Traits)

name: Traits mined from USDA NRCS plant guides

authors: L.

published_in: Mant. Pl. 118

reason: Only 2 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: centaurea-akamantis

scientific: Centaurea akamantis

authorship: T.Georgiadis & Hadjik.

epithet: akamantis

preferred: Akamas Centaury

english:
Akamas Centaury
Akamas centaury

iucn_category: CR

label: Critically Endangered

names: Василёк акамасский

authors: T.Georgiadis & Hadjik.

published_in: Willdenowia 23(1–2): 157

reason: Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted.

reason: Only 22 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: centaurea-alba

scientific: Centaurea alba

epithet: alba

Centaurea alba var. ciliata

authorship: Font Quer ex O.Bolòs & Vigo

Centaurea alba var. cinerascens

authorship: (Bubani) J.M.Monts.

Centaurea alba var. costae

authorship: (Willk.) O.Bolòs & Vigo

Centaurea alba var. latronum

authorship: (Pau) E.López & Devesa

Centaurea alba var. macrocephala

authorship: Pau

Centaurea alba var. maluqueri

authorship: (Font Quer) O.Bolòs & Vigo

Centaurea calva

authorship: Reut. ex Nyman

Centaurea cinerascens

authorship: Bubani

Centaurea costae

authorship: Willk.

Centaurea costae var. maluqueri

authorship: Font Quer

Centaurea costae var. montsicciana

authorship: Pau & Font Quer

Centaurea globosa

authorship: hort. ex DC.

Centaurea leucolepis

authorship: Ten. ex Nyman

Centaurea nitida

authorship: Lam.

Centaurea strepens

authorship: Hoffmanns. & Link

Centaurea strobilacea

authorship: Scop.

Centaurea tartesiana

authorship: (Talavera) Rivas Mart. & al.

authorship: (Talavera) Rivas Mart., A.Asensi, Molero Mesa & F.Valle

codes: BUL GRC YUG POR SPA

Bulgaria

code: BUL

Greece

code: GRC

NW. Balkan Pen.

code: YUG

Portugal

code: POR

region: Southwestern Europe

Spain

code: SPA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 146 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

partners:
Leptidea sinapis
Maniola jurtina
Melanargia lachesis

reason: Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready.


slug: centaurea-ambigua

scientific: Centaurea ambigua

authorship: Guss.

epithet: ambigua

published_in: Index Seminum (Boccadifalco) (1826) 3; ex DC. Prod. vi. 582

Centaurea cinerea subsp. prostrata

authorship: A.Huet ex Nyman

Centaurea laciniata

authorship: Guss. ex DC.

Italy

code: ITA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 38 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

authors: Guss.

published_in: Ind. Sem. Hort. Boccad. 1826: 3

reason: No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page.


slug: centaurea-aplolepa

scientific: Centaurea aplolepa

authorship: Moretti

epithet: aplolepa

published_in: Giorn. Fis. Chim. Storia Nat. Med. Arti, ser. 2, 9(2): 154 (1826)

Acosta aplolepa

authorship: (Moretti) Holub

Acosta ligustica

authorship: (Briq.) Holub

Centaurea aplolepa subsp. ligustica

authorship: Dostál

Centaurea aplolepa var. subciliata

authorship: DC.

Centaurea bertolonii

authorship: Hausskn.

Centaurea ligustica

authorship: Gremli ex Briq.

Centaurea paniculata f. carueliana

authorship: Micheletti

Centaurea paniculata f. maremmana

authorship: Fiori

Centaurea paniculata subsp. aplolepa

authorship: (Moretti) Briq. & Cavill.

Centaurea paniculata subsp. bertolonii

authorship: Arrigoni

Centaurea paniculata subsp. carueliana

authorship: (Micheletti) Arrigoni

Centaurea paniculata subsp. cosana

authorship: (Fiori) Arrigoni

Centaurea paniculata subsp. gallinariae

authorship: (Briq. & Cavill.) Arrigoni

Centaurea paniculata subsp. ligustica

authorship: (Gremli ex Briq.) Arrigoni

Centaurea paniculata subsp. subciliata

authorship: (DC.) Arrigoni

Centaurea paniculata var. gallinariae

authorship: Briq. & Cavill.

Centaurea rupicola

authorship: Bad. ex Nyman

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 30 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

value: biennial

authors: Moretti

published_in: Bot. Ital. 2: 21

reason: Only 6 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: centaurea-arenaria

scientific: Centaurea arenaria

authorship: M.Bieb. ex Willd.

epithet: arenaria

Acosta arenaria

authorship: (M.Bieb. ex Willd.) Soják

codes: KAZ NCS TCS BLT BUL HUN KRY ROM RUS TUE UKR

Kazakhstan

code: KAZ

North Caucasus

code: NCS

region: Caucasus

Transcaucasus

code: TCS

Baltic States

code: BLT

Hungary

code: HUN

region: Middle Europe

Krym

code: KRY

Romania

code: ROM

South European Russia

code: RUS

Türkiye-in-Europe

code: TUE

Ukraine

code: UKR

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 253 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

value: Jul-Aug

authors: M.Bieb. ex Willd.

reason: Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all.


slug: centaurea-aspera

scientific: Centaurea aspera

authorship: L.

epithet: aspera

preferred: rough star-thistle

Alophium tenuifolium

authorship: Cass.

Calcitrapa aspera

authorship: (L.) Cass.

Calcitrapa heterophylla

authorship: Moench

Calcitrapa parviflora

authorship: Lam.

Calcitrapoides aspera

authorship: (L.) Holub

Calcitrapoides gentilii

authorship: (Braun-Blanq. & Maire) Holub

Calcitrapoides heterophylla

authorship: (Willd.) Holub

Calcitrapoides stenophylla

authorship: (Dufour) Holub

Centaurea aspera var. parcespinosa

authorship: Sennen

Centaurea auriculata

authorship: Balb. ex Pers.

Centaurea diversifolia

authorship: Lag. ex Boiss.

Centaurea fragilis var. integrifolia

authorship: Ball

Centaurea gentilii

authorship: Braun-Blanq. & Maire

Centaurea gentilii var. ecillata

authorship: Maire

Centaurea gentilii var. integrifolia

authorship: (Ball) Emb. & Maire

Centaurea heterophylla

authorship: Willd.

Centaurea praetermissa

authorship: Martrin-Donos

Centaurea pseudo-sphaerocephala

authorship: Shuttlew. ex Rouy

Centaurea scorpiurifolia

authorship: Dufour

Centaurea seridis

authorship: Loisel.

Cistrum asperum

authorship: Hill

codes: CNY MOR BAL COR FRA ITA POR SAR SIC SPA

Canary Is.

code: CNY

region: Macaronesia

Morocco

code: MOR

Baleares

code: BAL

Corse

code: COR

France

code: FRA

Sardegna

code: SAR

Sicilia

code: SIC

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2010 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
rough star-thistle
Jersey Star-thistle

names:
Raue Flockenblume
Rauhe Flockenblume

names:
y bengaled arw
Ysgallen Seraidd Arw

type: pollinatedBy

label: Pollinated by

partners:
Halictus gemmeus
Lasioglossum albocinctum
Maniola jurtina
Oedemera barbara

partners:
Gonepteryx cleopatra
Halictus scabiosae
Oxythyrea funesta
Pieris rapae
Pyronia cecilia
Thymelicus acteon

partners:
Acanthiophilus helianthi
Amegilla savignyi
Carpocoris mediterraneus atlanticus
Chlorophorus varius
Coccinella septempunctata
Colias croceus
Coreus marginatus
Cryptocephalus sexpustulatus

partners:
Acanthiophilus helianthi
Bombus lapidarius
Ibidoecus longiclypeatus
Megachile apicalis
Oxythyrea funesta
Philaenus spumarius
Pyronia bathseba
Pyronia cecilia

value: herb


slug: centaurea-axillaris

scientific: Centaurea axillaris

epithet: axillaris

Centaurea cana

authorship: C.A.Mey. ex Steud.

authorship: Sm.

Centaurea ledebourii

authorship: Steud.

Centaurea montana subsp. axillaris

authorship: Čelak.

Centaurea montana subsp. variegata

authorship: Rouy

Centaurea triumfettii subsp. axillaris

authorship: (Čelak.) Stef. & T.Georgiev

Centaurea triumfettii subsp. cana

authorship: (Sm.) Dostál

Centaurea triumfettii subsp. variegata

authorship: Stef. & T.Georgiev

Centaurea variegata subsp. cana

authorship: (Sm.) Nyman

Cyanus axillaris

authorship: J.Presl & C.Presl

Cyanus canus

authorship: (Sm. & Sm.) Holub

Cyanus triumfettii subsp. axillaris

authorship: (Čelak.) Greuter

codes: IRN IRQ LBS TUR ALB BUL CZE GER GRC ITA YUG ROM SIC

Iran

code: IRN

Iraq

code: IRQ

Lebanon-Syria

code: LBS

Türkiye

code: TUR

Albania

code: ALB

Bulgaria

code: BUL

Czechia-Slovakia

code: CZE

Germany

code: GER

Greece

code: GRC

Italy

code: ITA

NW. Balkan Pen.

code: YUG

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 470 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names:
Bunte Berg-Flockenblume
Filz-Flockenblume, Bunte F.

authors: Willd.

reason: No dated flowering annotations found for this taxon.


slug: centaurea-behen

scientific: Centaurea behen

authorship: L.

epithet: behen

Behen album

authorship: Garsault

Centaurea acuta

authorship: Vahl ex M.Bieb.

Centaurea alata

authorship: Lam.

Centaurea brachyptera

authorship: DC.

Centaurea germaniciae

authorship: Hausskn. ex Boiss.

Centaurium alatum

authorship: (Lam.) K.Koch

Centaurium behen

authorship: (L.) K.Koch

Microlophus behen

authorship: (L.) Takht.

Piptoceras behen

authorship: Cass.

Rhaponticum behen

authorship: (L.) Ratier

codes: IRN IRQ LBS NCS PAL TCS TKM TUR

North Caucasus

code: NCS

Palestine

code: PAL

Transcaucasus

code: TCS

Turkmenistan

code: TKM

names:
Ak behmen
Zerdalidikeni

reason: No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name.


slug: centaurea-benedicta

scientific: Centaurea benedicta

epithet: benedicta

preferred: blessed thistle

Benedicta officinalis

authorship: Bernh.

Calcitrapa benedicta

authorship: (L.) Sweet

Carbeni benedicta

authorship: Adans.

authorship: (L.) Benth.

authorship: (L.) Arcang.

Cardosanctus officinalis

authorship: Bubani

Carduus benedictus

authorship: Steud.

Centaurea centriflora

authorship: Friv. ex Gugler

Cnicus benedictus var. kotschyi

authorship: (Sch.Bip.) Boiss.

Cnicus benedictus var. microcephalus

authorship: Boiss.

Cnicus bulgaricus

authorship: Panov

Cnicus pseudobenedictus

authorship: Hort.Dorpat. ex Asch.

codes: AFG CYP EAI IRN IRQ KAZ KGZ LBS NCS PAL SAU SIN TZK TCS TKM TUR UZB CHX PAK ALB BUL CZE GRC ITA KRI KRY YUG POR SAR RUS SPA TUE UKR

Afghanistan

code: AFG

Cyprus

code: CYP

East Aegean Is.

code: EAI

Kazakhstan

code: KAZ

Kirgizstan

code: KGZ

Saudi Arabia

code: SAU

Sinai

code: SIN

Tadzhikistan

code: TZK

Uzbekistan

code: UZB

Xinjiang

code: CHX

Pakistan

code: PAK

region: Indian Subcontinent

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 583 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

Cnicin

activities: Antibacterial Antibiotic Antifeedant Antiinflammatory Antitumor Cytotoxic Emetic Herbicide

Tannin

activities: Anthelmintic AntiHIV Antibacterial Anticancer Anticariogenic Antidiarrheic Antidysenteric Antihepatotoxic

Linoleic-acid

activities: 5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor AntiMS Antiacne Antialopecic Antianaphylactic Antiandrogenic Antiarteriosclerotic Antiarthritic

Oleic-acid

activities: 5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor Allergenic Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor Anemiagenic Antialopecic Antiandrogenic Antiinflammatory Antileukotriene-D4

Beta-sitosterol

activities:
Androgenic
Angiogenic
Anorexic
Antiadenomic
Antiandrogenic
Antibacterial
Anticancer (Breast)
Anticancer (Cervix)

Beta-carotene

activities: Allergenic Androgenic? AntiPMS Antiacne Antiaging Antiarthritic Antiasthmatic Anticancer

Ascorbic-acid

activities: Acidulant Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor Analgesic Angiotensin-Receptor-Blocker AntiAGE AntiCFS AntiCTS AntiCrohn's

names: قنطريون مبارك

names: Centaurée bénie, Chardon béni, Cnicus béni, Cnicaut béni

names: Кнік бенедиктинський

names:
דרדר מבורך
קרצף מבורך

partners:
Callipepla californica
Hebata solani
Vanessa cardui


slug: centaurea-borjae

scientific: Centaurea borjae

authorship: Valdés Berm. & Rivas Goday

epithet: borjae

published_in: Anales Inst. Bot. Cavanilles 35: 160 (1978)

Colymbada borjae

authorship: (Valdés Berm. & Rivas Goday) Fern.Casas & Susanna

Spain

code: SPA

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 39 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

iucn_category: EN

label: Endangered

authors: Valdés Berm. & Rivas Goday

published_in: Anales Inst. Bot. Cavanilles 35: 160

reason: Only 27 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.


slug: centaurea-borysthenica

scientific: Centaurea borysthenica

authorship: Gruner

epithet: borysthenica

published_in: Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 41(II): 426 (1868)

Acosta borysthenica

authorship: (Gruner) Soják

Centaurea banatica

authorship: Hayek

codes: RUE HUN YUG ROM UKR

East European Russia

code: RUE

Hungary

code: HUN

NW. Balkan Pen.

code: YUG

Romania

code: ROM

Ukraine

code: UKR

method: Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 93 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.

names: Василек днепровский

names: Волошка дніпровська

value: Jun-Sep

authors: Gruner

published_in: Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 41(2): 426

reason: Only 3 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one.